• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.55-67
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• 2014

The historic cultural landscape of East lake in Kyung river area during Joseon dynasty was very outstanding that it had many attractions of scenic beauty, however, the Han river of today is being recognized as a natural landscape and as a place with low cultural and historical traits. This study applied landscape characteristics of the cultural space of Joseon Dynasty on visual image elements of Lynch to research the landscape characteristics. The research results are as follows. When East lake was applied to visual image elements, it was recognized as a 'superb' 'paths,' and the 'edge' which signifies the boundary showed its 'superb' clarity of the East lake. For the 'node,' a turning point of direction, Dumopo represented the 'superb' awareness. As East lake, Apgujung, and Jecheonjung represented the 'superb' awareness when 'landmark' among visual image elements of Lynch was applied to the cultural space, the awareness level and reputation were proportional to the visual image elements. When pattern, structure, and meaning of the cultural space were clear and had definite identity, the 'landmark' and 'district' elements were 'superb.' It was also identified that when awareness level of space was higher, the awareness of historic cultural landscape was high as well. Therefore, considering visual awareness level of the historic cultural landscape of Han river during restoration to investigate and to conduct case studies is considered to increase the awareness level of historicity and cultural character as well as restoration of the place.

• Gut and Liver
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.728-735
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• 2018

Background/Aims: The combination of nab-paclitaxel and gemcitabine (nab-P/Gem) is widely used for treating metastatic pancreatic cancer (MPC). We aimed to evaluate the therapeutic outcomes and prognostic role of treatment-related peripheral neuropathy in patients with MPC treated with nab-P/Gem in clinical practice. Methods: MPC patients treated with nab-P/Gem as the first-line chemotherapy were included. All 88 Korean patients underwent at least two cycles of nab-P/Gem combination chemotherapy (125 and $1,000mg/m^2$, respectively). Treatment-related adverse events were monitored through periodic follow-ups. Overall survival and progression-free survival were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method, and the Cox proportional hazards regression linear model was applied to assess prognostic factors. To evaluate the prognostic value of treatment-related peripheral neuropathy, the landmark point analysis was used. Results: Patients underwent a mean of $6.7{\pm}4.2$ cycles during $6.3{\pm}4.4$ months. The median overall survival and progression-free survival rates were 14.2 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 11.8 to 20.3 months) and 8.4 months (95% CI, 7.1 to 13.2 months), respectively. The disease control rate was 84.1%; a partial response and stable disease were achieved in 30 (34.1%) and 44 (50.0%) patients, respectively. Treatment-related peripheral neuropathy developed in 52 patients (59.1%), and 13 (14.8%) and 16 (18.2%) patients experienced grades 2 and 3 neuropathy, respectively. In the landmark model, at 6 months, treatment-related peripheral neuropathy did not have a significant correlation with survival (p=0.089). Conclusions: Nab-P/Gem is a reasonable choice for treating MPC, as it shows a considerable disease control rate while the treatment-related peripheral neuropathy was tolerable. The prognostic role of treatment-related neuropathy was limited.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.128-134
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• 2008

Purpose: We prospectively evaluated the clinical usefulness of the patellar inferior pole (PIP) as a landmark of the anteromedial (AM) portal for the arthroscopic surgery of the medial mensiscus posterior horn (MMPH). Materials and Methods: Group 1 (50 normal left knees of adults), Group 2 (10 normal knees under anesthesia), and Group 3 (50 consecutive knees undergoing elective arthroscopic surgery for relatively simple intraarticular pathologies, or diagnostic arthroscopy) were included. In Group 1 and 2, the true lateral (A) and valgus stress lateral radiographs (B) on $30^{\circ}$ flexion were obtained, and the lines (AM portal line) passing through the PIP and distal-most medial femoral condyle (MFC) were drawn under the condition without considering the thickness of articular cartilage of MFC (1, 2-A, B group), and considering it as 2.5mm on B (1, 2-C group). Then, we investigated the meeting point of the AM portal line with medial tibial plateau (C-D percentage), and measured the distance between the PIP and the anterior joint line (E-length), and medial tibial-femoral joint space (F-length). In Group 3, the AM portal was made at the PIP level and clinical usefulness of the approach to the MMPH and body of the lateral meniscus (LM) was analyzed. Results: The average C-D percentage came out as 85.8, 101.3, 69.1% for each Group 1-A, B, C, and 102.4, 144.6, 116.8% for each Group 2-A, B, C. Measured E-length was an average of 15.1 (Group 1-A), 15.5 (Group 1-B, C), 13.1 (Group 2-A), and 12.9 mm (Group 2-B, C) and the change by valgus stress had no statistical significance. The F-length increased about 1.2 (Group 1) and 3.6 mm (Group 2) when valgus stress was applied, which had statistical significance (p<0.001, p<0.001). In Group 3, 49, 48 knees were classified as good for the MMPH, and the body of LM in aspect of the clinical usefulness of AM portal made on the PIP level. Conclusion: We identified the clinical usefulness of the PIP as a skin landmark of AM portal for the arthroscopic surgery of the MMPH.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.12
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• pp.1555-1562
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• 2000

Objects : Surgical management of the distal anterior cerebral artery(DACA) aneurysms presents several unique problems to surgeons, such as difficulty in early identification of parent arteries, high incidence of rebleeding and premature rupture, and requirement of unfamiliar approach other than conventional frontotemporal craniotomy. Therefore, preoperative anatomical knowledge of anterior interhemispheric fissure and entry point of dissection is prerequisite. Authors utilized a frontobasal approach for DACA aneurysms by using consistent external landmark for guidance to the deep structure. Materials and Methods : From Nov. 1995 to Jun. 1999, a surgical clipping of DACA aneurysms was carried out in 9 patients among a total 131 patients with intracranial aneurysms. In each case, the clinical and aneurysmal features were carefully reviewed through the angiograms, medical records, and intraoperative findings. Results : The incidence of DACA aneurysms was 6.9% from our series. All cases were arisen from juxtacallosal por-tion ; 6 cases from pericallosal-callosomarginal(PC-CM) junction and 3 from pericallosal-frontopolar(PC-FP) junction. Associated vascular anomalies were noted in 3 cases and multiple aneurysms in 3 cases, respectively. The preoperative clinical grades were generally poor. An early surgery was performed in 7 cases and frontobasal interhemispheric approaches in 7 cases. Postoperatively, two patients died of complications ; one delayed ischemic vasospasm and one aspiration pneumonia but remaining patients recovered well. Conclusion : The frontobasal interhemispheric approach was useful for DACA aneurysms in early surgery. Division of superior sagittal sinus(SSS) enabled a minimal retraction of brain on both sides, and prevention of intraoperative rupture was possible. Authors suggest the frontopolar(first frontal bridging) vein as a constant external landmark for approaching the genu of the corpus callosum and juxtacallosal DACA aneurysms.

• Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.498-503
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• 2021

Purpose: The aim of this study were to find ideal entry point of straight antegrade humeral intramedullary nail (SAHN) for the treatment of proximal humerus fracture in Korean and to analyze anatomical conformity using computed tomography. Materials and Methods: From May 2014 to October 2016, the study was conducted retrospectively on 74 Korean patients who had taken computed tomography on both normal and affected shoulder joint as result of shoulder injury. The mean age of the patients was 64.5 years (range, 22-95 years). Radiologic evaluation was done using multiplanar reconstruction technique of the computer tomography on normal proximal humerus. We located ideal entry point of SAHN as the point where humerus intramedullary center axis and humeral head meet. Distance between the entry point and local anatomical landmark was measured. We defined the critical distance as the distance between entry point and the most medial point of the supraspinatus attachment site. For adequate fixation and avoidance of injury to rotator cuff, critical distance should be over 8 mm according to Euler, and we defined the critical type when it is less than 8 mm. Critical distance, sex, age, height, body weight, body mass index was evaluated for the statistical significance. Results: The ideal entry point was as follows: the mean anteroposterior distance, the sagittal distance to the lateral margin of bicipital groove, was 11.5 mm and the mean mediolateral distance, the coronal distance to the lateral margin of grater tuberosity, was 20.5 mm. The mean critical distance, distance from the entry point to the just medial to insertion of the supraspinatus tendon, was 8.0 mm. Critical type with critical distance less than 8 mm was found in 41 in 74 patients (55.4%). Conclusion: The ideal entry point of SAHN in Korean was located on 11.5 mm posteriorly from the lateral margin of bicipital groove and 20.5 mm medially from lateral margin of greater tuberosity. More than half of the cases were critical type. Since critical type can possibly cause rotate cuff injury during nail insertion on entry point, surgeon should consider anatomical variance before choosing surgical option.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.25
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• pp.229-235
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• 2000

Although Frank Lloyd Wright represents himself as one of the greatest American master architect, the master architects contribution towards the advancement in the modern history of architecture goes beyond just creating landmark buildings. Through out his life, he was the leading architect not only in the area or architectural design but showed his talent in interior architecture, furniture, fabric, lighting fixture, art glasses, tablewares, silver wares as well as in graphic design which should cover all the elements related to the "total design" in architecture. As seen in his architectural design, the "total design" concept also reflects both beauty and logic of the nature and strengthens his theory of the organic architecture design. The research began with finding out the relationship between his architecture, nature and the supporting design elements mentioned above. the purpose of the research is to analyze the relationship of the spatial organization and the design elements in Frank Lloyd Wrights architectural works from the point of "total design" view and provide the valuable guide line for the development of the modern interior design. His design theory, based on the fundamental ideas of the nature, his organic architecture design, and reference materials to support total design concept will be discussed on chapter 2. And on chapter 3, application of the total design in his actual project will be analyzed. The data and analyzation have been completed based on written references and actual visit to the project sites. Frank Lloyd Wright placed highest value on the human beings and enjoyed presenting new ideas and forms to create better environment for the humans through his architecture and interior design projects. While he was presenting new ideas he continued to support design for democracy which has close relationship to the new frontier spirit of America. He was the master architect for the general society with accurate understanding of the life style of the public with design sensitivity shown in his concept of the total design.s concept of the total design.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.2
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• pp.23-59
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• 1975

Indexes has not devcloped as an independent branch in library science from the beginning, but it has gradually evolved in a clo~eas sociation with catalog and under the direct influence of the development of publishing pro cesses and of the rapid social changes. Historically, index in the West can be traced back to eariler concordance. On the other hand, index in the Bast does not show a continuous development. It started with book catnlog, but other types of indexing were later 'adopted from the West. Indexing in the West and in the East can be summarized as follows: 1) In the West, Taylor considers Gesner's Pandectae was the first index but the Concordance of the Bible in 1247 was the first true index. Indexing method was first established later in 1545 in Gesner's Partitiones which appeared in three volumes. Classified index appeared after Partitions, but alphabetically ordered index was not developed until th eseventeenth century. The pxiodical index of La France S~auante in 1683 proved -its value, and Poole's An Alphabetical Index in the nineteenth century became the turning point in the development of indexing. After Poole's Index appeared periodical index and book catalog gradually began to be treated separately, and subject index and cross reference were incorporated into indexing. Also dictionary arrangement of the indexed items was adopted in the second half of the nincteenth, century after Charles A. Cutter developed his theory of rules for dictionary catalog and systematic studies of indexing were carried out by many scholars. In the twentieth century, index was mainly developed in the United States of America, especially by Wilson publishing Company. The general trend is to move away from the gcncral index to subject index. Also the ncwspapcr indcx such as The Times I~zdcx is 21 landmark in the history cf indcxing. 2) In China, thcs arc somc cvidcnccs that $Bizgluh(&), $ was the first indcx, but unforlunatcly the book itsclf has not been found as yet.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.691-703
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to examine the various concepts related to tall buildings, the history of skyscrapers, and their symbolism of our time. First, skyscraper is a word used to describe a very tall building, and the "tall" is a relative concept dependent on time and place. There is no firm height cutoff of skyscrapers, and their practical meaning depends on both time and place. Second, there is academic disagreement over which building should be considered the first skyscraper. Skyscrapers in the modern sense began to emerge in the late nineteenth century. From this point, the world's tallest building was always in the United States (especially, New York and Chicago). However, since the late 1990s, the skyscrapers in Asian countries have taken the title of world's tallest building. Third, skyscrapers are not simply tall buildings, but symbolic images. They are symbols of capitalism, finance, and ambition. The symbolism of the skyscraper has three dimensions, such as the symbolism of height (size), capital (corporate power), and landscape.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.145-151
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• 2018

Newly-designed high-rise buildings, both in China and abroad, have demonstrated new innovations from the creative concept to the creative method. from the creative concept to the creative method. At the same time, digital technology has enabled more design freedom in the vertical dimension. "Twisting" has gradually become the morphological choice of many city landmark buildings in recent years. The form seems more likely to be driven by the interaction of aesthetics and structural engineering. Environmental performance is often a secondary consideration; it is typically not simulated until the evaluation phase. Based on the research results of "DigitalFUTURE Shanghai 2017 Workshop - Wind Tunnel Visualization", an approach that can be employed by architects to design environmental-performance buildings during the early stages has been explored. The integration of a dynamic form-finding approach (DFFA) and programming transforms the complex relationship between architecture and environment into a dialogue of computer language and dynamic models. It allows the design to focus on the relationship between morphology and the surrounding environment, and is not limited to the envelope form itself. This new concept of DFFA in this research consists of three elements: 1) architectural form; 2) integration of wind tunnel and dynamic models; and 3) environmental response. The concept of wind tunnel testing integrated with a dynamic model fundamentally abandons the functional definition of the traditional static environment simulation analysis. Instead it is driven by integral environmental performance as the basic starting point of morphological generation.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.175-180
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• 2015

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate the reliability of the identification of anatomical landmarks in panoramic and lateral cephalometric radiographs on a standard medical grade picture archiving communication system (PACS) monitor and a tablet computer (iPad 5). Materials and Methods: A total of 1000 radiographs, including 500 panoramic and 500 lateral cephalometric radiographs, were retrieved from the de-identified dataset of the archive of the Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology of the University Of Connecticut School Of Dental Medicine. Major radiographic anatomical landmarks were independently reviewed by two examiners on both displays. The examiners initially reviewed ten panoramic and ten lateral cephalometric radiographs using each imaging system, in order to verify interoperator agreement in landmark identification. The images were scored on a four-point scale reflecting the diagnostic image quality and exposure level of the images. Results: Statistical analysis showed no significant difference between the two displays regarding the visibility and clarity of the landmarks in either the panoramic or cephalometric radiographs. Conclusion: Tablet computers can reliably show anatomical landmarks in panoramic and lateral cephalometric radiographs.