• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.113-120
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• 2014

Packaging has played important function on marketing as a silent salesman. As an interface of consumer and products, packaging fulfills several functions such as protection, sales promotion, communication and convenience during the distribution process. For the appearance of self-service sales method, packaging could be regarded as important salesman influencing consumers' preference on shelf in the shop. In this study, Vitamin water was selected as the proper target product for lower impact of prices and brands. With previous studies, Vitamin water packaging elements were classified as 'packaging material', 'packaging shape', 'label color', 'logo layout', then each packaging element was consist of details. To measure the influence of each packaging element on consumers' preference quantitatively and to minimize respondent's subjective judgment, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used as a tool. Through AHP result, packaging element of the most influence on consumers' preference is 'label color (0.370)', and 'container shape (0.246)', 'container material (0.230)', 'logo layout (0.154)' was in order. Among the detail packaging element, 'plastic (0.405)' has the greatest influence in 'container material' and 'cylinder (0.423)' in 'container shape', 'magenta (0.329)' in 'label color', 'vertical layout (0.572)' in 'logo layout'.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.117-131
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• 2006

A coupled T-H-M(Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical) analysis was carried out for KENTEX (KAERI Engineering-scale T-H-M Experiment for Engineered Barrier System), which is a facility for validating the coupled T-H-M behavior in the engineered barrier system of the Korean reference HLW(high-level waste) disposal system. The changes of temperature, water saturation, and stress were estimated based on the coupled T-H-M analysis, and the influence of the types of mechanical constitutive material laws was investigated by using elastic model, poroelastic model, and poroelastic-plastic model. The analysis was done using ABAQUS, which is a commercial finite element code for general purposes. From the analysis, it was observed that the temperature in the bentonite increased sharply for a couple of days after heating the heater and then slowly increased to a constant value. The temperatures at all locations were nearly at a steady state after about 37.5 days. In the steady state, the temperature was maintained at $90^{\circ}C$ at the interface between the heater and the bentonite and at about $70^{\circ}C$ at the interface between the bentonite and the confining cylinder. The variation of the water saturation with time in bentonite was almost same independent of the material laws used in the coupled T-H-M processes. By comparing the saturation change of T-H-M and that of H-M(Hydro-Mechanical) processes using elastic and poroelastic material mod31 respectively, it was found that the degree of saturation near the heater from T-H-M calculation was higher than that from the coupled H-M calculation mainly because of the thermal flux, which seemed to speed up the saturation. The stresses in three cases with different material laws were increased with time. By comparing the stress change in H-M calculation using poroelasetic and poroelasetic-plastic model, it was possible to conclude that the influence of saturation on the stress change is higher than the influence of temperature. It is, therefore, recommended to use a material law, which can model the elastic-plastic behavior of buffer, since the coupled T-H-M processes in buffer is affected by the variation of void ratio, thermal expansion, as well as swelling pressure.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.125-135
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• 2009

Statement of problem: Loosening or fracture of the abutment screw is one of the common problems related to the dental implant. Generally, in order to make the screw joint stable, the preload generated by tightening torque needs to be increased within the elastic limit of the screw. However, additional tensile forces can produce the plastic deformation of abutment screw when functional loads are superimposed on preload stresses, and they can elicit loosening or fracture of the abutment screw. Therefore, it is necessary to find the optimum tightening torque that maximizes a fatigue life and simultaneously offer a reasonable degree of protection against loosening. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to present the influence of tightening torque on the implant-abutment screw joint stability with the 3 dimensional finite element analysis. Material and methods: In this study, the finite element model of the implant system with external butt joint connection was designed and verified by comparison with additional theoretical and experimental results. Four different amount of tightening torques(10, 20, 30 and 40 Ncm) and the external loading(250 N, $30^{\circ}$) were applied to the model, and the equivalent stress distributions and the gap distances were calculated according to each tightening torque and the result was analyzed. Results: Within the limitation of this study, the following results were drawn; 1) There was the proportional relation between the tightening torque and the preload. 2) In case of applying only the tightening torque, the maximum stress was found at the screw neck. 3) The maximum stress was also shown at the screw neck under the external loading condition. However in case of applying 10 Ncm tightening torque, it was found at the undersurface of the screw head. 4) The joint opening was observed under the external loading in case of applying 10 Ncm and 20 Ncm of tightening torque. 5) When the tightening torque was applied at 40 Ncm, under the external loading the maximum stress exceeded the allowable stress value of the titanium alloy. Conclusion: Implant abutment screw must have a proper tightening torque that will be able to maintain joint stability of fixture and abutment.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.21-30
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• 2011

As well known, dowel bars are used to transfer traffic load acting on one edge to another edge of concrete slab in concrete pavement system. The dowel bars widely used in South Korea are round shape steel bar and they shows satisfactory performance under bending stress which is developed by repetitive traffic loading and environment loading. However, they are not invulnerable to erosion that may be caused by moisture from masonry joint or bottom of the pavement system. Especially, the erosion could rapidly progress with saline to prevent frost of snow in winter time. The problem under this circumstance is that the erosion not only drops strength of the steel dower bar but also comes with volume expansion of the steel dowel bar which can reduce load transferring efficiency of the steel dowel bar. To avoid this erosion problem in reasonable expenses, dowers bars with various materials are being developed. Fiber reinforced plastic(FRP) dower that is presented in this paper is suggested as an alternative of the steel dowel bar and it shows competitive resistance against erosion and tensile stress. The FRP dowel bar is developed in tube shape and is filled with high strength no shrinkage. Several slab thickness designs with the FRP dowel bars are performed by evaluating bearing stress between the dowel bar and concrete slab. To calculated the bearing stresses, theoretical formulation and finite element method(FEM) are utilized with material properties measured from laboratory tests. The results show that both FRP tube dowel bars with diameters of 32mm and 40mm satisfy bearing stress requirement for dowel bars. Also, with consideration that lean concrete is typical material to support concrete slab in South Korea, which means low load transfer efficiency and, therefore, low bearing stress, the FRP tube dowel bar can be used as a replacement of round shape steel bar.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.281-301
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• 1993

It was revealed that the morphology and projection pattern of terminal arbors from single primary afferent are different among distinct fiber types, functional types and the different subdivision of trigeminal sensory nucleus complex(TSNC). But it was not identified the ultrastructural morphology and synaptic connections of terminal arbors from each primary afferent within TSNC. So we employed the intra-axonal horseradish peroxidase(HRP) injection technique to define the terminal arbors of primary afferent fiber from slowly adapting mechanoreceptors in the periodontal ligament of the cat, and examined 66 labeled terminal arbors within the rostrodorsomedial part(Vo.r) of the trigeminal nucleus oralis, electromicroscopically with 90nm serial sections. All the boutons labelled with HRP contained clear, spherical and uniform sized synaptic vesicles(diameter : $47.66{\pm}3.58nm$ ). Most of the labelled boutons were boutons en passant type and they were connected by unmyelinated axonal strand. In which neurofilament and microtubule was not developed but occasionally contained synaptic vesicle in contrast to the myelinated axon. The size of the labelled bouton was relatively small(long diameter : $1.46{\pm}0.24{\mu}m$, short diameter $0.85{\pm}0.26{\mu}m$, average diameter $1.15{\pm}0.24{\mu}m$) and the shape of which varied from dome to elongated shape, but scalloped glomerulus shape was not developed. Each primary ending in Vo.r made synapse with one or two neuronal propiles(average : $1.11{\pm}0.31$), of which, 89.4% of labelled boutons made synapse with only one neuronal pro pile, the remainder, 10.6% of labelled boutons, made synapse with two neuronal propile. So characteristically they made very simple synapse. Most of labelled boutons(80.03%) made asymmetrical synapse only with dendritic shaft or spine, and 6.1% of labelled boutons received symmetrical synapse from pleomorphic vesicle containing axonal ending(p-ending). So presynaptic inhibiton was relatively scarce. Synaptic triad, in which a p-ending is presynaptic both pre-and post-synaptic element of the axo-dendritic contact from the labelled primary ending was not observed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.132-145
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• 2016

In case of the seabed around and under gravity structures such as submerged breakwater is exposed to a large wave action long period, the excess pore pressure will be generated significantly due to pore volume change associated with rearrangement soil grains. This effect will lead a seabed liquefaction around and under structures as a result from decrease in the effective stress. Under the seabed liquefaction occurred and developed, the possibility of structure failure will be increased eventually. In this study, to evaluate the liquefaction potential on the seabed quantitatively, numerical analysis was conducted using the expanded 2-dimensional numerical wave tank model and the finite element elasto-plastic model. Under the condition of the regular wave field, the time and spatial series of the deformation of submerged breakwater, the pore water pressure (oscillatory and residual components) and pore water pressure ratio in the seabed were estimated.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.511-520
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• 2007

There is a concern with worldwide deterioration of highway bridges, particularly reinforced concrete. The advantages of fibre reinforced plastic(FRP) composites over conventional materials motivate their use in highway bridges for replacement of structures. Recently, an FRP deck has been installed on a state highway, located in New York State, as an experimental project. In this paper, a systematic approach for analysis of this FRP deck bridge is presented. Multi-step linear numerical analyses have been performed using the finite element method to study the structural behavior and the possible failure mechanism of the FRP deck-superstructure system. Deck's self-weight and ply orientations at the interface between steel girders and FRP deck are considered in this study. From this research, the results of the numerical analyses were corroborated with field test results. Analytical results reveal several potential failure mechanism for the FRP deck and truss bridge system. The results presented in this study may be used to propose engineering design guideline for new and replacement FRP bridge deck structure.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.153-169
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• 2003

I think that apparel attaches importance to the degree of satisfaction of visual expression in one ornamental culture in which it is clothed on human body. whereas a tattoo attaches more importance to part of the expression of one's own identity in the same context. However. modern tattooing act was highlighted only as an element of act which was negative in the purpose and the degree of taste or which assumed the grotesque meaning of a particular group. away from pure concepts such as simple ornament or an amulet according to the flow of the world. A tattoo is gradually being seen as one of avant-garde methods of art again these days, and TATTOO LOOK is being popularized as street fashion as an effective method of one's own satisfied desires and peculiar expression of personality. I have got the following conclusions as the result of having studied on a tattoo which is establishing itself as another plastic art that is matchable with the fashion of dress and its ornaments in which human incessant instinctive desire for the ornament of body has been beyond nostalgia for the past and simple ornament which were pure in up-to-date modern society First, a tattoo is of personality. In that it solidifies one's own personality of another side by being transformed, one's own attraction can be transferred to a fashion tattoo with which one can emit one's own personality. Secondly. a tattoo is fashion. As a new body ornament called transformation by a tattoo was emerging, the fashionableness owned by a tattoo had in its area ample room for the fashionableness with which it can coexist with the culture of dress and its ornaments. Thirdly. a tattoo is popularized. TATTOO LOOK in which one's own satisfied desires and the expression of personality are properly applied is being recently transmitted easily everywhere in the world and popularized as street fashion. Fourthly, a tattoo is not depraved art. It's because of the point that a tattoo which had been recognized only as a decadent expression in which avant-garde elements of unknown nationality appeared mixed showed the possibility that it could establish itself as fashion art. If we go on studying and complementing the problems of individual sides about a tattoo also in the future, the infinite fashionableness for the elements called personality. sense and emotion owned by a tattoo suggested ample possibility as future industry to be highlighted.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.1-6
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• 2010

The strength safety of high pressure gas cylinder has been analyzed by using a finite element method. In this study, the internal gas pressures of a steel bombe include a service charging pressure of $9kg/cm^2$, high limit charging pressure of $18.6kg/cm^2$, high limit of safety valve operation pressure $24.5kg/cm^2$, and hydraulic testing pressure of $34.5kg/cm^2$. The computed FEM results indicate that the strength safety for a service charging pressure of $9kg/cm^2$ and high limit charging pressure of $18.6kg/cm^2$ is safe because the stress of a gas cylinder is within yield strength of steel. But the stress for a hydraulic testing pressure of $34.5kg/cm^2$ sufficiently exceeds the yield strength and remains under the tensile strength. If the hydraulic testing pressures frequently apply to the gas cylinder, the bombe may be fractured because a fatigue residual stress is accumulated on the lower round end plate due to a plastic deformation. The computed results show that the concentrated force in which is applied on a skirt zone does not affect to the lower round end plate, and the most weak zone of a bombe is a middle part of a lower round end plate between a bombe body and a skirt for a gas pressure. Thus, the FEM results show that the profile of a lower round end plate is an important design parameter of a high pressure gas cylinder.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.744-754
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• 2015

Buddhist temple construction at East Asia is considered one of the most important architecture activities together with the capital city and palace, where the pagoda is positioned at the center of a Buddhist temple as the most important element of Buddhist architecture enshrining Buddha's Sary. Accordingly, this study was performed to examine the procedure of how to build brick pagodas through the stone pagoda's internal structure between $7^{th}{\sim}9^{th}$ century while disassembling and repairing Andong Jotap-ri five-story brick pagoda. As a result, as the brick pagoda destruction phenomenon, there was a slip phenomenon by side forces, member's plastic temperature, and mixed material differences. Second, like a stone pagoda, brick pagoda is classified and constructed by the design and structural parts. According to the analysis, the design part is formed by the most edge brick, and the structure part places stone material at the buffer zone in the design brick from most edge brick and intra-center, i.e., at the space to support a side force while the top weight is vertically led. When building a brick pagoda, putting a wood pole at inside center plays the role as holding parts. In addition, the center axis is connected to the bottom of the steel pole hole, A steel pole hole has holes to safely settle down and decide the position. Because of them, the steel pole is self-loaded, which may be installed by wood rather than immovable steel.