• 에너지공학
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.92-102
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• 2010

플러그인 하이브리드 전기자동차(Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle, PHEV)는 하이브리드 전기자동차(Hybrid Electric Vehicle, HEV)의 일종으로, 배터리 용량을 HEV보다 더욱 증대시키고 배터리의 충전을 전력망으로부터 할 수 있도록 한 자동차이며, 순수 배터리 전기자동차(Plug-in Battery Electric Vehicle, PBEV)는 전력망으로부터 전기를 배터리에 충전하여 저장하고 배터리에 저장된 전기만을 이용하여 운전가능한 자동차이다. 최근에 PHEV와 PBEV에 대한 관심과 개발이 전세계적으로 급속하게 증가하고 있다. 그러므로 이들 전력망 충전식 전기자동차가 전력망의 전력수요에 미치는 영향을 검토하는 것이 중요하다. 본 논문에서는 이들 PHEV와 PBEV 자동차의 보급으로 전력망의 전력수요, 이산화탄소 배출량과 차량구매자의 관점에서 운전비용에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 2020년경에 차량보급이 10%정도로 이루어질 것을 가정하여 영향을 분석하였다.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.568-579
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• 2018

Virtual power plants can be regarded as systems that have entered the network after restructure of power systems. In fact, these plants are a set of consumers capable of consuming and generating power. In response to widespread implementation of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, further investigation of energy management in this type of power plants seems to be of great value. In effect, these vehicles are able to receive and inject power from/into the network. Hence, study of the effects of these vehicles on management of virtual power plants seems to be illuminative. In this paper, management of power consumption/generation in virtual power plants has been investigated in the presence of hybrid electric vehicles. The objective function of virtual power plants problem management is to minimize the overall costs including not only the costs of energy production in power generation units, fuels, and degradation of batteries of vehicles, but also the costs of purchasing electricity from the network. Furthermore, the constraints on the operational of plants, loads and hybrid vehicles, level of penalty for greenhouse gas emissions ($CO_2$ and $NO_x$) produced by power plants and vehicles, and demand response to the immediate price of market have all been attended to in the present study. GAMS/Cplex software system and sample power system have been employed to pursue computer implementation and simulation.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.1276-1282
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• 2013

This paper proposes a stochastic modeling of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) distribution in power systems, and analyzes the corresponding clustering characteristic. It is essential for power utilities to estimate the PEV charging demand as the penetration level of PEV is expected to increase rapidly in the near future. Although the distribution of PEVs in power systems is the primary factor for estimating the PEV charging demand, the data currently available are statistics related to fuel-driven vehicles and to existing electric demands in power systems. In this paper, we calculate the number of households using electricity at individual ending buses of a power system based on the electric demands. Then, we estimate the number of PEVs per household using the probability density function of PEVs derived from the given statistics about fuel-driven vehicles. Finally, we present the clustering characteristic of the PEV distribution via case studies employing the test systems.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.820-828
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• 2016

The sizable electrical load of plug-in electric vehicles may cause a severe low-voltage problem in a distribution network. The voltage drop in a distribution network can be mitigated by limiting the power consumption of a charging station. Then, the charging station operator needs a method for appropriately distributing the restricted power to all plug-in electric vehicles. The existing approaches have practical limitation in terms of the availability of future information and the execution time. Therefore, this study suggests a heuristic method based on priority indexes for fairly distributing the constrained power to all plug-in electric vehicles. In the proposed method, PEVs are ranked using the priority index, which is determined in real time, such that a near-optimal solution can be obtained within a short computation time. Simulations demonstrate that the proposed method is effective in implementation, although its performance is slightly worse than that of the optimal case.

• 한국전자통신학회논문지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.91-96
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• 2014

최근 양산되고 있는 하이브리드 전기자동차에 비해서 연비를 좀 더 개선하기 위한 플러그인 하이브리드 전기자동차(Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle)에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 이 논문에서는 플러그인 하이브리드 전기자동차를 위한 고효율의 탑재형 충전기(on-board charger)에 대해서 연구한다. 탑재형 충전기는 2상 인터리브드 PFC 회로와 LLC 공진형 컨버터로 구성된다. LLC 공진형 컨버터의 새로운 설계절차를 본 논문에서 제안한다. 이는 매우 쉽고 강력한 방법이다. 위에서 언급한 내용을 확인하기 위해서 LLC 공진형 컨버터를 설계하고 PSIM 툴을 이용하여 테스트한다.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.742-751
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• 2018

Electric vehicles (EV) are emerging as the future transportation vehicle reflecting their potential safe environmental advantages. Vehicle to Grid (V2G) system describes the hybrid system in which the EV can communicate with the utility grid and the energy flows with insignificant effect between the utility grid and the EV. The paper presents an optimal power control and energy management strategy for Plug-In Electric Vehicle (PEV) charging stations using Wind-PV-FC-Battery renewable energy sources. The energy management optimization is structured and solved using Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) to determine and distribute at each time step the charging power among all accessible vehicles. The Model-Based Predictive (MPC) control strategy is used to plan PEV charging energy to increase the utilization of the wind, the FC and solar energy, decrease power taken from the power grid, and fulfil the charging power requirement of all vehicles. Desired features for EV battery chargers such as the near unity power factor with negligible harmonics for the ac source, well-regulated charging current for the battery, maximum output power, high efficiency, and high reliability are fully confirmed by the proposed solution.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.672-681
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• 2012

A potential breakthrough of the electrification of the vehicle fleet will incur a steep rise in the load on the electrical power grid. To avoid huge grid investments, coordinated charging of those vehicles is a must. In this paper, we assess algorithms to schedule charging of plug-in (hybrid) electric vehicles as to minimize the additional peak load they might cause. We first introduce two approaches, one based on a classical optimization approach using quadratic programming, and a second one, market based coordination, which is a multi-agent system that uses bidding on a virtual market to reach an equilibrium price that matches demand and supply. We benchmark these two methods against each other, as well as to a baseline scenario of uncontrolled charging. Our simulation results covering a residential area with 63 households show that controlled charging reduces peak load, load variability, and deviations from the nominal grid voltage.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제40권9호
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• pp.801-805
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• 2016

플러그인 하이브리드 전기자동차는 내연기관과 전기모터를 동력원으로 사용하며 주행 상황에 따라 다양한 주행 모드을 갖는다. 주행 모드에는 전기모터로만 주행하는 EV 모드(전기주행), 내연기관으로 주행하는 엔진 운전 모드, 두 개의 동력원을 이용하는 HEV 모드(하이브리드 주행)가 있다. 특히 병렬형 구조를 갖는 하이브리드 전기자동차는 모드변환에 따라 엔진 클러지가 접합되거나 해제되는데, 클러치 접합 시 나타나는 충격은 차량의 승차감에 영향을 주기 때문에 중요하다. 본 논문에서는 플러그인 하이브리드 전기자동차의 성능 시뮬레이터를 MATLAB/Simulink를 이용하여 개발하고, 시뮬레이션 결과를 통해 엔진 클러치 접합 시 나타나는 충격 특성을 분석하였다.

• 전력전자학회:학술대회논문집
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• 전력전자학회 2011년도 전력전자학술대회
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• pp.318-319
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• 2011

Many countries are concentrating on the development of electric vehicle technology with increasing concerns about the global environment. Along with these concerns, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles(PHEVs) are being developed as environment-friendly cars which reduce greenhouse gas emissions and also eliminate the problem of range anxiety associated to all-electric vehicles, because the combustion engine works as a backup when the batteries are depleted. In this paper, electric equipments of the PHEV which meet the target specifications were developed, and their performance was proven through confirmatory testing on the PHEV at Korea Automotive Technology Institute(KATECH).

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.490-498
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• 2011

This paper presents a novel analysis, design, and implementation of a battery charging three-phase high frequency semi-controlled power converter feasible for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. The main advantages of the proposed topology include high efficiency; due to lower power losses and reduced number of switching elements, high output power density realization, and reduced passive component ratings proportionally to the frequency. Additional advantages also include grid economic utilization by insuring unity power factor operation under different possible conditions and robustness since short-circuit through a leg is not possible. A high but acceptable total harmonic distortion of the generator currents is introduced in the proposed topology which can be viewed as a minor disadvantage when compared to traditional boost rectifiers. A hysteresis control algorithm is proposed to achieve lower current harmonic distortion for the rectifier operation. The rectifier topology concept, the principle of operation, and control scheme are presented. Additionally, a dc-dc converter is also employed in the rectifier-battery connection. Test results on 50-kHz power converter system are presented and discussed to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed topology for PHEV applications.