• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.687-695
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• 2021

With the recent occurrence of large-scale earthquakes in Korea, the importance of seismic design has greatly increased. Seismic design standards stipulate that dynamic time history analysis be performed for important or special structures. In the seismic analysis and design of such structures, determining a rational design input seismic wave is a very important factor in ensuring the reliability of the analysis and design. In the seismic design standards, rational design seismic waves must reflect the characteristics of the area (fault) and satisfy the design response spectrum for each seismic performance level. This requirement can be partially satisfied by modifying the actual seismic wave measured in the area (fault) according to the design response spectrum. In this study, a method of correcting and generating seismic wave time histories according to the design response spectrum based on actual measured seismic waves using the harmonic wavelet transform was proposed. To examine the applicability of the proposed technique, the technique was applied to earthquakes of magnitude 5.8 and 5.4, respectively, that occurred in Gyeongju (2016) and Pohang (2017), and the seismic wave time histories corresponding to the design response spectrum were modified and generated.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.73-85
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• 2022

The cynoglossid fishes are popular for food in the world including Korea, China and Japan, and among them, Paraplagusia japonica lives all over the sea of Korea. In order to establish appropriate management measure, it is essential to clarify population structure of P. japonica from the morphological and molecular perspectives. We collected a total of 132 individuals of P. japonica from six localities in Korea between 2008 and 2021. Canonical discriminant analysis results showed that the West Sea population (Incheon) slightly differed from the South (Tongyeong, Busan) and East Sea populations (Pohang, Donghae, Sokcho). Similar results were also shown in Kruskal-Wallis test of meristic characters. Furthermore, neighbor-joining and maximum-likelihood trees based on 849 base pairs of mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b sequences showed that P. japonica was divided into two lineages (designated as A and B) with a high significance (Φ_st=0.0781, P<0.001). Interestingly, however, the two lineages in the admixture area (South-East Sea) were not different in morphological characters. Our results suggest that P. japonica had undergone differentiated history during the Late Pleistocene, but secondary contact may occur at the admixture area.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.106 no.4
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• pp.431-440
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• 2017

The 2016 Gyeongju Earthquake ($M_L$ 5.8) (occurred on September 12, 2016) and the 2017 Pohang Earthquake ($M_L$ 5.4) (occurred on November 15, 2017) caused unprecedented damages in South Korea. It is necessary to establish basic data related to earthquake-induced mountainous sediment-related disasters over worldwide. In this study, we analyzed previous international studies on the earthquake-induced mountainous sediment-related disasters, then classified research areas according to research themes using text-mining and co-word analysis in VOSviewer program, and finally examined spatio-temporal research trends by research area. The result showed that the related-researches have been rapidly increased since 2005, which seems to be affected by recent large-scale earthquakes occurred in China, Taiwan and Japan. In addition, the research area related to mountainous sediment-related disasters induced by earthquakes was classified into four subjects: (i) mechanisms of disaster occurrence; (ii) rainfall parameters controlling disaster occurrence; (iii) prediction of potential disaster area using aerial and satellite photographs; and (iv) disaster risk mapping through the modeling of disaster occurrence. These research areas are considered to have a strong correlation with each other. On the threshold year (i.e., 2012-2013), when cumulative number of research papers was reached 50% of total research papers published since 1987, proportions per unit year of all research areas should increase. Especially, the proportion of the research areas related to prediction of potential disaster area using aerial and satellite photographs is highly increased compared to other three research areas. These trends are responsible for the rapidly increasing research papers with study sites in China, and the research papers examined in Taiwan, Japan, and the United States have also contributed to increases in all research areas. The results are could be used as basic data to present future research direction related to mountainous sediment-related disasters induced by earthquakes in South Korea.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.137-144
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• 2002

To obtain the basic information about pedo-genetic properties and origin of the parent materials of "Yongil" series in Korea, this study was conducted. The soil characteristics such as chemical and sand particles of typifying pedon, and distributional patterns in the area were analysed. The typifying pedon of "Yongil" series was distributed on the top of rolling area in the eastern coastal area of Korea, Yonggan-ri, Heunghae-eup, Pohang-si, Gyongbuk province. The results are as follows; The "Yongil" series in Korea was distributed on the rolling hill under altituede of 50m, and was used for cultivated upland, and the total acreage about 376ha. The content of sand was more than 50%, however the clay content in the depth of 40~100cm of the soil profile rapidly increased. The medium sand (0.5~0.1mm in size) are dominant among sand fraction, but coarse one are rare. So the rate of medium to total sand was higher in IIB horizon as 0.62~0.76 than A and C horizons. The content of heavy minerals in medium sand was low as 1.0~6.6% and the ratio of quartz to feldspars was higher in Ap2 and B1 horizon as 1.7 than IIB horizon which had less than 1.39. The cumulative curves of sand particles in Yeongil series showed the well sorted and differ from residuum soils derived from sand stone, but similar to dune soils(Haeri series). So it could be deducted from this study that "Yeongil" series are aeolian deposits derived from aeolian materials and have bisequum profile; the upper part depth of 40cm was recent cover sand, the horizon of 40~100cm depth was developed in Pleistocene epoch from the same materials.

• The Journal of Sustainable Design and Educational Environment Research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.34-43
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to provide a basis for determining when a school established long term school plans accepted by analyzing the trend of increase or decrease elementary school students 30 years to target of following nine cities, 552 elementary schools in Korea - 4 metropolitan cities(Ilsan, Bundang, Jungdong, Pyungchon, Sanbon, Dongtan and Kwangkyo), 4 central regional cities (Chunan, Asan, Seosan and Nonsan), 3 south-eastern regional cities(Pohang, Woolsan, Jinju, Changwon and Kyungsan) and 4south-western regional cities(Kwangju, Jeonju, Suncheon and Kunsan) for this purpose. Results of this study are as follows: First, the most common type was type 5, accounting for 56.8% (658) of the total, followed by type 11 (12.8%), type 13 (7.9%), type 15 (5.6%). Of the total 15 types, type 1, type 3, type 7 and type 14 accounted for less than 1% of the total. Second, the results of the Conflict Model I and Conflict Model II showed that Type1 and Type7 were not needed to be adopted.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.321-331
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• 2014

Patinopecten yessoensis is known to be farmed only in the northern part of the East Sea today. In an attempt to extend its production area, we have conducted experiments both in the northern and southern parts of the East Sea and studied on their growth in an aim to use the results for increasing overall productivity of the species. Early juvenile scallops producted in February 2014 showed an average shell length of $0.23{\pm}0.002$. The high growth group showed an average shell length and shell height of $4.11{\pm}0.08mm$ and $4.28{\pm}0.09mm$, respectively, in June while they were $23.63{\pm}3.4mm$ and $24.19{\pm}4.5mm$ in October. The low growth group showed an average shell length and shell height of $2.23{\pm}0.7mm$ and $1.99{\pm}0.9mm$, respectively, in June while they were $1.99{\pm}0.9mm$ and $17.59{\pm}4.5mm$ in October. The daily growth rate of the high growth group was 0.037 mm/day and 0.027 mm/day for the low growth group. In August, we measured the shell length of Patinopecten yessoensis from Yangyang-gun, Gangneung-si, Yeongdeok-gun, and Pohang-si. Patinopecten yessoensis from Pohang-si showed the best growth performance with its shell length of $26.90{\pm}3.6mm$. Patinopecten yessoensis from Yeongdeok was the second largest with its shell length of $23.56{\pm}3.4mm$. We presume that optimal water temperature and phytoplankton abundance of the two regions have contributed to the good growth performance of the species.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.275-285
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• 2010

Present state of nationwide marine facilities reported to 12 regional maritime affairs and port offices of MLTM in Korea for two years 2008 and 2009 was analyzed based on region and type of facilities, and national management plan was proposed in this study. As of the end of 2009, 8 types of marine facilities were reported to Yeosu regional maritime affairs and port office, while only 3 types of facilities were reported to Pohang, Daesan and Jeju regional offices, respectively. Oil and noxious liquid substances storage facilities belonged in the type of facility which was reported to all of 12 regional offices, and ranged from 11 facilities reported to Pyeongtaek regional office to the respective 38 facilities to Yeosu and Masan regional offices. In pollutants storage facilities, 4 facilities were reported to Masan regional office, 2 facilities to Donghae and Mokpo regional offices, respectively, 1 facility to Yeosu, Gunsan and Pyeongtaek regional offices, respectively, and none of facilities to the other regional offices. Ship construction, repair and scrap facilities belonged in the type of facility which was reported to all of 12 regional offices, and 45% of the facilities were concentrated in Southeastern Sea of Korea centering around Busan and Masan. In cargo handling facilities, 3 facilities were reported to Busan and Masan regional offices, respectively, 1 facility to Daesan regional office, and none of facilities to the other regional offices. In wastes storage facilities, 5 facilities were reported to Ulsan regional office, 4 facilities to Gunsan regional office, 2 facilities to Incheon regional office, 1 facility to Yeosu regional office, and none of facilities to the other regional offices. 65% of nationwide water intake and drainage facilities were concentrated in the areas of Pohang and Mokpo, and 78% of nationwide fishing spots at play were concentrated in the area of Masan. In other marine facilities, 4 facilities were reported to Donghae regional office, 3 facilities to Masan regional office, 2 facilities to Yeosu and Pyeongtaek regional offices, respectively, 1 facility to Incheon and Ulsan regional offices, respectively, and none of facilities to the other regional offices. In integrated marine science base facilities, 3 facilities were reported to Jeju regional office, 1 facility to Yeosu, Ulsan and Gunsan regional offices, respectively, and none of facilities to the other regional offices. The management based on the circumstances of regional offices, the management based on the characteristics of the type of facilities, the amendment of the relevant rules and regulations, facility owner's full knowledge and observance of the relevant rules and regulations with regard to the relevant type of facilities, and positive management actions from national point of view were proposed for national management plans of marine facilities.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.22-31
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to illuminate historical sensitivity and design in the days of the Joseon era and examines the phenomenon of acculturation as revealed in the planting of Sophora japonica and Zelkova serrata in the garden grove by looking into the purpose underlying the construction, formative intention and the process of change in Pohang's Chirinjeong wonlim. Chirinjeong, also called Sanggaejeong(雙槐亭) after the fact that two Zelkova serrata trees were planted there, is a hermit pavilion in Sa-il village, Chogok-ri, built in the 9th year of King Taejong(1409) by Jang, Pyo(張彪, 1349~?) of an officer of bureaucratic origin toward the end of the Goryeo Dynasty, the Chirinjeong garden grove is an element essential to Chogok, the 3rd Gok of Sanggaegoogok(雙溪九曲). The wonlim of Chirinjeong is divided into the pavilion section composed of the entrance area, Chirinjeong, composed of Zelkova serrata and Sophora japonica, and the pond section composed of a quadrangular pond and island(方池方島), and Lagerstroemia indica. In view of the intent of the name Chirinjeong or of the fact that the pavilion was named based on that the royal seal string was hung on the Sanggwaesoo(雙槐樹) or two Zelkova serrata trees, it is reasonable to view it as Zelkova serrata trees having been planted early in the days of the Joseon Dynasty and those additionally planted later on that symbolizes the position of the three nobles and the Sophora japonica. In addition, in spite of the fact that the type of trees supplementarily planted in the 21st year of King Yeongjo(1745) is known as Sophora japonica, it is impossible to rule out the possibility of the tree planted outside of Chirinjeong being Zelkova serrata. In short, the three Zelkova serrata trees planted along with Sophora japonica must certainly be evidence that Zelkova serrata planted along with Sophora japonica in Chirinjeong wonlim indicates that the off spring of the Indong Jang family could tell the difference between Sophora japonica and Zelkova serrata. In the recognition process of Zelkova serrata trees finding their way into Korea, it was known as Zelkova serrata on the one hand and as Sophora japonica on the other, and the former, which enjoys a comparative advantage over in terms of the easiness with which to purchase, growth speed and possibility of growing into a long-lived tree was interchanged with Zelkova serrata, a case of acculturation as manifested in the planting of Sophora japonica in the Chirinjeong garden grove.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.51-61
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• 2011

The concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) was first introduced sixty years ago in the academic field. However, the phrase CSR was not explicitly stated before the 1990s in Korean business and academic researches. Recently CSR is more considered a corporate strategy than a philanthropic donation. CSR comprises contributions to local communities as well as using environmentally beneficial and humane practices. Sponsoring is one available marketing tactic used in order to communicate with the market. This study of sponsorship has concentrated on developing brand asset by accessing potential values of sporting events or star-players. However, sponsorship includes providing funds or goods to non-profit institutions as well as sports or entertainment organizations. Accordingly corporate community-specific sponsorship is defined as firms offering to provide money, goods and/or services to individuals and/or institutions within a particular community, thus establishing an interdependent relationship between the partners aspiring to gain social and economic assets. National sponsorship is typically targeted toward commonly recognized individuals and/or organizations with the intent to maximize exposure of a sponsor's brand, and is known to positively affect brand equity(community-specific sponsorship is committed to a limited local area) that a firm could benefit from by gaining a specific asset. POSCO sponsors the Jukdo Market, locate dinthe city of Pohang, tohelp revive their traditional market. Inreturn, the Jukdo Market merchant suni on display sflags with the POSCO embleminfrontof stores with in the market intending to make shopper sand merchant saware of POSCO's sponsorship. POSCO has succeeded in acquiring public support from the citizens of Pohang. However, the economic effects resulting from the cooperative relationship between POSCO and the Jukdo Market have yet to be measured by any empirical research. The purpose of this study is to assess the economic effects created by the community-specific sponsorship from the groups of merchants and shoppers, measuring its influence on the corporate image and subsequent brand loyalty, as parts of brand equity. The result of the study shows that the community-specific sponsorship of POSCO of the Jukdo Market had different influences on its corporate image and the brand loyalty of shoppers and merchants. First, the merchant group who was more frequently exposed to POSCO's flag recognized the sponsorship of POSCO more than the shopper group, and, therefore, had a better image of the company. Second, the recognition of POSCO's sponsorship had a positive influence on its corporate image, and that positive corporate image had a positive effect on brand loyalty development. However, the recognition of the sponsorship did not have a direct influence on brand loyalty. The friendly corporate image developed by the recognition of the sponsorship consequently could have had an effect on brand loyalty. Therefore, companies should not relinquish investments to corporate image development if they require more brand loyalty. Third, the influence of corporate image on brand loyalty shows stronger results in the shopper group rather than in the merchant group. Psycho-graphic factors of shoppers and merchants might give rise to the difference between the two groups.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.164-173
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• 2004

To delineate geothermal water movement at the Pohang geothermal development site, Self-Potential (SP) survey and monitoring were carried out during pumping tests. Before drilling, background SP data have been gathered to figure out overall potential distribution of the site. The pumping test was performed in two separate periods: 24 hours in December 2003 and 72 hours in March 2004. SP monitoring started several days before the pumping tests with a 128-channel automatic recording system. The background SP survey showed a clear positive anomaly at the northern part of the boreholes, which may be interpreted as an up-flow Bone of the deep geothermal water due to electrokinetic potential generated by hydrothermal circulation. The first and second SP monitoring during the pumping tests performed to figure out the fluid flow in the geothermal reservoir but it was not easy to see clear variations of SP due to pumping and pumping stop. Since the area is covered by some 360 m-thick tertiary sediments with very low electrical resistivity (less than 10 ohm-m), the electrokinetic potential due to deep groundwater flow resulted in being seriously attenuated on the surface. However, when we compared the variation of SP with that of groundwater level and temperature of pumping water, we could identify some areas responsible to the pumping. Dominant SP changes are observed in the south-west part of the boreholes during both the preliminary and long-term pumping periods, where 3-D magnetotelluric survey showed low-resistivity anomaly at the depth of $600m\~1,000m$. Overall analysis suggests that there exist hydraulic connection through the southwestern part to the pumping well.