• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.420-426
• /
• 2012

The purpose of this study was to identify control points through microbiological hazard analysis in the manufacturing processes of starch noodles. Samples were collected from the ingredients, manufacturing processes, equipment and environment. Microbiological hazard assessments were performed using aerobic plate counts (APC), Enterobacteriaceae (EB), E. coli and five pathogens including B. cereus, E. coli O157:H7, L. monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., and S. aureus. The APC levels in raw materials were from 2.12 to 3.83 log CFU/g. The contamination levels after kneading were 4.31 log CFU/g for APCs and 2.88 log CFU/g for EB counts. APCs decreased to 1.63 log CFU/g and EB were not detected after gelatinization, but their levels slightly increased upon cooling, cutting, ripening, freezing, thawing, and separating. The reuse of cooling and coating water would be a critical source of microbial increase after cooling. After drying, APCs and EB counts decreased to 5.05 log CFU/g and 2.74 log CFU/g, respectively, and the levels were maintained to final products. These results suggest that the cooling process is a critical control point for microbiological safety, and the cooling water should be treated and controlled to prevent cross contamination by pre-requisite program.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
• /
• v.43 no.5
• /
• pp.618-638
• /
• 2022

The Middle Jurassic granite dike swarm intruding into the Paleoproterozoic banded gneiss is pervasively observed in Ueumdo, Hwaseong City, mid-western Gyeonggi Massif. Based on their cross-cutting relationships in a representative outcrop, there are four dikes (UE-A, UE-C, UE-D, UE-E), and depending on the direction, there are three granite dike groups, which are NW- (UE-A dike), NW to WNW- (UE-C dike), and NE-trending (UE-D and UE-E dikes). These granite dikes are massive, medium-to coarse-grained biotite granites, and their relative ages observed in outcrops are in the order of UE-A, UE-D (=UE-E), and UE-C. The geometric analysis of the dikes indicates that the UE-A and UE-C dikes intrude under approximately NE-SW trending horizontal minimum stress fields. The UE-A dike, which showed a relatively low average SiO2 content by major element analysis, is a product of early magma differentiation compared to other dikes; therefore, it is consistent with the relative age of each dike. The ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U weighted mean ages for each dike obtained from SHRIMP zircon U-Pb dating were calculated to be 167 Ma (UE-A), 164 Ma (UE-C), 167 Ma (UE-D), and 167 Ma (UE-E), respectively. The samples of the UE-A, UE-D, and UE-E dikes showed very similar ages. The UE-C dike shows the youngest age, which is consistent with the results of the relative age in the outcrops and major element analysis. Therefore, the granite dikes intruded into the Middle Jurassic (approximately 167 and 164 Ma), coinciding with those of the Gyeonggi Massif, where the Middle Jurassic plutons are geographically widely distributed. This result indicates that the wide occurrence of the Middle Jurassic plutons on the Gyeonggi Massif was formed as a result of igneous activity moving in the northwest direction with the shallower subduction angle of the subducting oceanic plate during the Jurassic.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.27-33
• /
• 2013

In order to provide basic data for the development of a controlled environment cultivation system and standardization of the structures, structural status and improvement methods were investigated for the fruit tree greenhouses of grape, pear, and peach. The greenhouses for citrus and grape cultivation are increasing while pear and persimmon greenhouses are gradually decreasing due to the advance of storage facilities. In the future, greenhouse cultivation will expand for the fruit trees which are more effective in cultivation under rain shelter and are low in storage capability. Fruit tree greenhouses were mostly complying with standards of farm supply type models except for a pear greenhouse and a large single-span peach greenhouse. It showed that there was no greenhouse specialized in each species of fruit tree. Frame members of the fruit tree greenhouses were mostly complying with standards of the farm supply type model or the disaster tolerance type model published by MIFAFF and RDA. In most cases, the concrete foundations were used. The pear greenhouse built with the column of larger cross section than the disaster tolerance type. The pear greenhouse had also a special type of foundation with the steel plate welded at the bottom of columns and buried in the ground. As the results of the structural safety analysis of the fruit tree greenhouses, the grape greenhouses in Gimcheon and Cheonan and the peach greenhouses in Namwon and Cheonan appeared to be vulnerable for snow load whereas the peach greenhouse in Namwon was not safe enough to withstand wind load. The peach greenhouse converted from a vegetable growing facility turned out to be unsafe for both snow and wind loads. Considering the shape, height and planting space of fruit tree, the appropriate size of greenhouses was suggested that the grape greenhouse be 7.0~8.0 m wide and 2.5~2.8 m high for eaves, while 6.0~7.0 m wide and 3.0~3.3 m of eaves height for the pear and peach greenhouses.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.259-271
• /
• 1985

The purpose of this study was to develop supplementary foods for infants and young children in order to improve their nutritional status. Three formulas composed of rice, soybeans, fish, dry skim milk and sesame in varying proportions were studied. The three formulas, $RS_{1}S_{2}$, $RFS_{1}S_{2}$, and $RMS_{1}S_{2}$, were consisted of Rice(R), Soybean$(S_{1})$, Sesame$(S_{2})$ (60 : 35 : 5) , Rice, Fish(F), Soybean, Sesame (60 : 10 : 25 : 5) , and Rice, Dry Skin Milk (M), Soybean, Sesame (60 : 10 : 25 : 5), respectively. A proximate analysis and amino acid determination were made on the developed formulas. In the animal assay, growth rate, PER and FER were evaluated and biochemical analyses were also carried out. A storage test and the cost evaluation were also conducted. The summarized results are as follows : 1) The proximate composition of the three formulas were 7.3-7.4% of moisture, 15.9-21.5% of crude protein, 7.8-9.6% of crude fat and 2.5-2.8% ash. 2) The result of amino acid analysis showed that the 1st limiting amino acids of $RS_{1}S_{2}$ and $RFS_{1}S_{2}$ were lysine (amino acid score, 76.6) and threonine (amino acid score, 93.3), and that of $RMS_{1}S_{2}$ and the commercially prepared formula were sulfur containing amino acids (amino acid score, 82.0 and 54.4). When the contents of the amino acids of the three formulas were compared with mother's milk and cow's milk, the balance of the amino acid of each formula was superior to mother's milk but inferior to cow's milk. 3) In the animal assay, the growth rate of all groups increased gradually during the experimental period. 4) The C- PER, which was corrected on the basis of the casein PER of 2.5 was 2.99, 3.38 and 3.10 in the $RS_{1}S_{2}$, $RFS_{1}S_{2}$ and $RMS_{1}S_{2}$ respectively. The C- PER of $RFS_{1}S_{2}$ and $RMS_{1}S_{2}$ were Significantly (P<.05) higher than that of the casein. 5) The FER of the casein, $RS_{1}S_{2}$, $RFS_{1}S_{2}$, and $RMS_{1}S_{2}$ were 0.37, 0.39, 0.43 and 0.39, respectively. The FER of $RFS_{1}S_{2}$ and $RMS_{1}S_{2}$ were also significantly (P<.05) higher than that of the casein. 6) The concentrations of hematocrit, hemoglobin, total protein and albumin in the serum of the rats of all groups were not significantly different among groups. 7) The storage stability test showed that the total plate count (TPC), the coliforms count and the bacterial spore count in the ingredients were quiet low. However, after 30 and 60 days storage, the count in $RFS_{1}S_{2}$ increased and were higher at room temperature than refrigerated temperature. 8) In the cost evaluation, the cost of the developed formulas was \1,826-2,626 / kg. This was less than that of the commercially prepared formula (\3,300-4,073 / kg) and that of the imported formula (\4,250-8,720 / kg).

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.111-122
• /
• 2017

In this paper, the applicability of a 1900mm-deep concrete-filled U-shaped composite beam to composite ordinary moment frames (C-OMFs) was investigated based on existing test results from smaller-sized specimens and supplemental numerical studies since full-scale seismic testing of such a huge sized beam is practically impossible. The key issue was the web local buckling of concrete-filled U section under negative bending. Based on 13 existing test results compiled, the relationship between web slenderness and story drift capacity was obtained. From this relationship, a 1900mm-deep mega beam, fabricated with 25mm-thick plate was expected to experience the web local buckling at 2% story drift and eventually reach a story drift over 3%, thus much exceeding the requirements of C-OMFs. The limiting width to thickness ratio according to the 2010 AISC Specification was shown to be conservative for U section webs of this study. The test-validated supplemental nonlinear finite element analysis was also conducted to further investigate the effects of the horizontal stiffeners (used to tie two webs of a U section) on web local buckling and flexural strength. First, it is shown that the nominal plastic moment under negative bending can be developed without using the horizontal stiffeners, although the presence of the stiffeners can delay the occurrence of web local buckling and restrain its propagation. Considering all these, it is concluded that the 1900mm-deep concrete-filled U-shaped composite beam investigated can be conservatively applied to C-OMFs. Finally, some useful recommendations for the arrangement and design of the horizontal stiffeners are also recommended based on the numerical results.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
• /
• v.39 no.2
• /
• pp.135-142
• /
• 2016

The purpose of this study is to evaluate propriety of using SID 180cm at Chest PA examination and to find effect of geometrical cause to the image. XGEO-GC80, INNOVISION-SH, CXDI-40EG detector and a chest phantom designed self-production was used for this study. Images were acquired at SID 180cm with changing the factor OID as 0, 75 and 83mm and were analyzed by Centricity Radiography RA1000 PACS system. Statistical program was used the SPSS (Version 22.0, SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA), p-value(under 0.05) was considered to be statistically significant. In OID 0 mm was enlarged about 2.7~3.5 mm than the actual degree of the HS, BS of phantom in all equipments. Compared with the calculated magnification has been expanded 1.6~2.8% when viewed. The OID 75 mm with OID 83 mm was extended from the CS and BS 6~8 mm range. Compared to the calculated values, the measured values are expanded from 6.1 to 7.9%. CS and BS according to the OID change showed a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) among each group, the post-analysis only OID 0 mm group appeared as an independent group, 75 mm and 83 mm are separated in the same group It was. But had no statistically significant difference could change depending on the OID (p>0.05), post-mortem analysis showed, both in the same group. Heart sizes appears larger than actual size 6~8 mm at chest PA examination which is enlarged 6.1~7.9% more than the actual theoretical value. We can find magnification of the image because of the increase of the OID due to technical limitations between cover of standing detector and the image plate. so we suggest to have occurred between them when considering the need to adjust the equipment installed by the SID to match the characteristics of the equipment.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.87-96
• /
• 2003

The purposes of this study were to find out the optimum intensity of magnetic field where magnetism could promote the activity of osteoblast, and to discover the possibility of clinical application in the areas of dental implants and bone grafts by confirming the effect of clinically increasing bone formation. In this experiment, we used the Neodymium magnet, which had magnetic power six times as strong as the current ones and enabled the resistances against the demagnetization up to 20 to 50 times to be minimized with the size of 1mm in sight. In order to culture cells, a specially designed device was used. It was made to adjust the distance and accordingly to control the intensity of the magnetic field, by placing the cell culture plate in the center with a magnet of 1mm long and thick installed on the both ends. Using MC3T3-E1 cell, a kind of osteoblast-like cell, we cultured, for 24 hours, not only the test group which had been cultured under the magnetic fields with different intensity of 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, and 1000 Gauss, but also the control group excluding the influences of the magnetic field. After observing the cell's form and the density of the culture medium through an inverted microscope, we made a series of proceedings needed for the immunofluoroscence staining, such as fixation, normal serum reaction, primary antibody reaction, and secondary antibody reaction. And with a fluorescence microscope, we observed those-above and compared the frequency of expression of IFG-1 receptor. To make a Western immunoblotting analysis, the cells cultured under the same condition as the above had the procedure of the lysis buffer and the acrylamide gel electrophoresis was carried out. Protein transferred into the nitrocellulose membrane and tested on the primary and the secondary antibody reactions was observed and compared. The results were as follows: When observed through an inverted microscope, the nuclear divisions of the cells under the magnetic field of 10 Gauss were the most active, and the density of the cells could be observed the most enormously. As the result of an immunofluoroscence staining of IGF-1 receptor, the expression of IFG-1 was the most frequently observed under the magnetic field of 10 Gauss. On the other hand, few differences of consideration were made between the test group cultured under the magnetic fields of 5, 500, and 1000 Gauss and the control group. In respect of the expression of IFG-1 receptor, the test group cultured under the magnetic fields of 50 and 100 Gauss were higher than the control group, and lower than that cultured under the magnetic field of 10 Gauss.(p<0.05) According to the Western immunoblotting analysis, the band of IFG-1 receptor which had 85KDa of molecular weight was the darkest. Judging from the above-mentioned results, the growth factor receptor of an osteoblast cell which was an important criterion for the bone formation was increased in maximum under the magnetic field of 10 Gauss. Moreover it was observed that the optimum intensity of magnetic field in which magnetism made the activity of the osteoblast cell increase was about 10 Gauss.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.319-331
• /
• 1998

The purposes of this study were to develop Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point plan applicable to cook/chilled Pork Bulkogi (broiled sliced pork with sauces) in school foodservice operations and to establish reasonable shelf-life limits by assessing food quality during chilled storage period of 5 days. During the product flow, time-temperature profile was recorded and microbiological analyses including mesophilic and psychrotrophic total plate counts, coliform, and fecal coliform and qualitative analyses of Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes were done. Chemical analyses (pH, acid value, total volatile basic nitrogen), sensory evaluation, and quantitative analysis of thiamin were conducted for 5 days of chilled storage. The number of mesophiles in raw pork ($4.26{\pm}0.11\;Log\;CFU/g$), seasoning mixture ($5.97{\pm}O.04\;Log\;CFU/g$) and marinated pork ($5.56{\pm}0.21\;Log\;CFU/g$) were below the microbial standards for "requires further cooking" food items. Listeria monocytogenes was detected in seasoning mixture. After heating, the number of mesophiles ($5.17{\pm}0.04\;Log\;CFU/g$) were slightly reduced but it did not meet the microbial guidelines of $5\;Log\;CFU/g$ for "ready-to-eat" foods. No other microbes including pathogens were detected. By reheating the menu item after chilled storage, the number of mesophiles were reduced in every phase of 1st day ($4.62{\pm}0.22\;Log\;CFU/g$), 3rd day ($4.55{\pm}0.20\;Log\;CFU/g$) and 5th day ($4.25{\pm}0.16\;Log\;CFU/g$) of chilled storage, and the number of microbes was below the standard limits for "ready-to-eat" foods. At the fifth day of chilled storage, pH (p<0.05), acid value (p<0.01) and TVBN (p<0.05) showed significant increases. Sensory evaluation results did not show any significant change for 5 days of chilled storage. Thiamin content showed a decrease for 5 days of chilled storage. Consequently, the ideal shelflife recommended for Pork Bulkogi was within 3 days of chilled storage. CCPs for Pork Bulkogi were purchasing and receiving of raw meat and some seasoning ingredients, heating, chilling, chilled storage, reheating, and distribution.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
• /
• v.31 no.1
• /
• pp.47-55
• /
• 2018

Talc, hydrous magnesium phyllosilicate, is one of the most popular industrial minerals due to their chemical stability and adsorptivity. While micro-sized talc has long been used as a filler and coating, nano-sized talc recently is attracting attention as additives for improving the stability of nanocomposites. In this study, we produced the nano-sized talc powder by mechanical method using high energy ball mill and investigated the changes in particle size and crystallinity with increasing milling time up to 720 minutes. X-ray diffraction results show that the peak width of talc gradually as the milling proceeded, and after 720 minutes of pulverization, the talc showed an amorphous-like X-ray diffraction pattern. Lase diffraction particle size analysis presents that particle size of talc which was ${\sim}12{\mu}m$ decreased to ${\sim}0.45{\mu}m$ as the milling progressed, but no significant reduction of particle size was observed even after grinding for 120 minutes or more. BET specific surface area, however, steadily increases up to the milling time of 720 minutes, indicating that the particle size and morphology change steadily as the milling progressed. Scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope images shows that layered particles of about 100 to 300 nm was aggregated as micro-sized particles after pulverization for 720 minutes. As the grinding time increases, the particle size and morphology of talc continuously change, but the nano-sized talc particles form micro sized agglomerates. These results suggest that there is a critical size along the a, b axes in which the size of plates is reduced even though the grinding proceeds, and the reduction of plate thickness along the c axis leads the increase in specific surface area with further grinding. This study could enhance the understanding of the mechanism of the formation of nano-sized talc by mechanical grinding.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.27-31
• /
• 1994

There are a number of reports suggesting that there may be a correlation between the clinical response to radiotherapy in various tumors and the clonogenic survival of cell lines derived from these tumors following exposure to 2 Gy(SF2). Authors conducted this study to determine SF2 for cells in primary culture from surgical specimens. The tumor tissues with squamous cell carcinoma of uterine cervix and head and neck were obtained. The tumor tissues were disaggregated to single cells by incubating with collagenase type w for 2 hours with constant stirring. Single cell suspensions were inoculated in four 24-well plates precoated with cell adhesive matrix. After 24 hours of incubation at 37$ ^{\circ}C $, rows of four wells were then irradiated, consisting of control set and five other sets each receiving doses of 1,2,3,4, and 6 Gy. After incubation for a total of 13 days, the cultures were stained with crystal violet and survival at each dose was determined by quantitative image analysis system, To determine whether cell growth was of epithelial origin, immunocytochemical staining with a mixture of cytokeratin and epithelial monoclonal antibodies were performed on cell cultures. During the period of this study, we received 5 squamous cell carcinoma specimens of head and neck and 20 of uterine cervical carcinoma. Of these, 15 yielded enough cells for radiosensitivity testing. This resulted an overall success rate of 60$ \% $. The mean SF2 value for 15 tumours was 0.55$\pm$0.17 ranging from 0.20 to 0.79. These results indicate that there is a broad range of sensitivities to radiation in same histologic type. So with a large patient population, we plan to determine whether a different SF2 value is associated with tumours that are controlled with radiotherapy than those that are not.