• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.92-102
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• 2010

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle(PHEV) is a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) with more added battery capacity that can be recharged from the electric power grid. Plug-in battery electric vehicle(PBEV) is a pure electric vehicle that uses only electric motor using electricity from battery that recharged from the power grid. PHEV and PBEV requires recharging of batteries in the vehicles from electric power grid. Recently, PHEVs and PBEV are being developed around the world. It is important to understand how these electric vehicles affect power demands and carbon dioxide emissions. From vehicle customer viewpoint, running energy cost will be imporatnt factor to consider. This paper analyzes the potential impacts of PHEVs and PBEVs on electric power demand, and associated CO2 emissions in 2020 with an projection that the vehicles will be penetrated with 10% market share. Energy costs for the vehicles are also calculated and compared with the conventional combustion vehicle.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.568-579
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• 2018

Virtual power plants can be regarded as systems that have entered the network after restructure of power systems. In fact, these plants are a set of consumers capable of consuming and generating power. In response to widespread implementation of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, further investigation of energy management in this type of power plants seems to be of great value. In effect, these vehicles are able to receive and inject power from/into the network. Hence, study of the effects of these vehicles on management of virtual power plants seems to be illuminative. In this paper, management of power consumption/generation in virtual power plants has been investigated in the presence of hybrid electric vehicles. The objective function of virtual power plants problem management is to minimize the overall costs including not only the costs of energy production in power generation units, fuels, and degradation of batteries of vehicles, but also the costs of purchasing electricity from the network. Furthermore, the constraints on the operational of plants, loads and hybrid vehicles, level of penalty for greenhouse gas emissions ($CO_2$ and $NO_x$) produced by power plants and vehicles, and demand response to the immediate price of market have all been attended to in the present study. GAMS/Cplex software system and sample power system have been employed to pursue computer implementation and simulation.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.1276-1282
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• 2013

This paper proposes a stochastic modeling of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) distribution in power systems, and analyzes the corresponding clustering characteristic. It is essential for power utilities to estimate the PEV charging demand as the penetration level of PEV is expected to increase rapidly in the near future. Although the distribution of PEVs in power systems is the primary factor for estimating the PEV charging demand, the data currently available are statistics related to fuel-driven vehicles and to existing electric demands in power systems. In this paper, we calculate the number of households using electricity at individual ending buses of a power system based on the electric demands. Then, we estimate the number of PEVs per household using the probability density function of PEVs derived from the given statistics about fuel-driven vehicles. Finally, we present the clustering characteristic of the PEV distribution via case studies employing the test systems.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.820-828
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• 2016

The sizable electrical load of plug-in electric vehicles may cause a severe low-voltage problem in a distribution network. The voltage drop in a distribution network can be mitigated by limiting the power consumption of a charging station. Then, the charging station operator needs a method for appropriately distributing the restricted power to all plug-in electric vehicles. The existing approaches have practical limitation in terms of the availability of future information and the execution time. Therefore, this study suggests a heuristic method based on priority indexes for fairly distributing the constrained power to all plug-in electric vehicles. In the proposed method, PEVs are ranked using the priority index, which is determined in real time, such that a near-optimal solution can be obtained within a short computation time. Simulations demonstrate that the proposed method is effective in implementation, although its performance is slightly worse than that of the optimal case.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.91-96
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• 2014

nowadays, many researches for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles have been actively carried out to improve the gas mileage in comparison with mass-produced hybrid electric vehicles. In this paper, the on-board charger for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles is studied for obtaining the high efficiency. The on-board charger consists of two phase interleaved PFC circuit and LLC resonant converter. The new design procedures of LLC resonant converter are proposed in this paper. These are very simple and powerful method. In order to verify the abovementioned contents, the LLC resonant converter is designed and tested by using PSIM tool.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.742-751
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• 2018

Electric vehicles (EV) are emerging as the future transportation vehicle reflecting their potential safe environmental advantages. Vehicle to Grid (V2G) system describes the hybrid system in which the EV can communicate with the utility grid and the energy flows with insignificant effect between the utility grid and the EV. The paper presents an optimal power control and energy management strategy for Plug-In Electric Vehicle (PEV) charging stations using Wind-PV-FC-Battery renewable energy sources. The energy management optimization is structured and solved using Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) to determine and distribute at each time step the charging power among all accessible vehicles. The Model-Based Predictive (MPC) control strategy is used to plan PEV charging energy to increase the utilization of the wind, the FC and solar energy, decrease power taken from the power grid, and fulfil the charging power requirement of all vehicles. Desired features for EV battery chargers such as the near unity power factor with negligible harmonics for the ac source, well-regulated charging current for the battery, maximum output power, high efficiency, and high reliability are fully confirmed by the proposed solution.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.672-681
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• 2012

A potential breakthrough of the electrification of the vehicle fleet will incur a steep rise in the load on the electrical power grid. To avoid huge grid investments, coordinated charging of those vehicles is a must. In this paper, we assess algorithms to schedule charging of plug-in (hybrid) electric vehicles as to minimize the additional peak load they might cause. We first introduce two approaches, one based on a classical optimization approach using quadratic programming, and a second one, market based coordination, which is a multi-agent system that uses bidding on a virtual market to reach an equilibrium price that matches demand and supply. We benchmark these two methods against each other, as well as to a baseline scenario of uncontrolled charging. Our simulation results covering a residential area with 63 households show that controlled charging reduces peak load, load variability, and deviations from the nominal grid voltage.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.40 no.9
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• pp.801-805
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• 2016

In this paper, engine clutch engagement shock is analyzed during the mode change of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Multi-driving mode includes the EV (electric vehicle) mode, HEV (hybrid electric vehicle) mode, and engine operating mode. Depending on the mode change, the engine clutch is either engaged or disengaged. The magnitude of shock during clutch engagement is very important because it impacts vehicle acceleration and clutch synchronization speed, which affects ride comfort substantially. The performance simulator of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles was developed using MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation results show that the mode change control algorithm is necessary for minimizing shock during clutch engagement.

• Proceedings of the KIPE Conference
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• 2011.07a
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• pp.318-319
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• 2011

Many countries are concentrating on the development of electric vehicle technology with increasing concerns about the global environment. Along with these concerns, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles(PHEVs) are being developed as environment-friendly cars which reduce greenhouse gas emissions and also eliminate the problem of range anxiety associated to all-electric vehicles, because the combustion engine works as a backup when the batteries are depleted. In this paper, electric equipments of the PHEV which meet the target specifications were developed, and their performance was proven through confirmatory testing on the PHEV at Korea Automotive Technology Institute(KATECH).

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.490-498
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• 2011

This paper presents a novel analysis, design, and implementation of a battery charging three-phase high frequency semi-controlled power converter feasible for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. The main advantages of the proposed topology include high efficiency; due to lower power losses and reduced number of switching elements, high output power density realization, and reduced passive component ratings proportionally to the frequency. Additional advantages also include grid economic utilization by insuring unity power factor operation under different possible conditions and robustness since short-circuit through a leg is not possible. A high but acceptable total harmonic distortion of the generator currents is introduced in the proposed topology which can be viewed as a minor disadvantage when compared to traditional boost rectifiers. A hysteresis control algorithm is proposed to achieve lower current harmonic distortion for the rectifier operation. The rectifier topology concept, the principle of operation, and control scheme are presented. Additionally, a dc-dc converter is also employed in the rectifier-battery connection. Test results on 50-kHz power converter system are presented and discussed to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed topology for PHEV applications.