• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.275-284
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• 2014

Reducing plate-waste for school lunches is an important strategy to guarantee adequate nutrition intakes by students as well as to protect the environment. This study was conducted to determine dieticians' perception of no-plate-waste day. The subjects were dieticians at 203 schools in Seoul and Kyeonggi-do. Among them, 132 schools (78.6%) operated no-plate-waste day once a week, 6.9% once a month, 10.8% twice a week, whereas 17.2% did not operate at all. According to dieticians, plate-waste per student on no-plate-waste day (mean 49.1 g) was lower than that on an ordinary day (mean 79.2 g). The most popular method to advertise no-plate-waste day was to notify it on the menu board (52.4%), followed by notifying it on the dining hall and the school website. The most frequently used reward on no-plate-waste day was a gift snack (67.3%), followed by complimentary stickers, awards, and GPA. The most common side effect of no-plate-waste day was students' abandoning foods (45.2%), followed by rejecting food and simplified menu. The most frequent barrier was insufficient recognition of necessity (39.3%), followed by shortage of manpower or budget and students and teachers' resistance. The dieticians at 35 schools without no-plate-waste day answered that they did not operate it due to 'no need perceived' and 'no budget' (31.4% and 31.4%, respectively). Based on this study, government and society should promote the need to reduce plate-waste by students and teachers as well as school administrators.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.997-1007
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine the dietary attitudes, dish preferences, and plate waste status of elementary school students in Chungnam province. Questionnaires fearuring dietary attitudes, dish preferences, and plate waste measurements over 4 days were administered to 278 elementary school students (3~6th grades; boys 124, girls 154). Regarding plate waste of food, subjects showed the following in decreasing order: soup > vegetable > fish > kimchi > rice > meat. Regarding food preference, cooked rice showed the highest preference among rice dishes, whereas both boys and girls preferred stir-fried rice among one-dish meals. For soup, soup cooked with mear was highly preferred. However, soup with vegetables was preferred less. For meat, soy sauce-glazed chicken and bulgogi were the most preferred boys and girls. In addition, boys indicated a higher preference for most of the meat dishes than girls. Among the many types of kimchi, Chinese cabbage kimchi (Baechu Kimchi) was the most preferred. For the school meals, the served and consumed amounts by boys were higher than those of girls. However, there was no significant difference in plate waste between the boys and girls. To improve management of school meals, dietitians should understand factors that influence students' food preferences.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.655-671
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• 2021

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: While plate waste has been widely investigated in hospitals, there have been minimal studies specific to the texture-modified diet (TMD). This study aims to determine the percentage of plate waste among patients prescribed with TMD and its contributory factors. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This was a single-centre study conducted in the university hospital on three types of TMD (blended diet, mixed porridge, minced diet) during lunch and dinner meals. Weighing method and visual estimation method assisted by digital photograph were adopted in this study. Face to face interview was carried out to investigate on 1) the food/food service quality factors in terms of patients' satisfaction level towards sensorial quality of food and food services provided and 2) the clinical/external factors including appetite, the provision of oral nutrition support, time taking the diet, the need for feeding assistance and the length of hospital stay. RESULTS: The mean percentage of overall plate waste of 95 patients receiving TMD was high (47.5%). Blended diet was identified as the most wasted diet (65%) followed by minced diet (56%) and mixed porridge (35%). Satisfaction level among patients was moderate. Patients on TMD in general had higher satisfaction level on the aspect of food service as compared to food quality. Substantial association between sensorial qualities of food and plate waste were varied according to individual TMD type. A multiple linear regression showed that only the satisfaction level toward the aspects of appearance and variety of foods were the predictors of TMD plate waste (R² = 0.254, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A significant relationship between the percentage of plate waste and the overall satisfaction level of patients receiving TMD suggests that vigorous strategies are needed to reduce the food waste of TMD which will lead to a better nutritional status and clinical outcomes among the patients.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권10호
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• pp.1219-1228
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• 1997

This stusy was designed to develop nutrition education program for the primary school children served by the national school lunch program and to evaluate ist educational effects. Subjects consisted of 61 elementary school children(30 in the control group and 31 in the treatment group) in the 5th grade. Only the treatment group participated in a twelve-week nutrition education program. To evaluate the effects of the nutrition education program, the control and treatment groups were given a pretest and posttest for nutrition knowledge, food attitude, food habits, food preference and plate wastes before and after nutrition education. The results obtained are summerized as follows ; the nutrition knowledge test score (30.4) of the treatment group was significantly higher than that (17.4) of the control group after nutrition education . However, there was no significant difference between the two groups in food attitude test scores after nutrition education. We also did not find any difference induced by nutrition education or the food preferences of the treatment group. After nutrition education , the amount of plate waste of some menus were significantly decreased in the treatment group, but the amount of plate waste of the control group was not significantly changed. However, there was no significant difference in the post test scores above food habits between two groups. It was concluded that a twelve-week nutrition education program can improve nutrition knowledge and decrease plate waste but is not enough to change food attitude , food preference and food habits. It can besard that the two components of foodservice are nutritional foodservice and nutrition education. Foodservice management alone without nutrition education is hardly enough to improve the nutritional status of school children. The result of this study indicate that applying the nutrition education program to elementary school children who are served by the national lunch program can maximize the effects of the national school lunch program.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제4권5호
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• pp.400-404
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• 2010

School lunches serve to improve nutritional status and to promote the health of children. The purpose of this study was to investigate the portion sizes of school lunches served and consumed in Japanese elementary schools. In addition, gender difference in servings and consumption were also studied. A cross-sectional study was undertaken between October 2007 and February 2008 in schools located in Tokyo and Okayama, Japan. A total of 192 fifth-grade children attending four elementary schools participated in this study. Weighed plate waste methods and observation were used to collect dietary data for two non-consecutive days. The proportion of children who chose staple foods along with main dishes and/or side dishes for at least one day was higher in boys than in girls (respectively, for staple food: 42.1% vs. 9.3%, for main dish and/or side dish: 68.4% vs. 44.3%, P < 0.001). The ratio of initial amount served to amount offered was $0.88{\pm}0.11$ for boys and $0.84{\pm}0.10$ for girls (P < 0.05). The ratio of amount consumed to amount offered was $1.04{\pm}0.19$ for boys and $0.88{\pm}0.12$ for girls (P < 0.001). Weight was related to amount consumed both in boys (r = 0.222, P < 0.05) and in girls (r = 0.201, P < 0.05). These findings suggest that the nutritional standards of school lunch programs should take into account gender differences. Clearly, boys were more likely to consume more than the initial amounts served due to their higher propensity to take second helpings. Boys feel few reservations about taking second helpings to adjust their total intake. However, school lunch plans should take into consideration girls' reluctance to do so, by serving appropriate initial portion sizes.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.517-526
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• 2015

This study was carried out to determine the depression symptoms and nutritional status of elderly females that ate congregate meals at lunch in rural Pocheon. The subjects were 18 elderly females aged over 65 ($75.7{\pm}4.6$ years) and information on smoking, subjective health status, depression symptoms and malnutrition risk were collected using a questionnaire administered with the help of trained research assistants. Measurements included mid-arm circumference and calf circumference. Food consumption for 3 days during breakfast and supper were determined by 24-hour recall and food consumption at lunch was determined as the difference between the amounts served and the plate waste. All data were compared between two age groups (${\leq}75$ and > 75). The subjects had the lowest nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) for vitamin $B_6$ (0.523), followed by calcium and niacin and the lowest index of nutrient quality (INQ) for calcium (0.738). The older elderly had significantly lower NAR for vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, vitamin $B_6$ and niacin as well as significantly lower mean adequacy ratio (MAR) compared to the young elderly. They also had significantly lower INQ for vitamin $B_1$ and vitamin C and significantly thinner arm circumference (28.3 cm vs. 31.3 cm). They consumed more than 40% of their daily intake for each nutrient at lunch. Higher proportions of nutrient intake from lunch provided evidence of the importance of congregate meals, suggesting that the government and society should support congregate meals to improve nutritional status.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제42권7호
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• pp.650-663
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• 2009

본 연구의 목적은 집단 영양평가시 급식시설에서 제공하는 표준레시피의 자료로 단순히 영양분석하여 평가할 경우 1인 배식량과 섭취량이 서로 달라 정확한 영양평가를 할 수 없다는 점을 입증하고 정확한 영양분석을 위한 새로운 접근방법을 제시함과 동시에 노인복지시설에서 제공되는 1끼 식사의 영양 평가를 통해 노인급식 영양관리의 문제점을 파악하고 개선안을 도출하는데 있다. 서울 지역 3개노인복지회관을 선정한 후 표준레시피로 실험조리를 통해 메뉴별 조리중량변화계수를 산출하고, 개별 잔반계측방법으로 실제 제공된 양과 노인들이 섭취한 양을 조사하여 영양평가를 내렸다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 조사대상자는 65세 이상 75세 미만이 51명, 75세 이상이 49명이었으며, 평균 신장은 남자 165.6 cm, 여자154.8 cm, 평균 몸무게는 남자 62.9 kg, 여자 57.1 kg이었다. BMI는 정상 체중군에 포함되는 남자는 42.6%, 여자는 43.4%로 나타났고, 남자의 38.3%, 여자의 43.4%가 거동이 불편한 것으로 조사되었다. 2) 단체급식소에서 사용하는 표준레시피의 1인 분량과 배식량간에 차이가 있고, 실제 섭취량과는 더 큰 차이가 있었다. 그러므로 영양평가시 단순히 식단의 표준레시피를 근거로 수행할 경우 실제 섭취량과 다르기 때문에 큰 오차가 발생할 수 있었다. 이를 해결하기 위해 영양사는 실험조리를 통해 표준레시피의 1인 분량과 실제 1인 분량을 동일하게 관리하는 것이 필요하였다. 음식별 조리중량변화계수는 조리방법, 식재료의 특성에 따라 차이가 있지만, 밥 2.4, 육류 찜, 조림, 볶음류 0.6~0.7, 브로컬리초무침 1.25를 보였고, 미역국과 같이 말린 재료를 불려 만든 맑은 국은 12.5, 동태찌개 1.58, 오징어국 2.60으로 나타났다. 따라서 표준레시피에 의거한 1인 분량은 밥류 237~343 g, 국류 284~375 g, 육류 찬 89.4~95.9 g, 야채찬 55~128.7 g, 김치 40 g이었고, 실제 제공하는 평균 배식량은 밥 239.08 g, 국 283.29 g, 육류찬 88.09 g, 야채찬 45.83 g, 김치 38.41 g이며, 노인의 실제 섭취량은 밥 235.97 g, 국 248.53 g, 육류찬 72.8 g, 야채찬 39.8 g, 김치 28.36 g으로 조사되었다. 메뉴군 별로는 밥류 (98.7%)의 섭취율이 가장 높았고, 다음으로 국 (87.7%), 야채찬 (87.0%), 육류찬 (82.7%), 김치 (73.8%) 순의 섭취율을 보였다. 노인들이 섭취하는 양은 밥을 제외하고 급식소 별로 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다 (p < 0.01). 3) 에너지 및 영양소의 실제 섭취 영양을 일반사항에 따라 비교한 결과, 성별에 따라, 지방, 철, 아연, 리보플라빈의 섭취에 유의적인 차이가 나타났고, 연령에 따라서는 75세 이상의 집단보다 65세 이상 75세 미만의 집단에서 비타민 A와 엽산을 유의적으로 더 많이 섭취하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. BMI에 따라서는 섭취영양에 차이를 보이지 않았으며, 거동 불편여부에 따라서는 단백질, 지방, 칼슘, 인, 나트륨, 비타민 A, 비타민 B6, 나이아신, 비타민 C, 엽산섭취에 유의적인 차이를 보였다. 5) 영양소 적정섭취비율과 질적지수 평가에서 노인급식시설의 점심식사는 철, 칼슘, 리보플라빈이 1 미만으로 낮게 섭취되는 것으로 나타나 개선이 요구되었다. 그러나 단백질 (1.96), 비타민 B6 (1.83), 인 (1.76), 아연 (1.34), 티아민 (1.17), 비타민 C (1.08), 비타민 A (1.06)의 적정 섭취비율은 1 이상으로 나타났다. 그러므로 노인급식을 위한 영양 계획 시 이러한 문제가 되는 영양소들을 공급할 수 있는 식품에 대한 고려가 필요하였다. 또한 복지시설 급식소별로 식사의 질에 대한 평가에 유의적인 차이가 있는 것으로 나타나 노인복지시설에 영양관리 서비스를 제공할 수 있는 영양사의 배치할 수 있도록 정부차원의 지원이 필요하였다. 6) 노인들의 실제 영양섭취 평가 결과, 65세 이상 75세 미만의 집단에서 칼슘을 부족 섭취하는 비율은 남녀 모두 100%였고, 비타민 A는 남자 17.4%, 여자 10.7%, 리보플라빈은 남자 34.8%, 여자 35.7%, 비타민 B6는 남자 4.3%, 여자 14.3%가 부족하게 섭취하고 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 65세 이상 75세 미만의 집단에서 티아민 (10.7%), 나이아신 (7.1%), 비타민 C (10.7%)는 여자에게서만 부족 섭취가 나타났다. 75세 이상의 집단에서는 여자에게서만 단백질이 4.0%부족한 것으로 나타났고, 칼슘은 부족 섭취하는 비율이 남녀 모두 100%였다. 이상의 결과에서 노인 복지시설에 영양사를 배치하여 영양상담과 급식서비스를 원할히 제공함은 물론이고, 보다 정확한 영양평가를 위하여 표준레시피 량과 실제 배식량 간에 차이를 줄일 수 있도록, 실험조리를 통해 표준레시피에 따른 1인 분량 설정과 조리중량변화계수의 산출과 기록관리가 필요하였다. 더 나아가 잔식량 측정을 병행하여 배식량과 섭취량간의 차이를 지속적으로 모니터링하는 노력이 필요하였다. 본 연구에서 채택한 조리변환계수, 잔식률, 섭취율을 이용하여 영양평가 하는 방법은 정확한 영양진단 방법론으로 활용될 수 있으며, 특히 조리중량계수는 조리후 완성된 음식물의 량을 예측하는데 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제37권10호
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• pp.928-937
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the elementary school teacher's status and recognition of nutrition education (NE) in Incheon. A cross-sectional study was carried out using a self-administered questionnaire and subjects were 147 elementary school teachers. The results are as follows. Only 9.5% of the teachers had training in NE and 71.4% of the teachers with training increased concern about NE after training. As for experience of NE, 61.6% of the teachers experienced NE and more than half of them gave NE less than twice per month. There was a significant difference in reason for not giving NE between subgroups by teaching career; 57.7% of the teachers with career more than 10 years did not give NE due to too much other work. As for existence of nutrition educator in school, 48.9% of the teachers recognized its existence and 91.3% of them answered that dietitians have done NE. For correction of unbalanced diet, good table manner, and nutrition and growth, 97.9% of the teachers answered that NE is necessary in elementary school. As for proper time to start NE, 57.5% of the teachers answered kindergarten and 39,7% answered lower grade of elementary school. As for effective type for NE, 47.3% of the teachers answered NE as a part of other subject and 28.1 % answered NE as a separate subject. Also 69.8% of the teachers answered dietitian as suitable person for NE. As for newly establishing a NE subject, 37.9% of the teachers disagreed and as for most effective method for NE, 73.3% answered NE linked with school lunch program. Most of teachers recognized elementary school students' eating habit problem severe and change of their eating habit such as various food choice, no plate waste and good table manner after school lunch program. Therefore, it should be nationally supported that a standardized NE program is developed and coordinated among teachers, school lunch dietitian as NE specialist, family and community for elementary students' health and well-being.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.9-21
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• 1996

This study was carried out to evaluate the fatty acid intakes of employees in employee feeding operations in Seoul and to provide prudent dietary guidelines with special concern on dietary fat. Four establishments were selected in large scale group and other four were selected as small scale group according to feeding numbers and food cost. Food intake was measured by substracting the leftover from the averaged portion amount. The leftover was measured by the modified aggregate selection plate waste measurement technique. The results were as follows : Employees from the large scale institution consumed more energy, protein, carbohydrate and niacin compared to those from the small scale institution(p<0.05). The mean calorie compositions of carbohydrate, protein and fat of all subjects were 66.7, 16.4 and 16.9%. The mean fat intake was 12.1g/lunch. Linoleic acid(C18:2 $\omega$6, 3.67g) was the most abundant fatty acid contained in the diet, followed by oleic acid (C18:1 $\omega$9, 3.53g) and palmitic acid(C16:0, 1.83g). The subjects consumed 5.2g polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA), 4.6g monounsaturated fatty acid(MUFA), 3.2g saturated fatty acid(SFA) per lunch per person. The average ratios of P/M/S and $\omega$6/$\omega$3 fatty acids were 1.6/1.5/1.0 and 8.5/1/0., respectively. the dietary $\omega$3 fatty acid status can be improved, even though the ratios found belong to the desirable range, by including $\omega$3 fatty acid rich-foods such as bean products and seafoods more frequently in the diet. Caution is needed for higher unsaturated nature of $\omega$3 series fatty acids to be prevented from peroxidation.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제42권7호
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• pp.1148-1156
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• 2013

초등학생의 김치섭취량 증가를 목적으로 초등학교 급식용 김치 메뉴를 개발하고 평가하였다. 먼저 부산광역시 소재 H 초등학교 학생의 김치 섭취 실태조사 및 초등학교 영양(교)사를(n=87) 대상으로 NEIS(교육행정정보시스템, National Education Information System)에 등록된 김치 메뉴의 학교 급식 활용도를 조사하였으며, 문헌 및 실험조리에 근거한 초등학교급식용 김치 메뉴 7가지를 개발하였다. 각각의 메뉴를 학교 급식에 적용한 후 학생들의 기호도 및 잔반량 조사를 통하여 메뉴를 평가하였다. 또한 선정된 메뉴의 표준레시피에 대한 영양(교)사의 급식 활용 의사를 알아보았다. 주요한 결과는 다음과 같다. 저학년(2학년)과 고학년(5학년)의 급식 시 김치 섭취량은 각각 7.7 g 및 6.9 g으로 한국인을 위한 식사구성안에서 제시한 분량(40 g)의 19.3% 및 17.3%에 불과하였다. NEIS에 등록된 29종의 김치 메뉴에 대하여 설문 대상 학교의 75% 이상에서 연 7회 이상 활용한 메뉴는 단 하나도 없었으며, 김치찌개가 유일하게 절반 정도의 학교에서 제공되었다. 닭살김치튀김, 김치스테이크를 포함한 10가지 메뉴는 전체의 75%가 급식에 전혀 이용하지 않았으며, 밥, 죽, 볶음, 전, 튀김, 구이류는 전체 3/4의 학교에서 김치 메뉴로 활용되지 않았다. 이를 바탕으로 메뉴의 김치 사용량이 10~20 g(1인분)이면서 메뉴 재료의 김치 비율이 30%를 넘는 7가지 메뉴를 개발하였다. 1차 기호도 및 잔반량 조사 결과 김치치즈크로켓과 김치소스두부덮밥이 가장 높은 점수를 받았고, 다음은 김치완자, 김치닭감자찜, 김치베이컨주먹밥, 김치채소우동볶음, 김치감자샐러드 및 김치계란찜의 순으로 나타났다. 상위 50%의 메뉴에 대하여 저학년 및 고학년(n=100) 대상 2차 기호도 및 잔반량 조사 결과, 김치완자가 4.3점으로 가장 높았으며 김치닭감자찜 및 김치치즈크로켓도 4점 이상의 비교적 높은 선호도를 보였다. 김치소스두부덮밥은 1차 조사와 달리 종합점수 3.8점 및 17.1%의 잔반을 보였다. 개발된 8종의 메뉴에 대한 표준레시피를 초등학교 영양(교)사가 평가한 결과 김치치즈크로켓이 활용 가능성이 가장 높았고 김치감자샐러드가 가장 낮았다. 종합해 볼 때, 초등학교 급식용 김치 메뉴개발은 초등학생의 김치 섭취량 향상 및 김치 기호도의 증가에 기여할 것으로 기대된다.