• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.63-69
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• 2006

The primary objective of this study is to determine whether a diet supplemented with brown rice koji (BRK) results in a reduced stress response in rats and mice. BRK, which has been suggested as a candidate for use as a stress- and fatigue-fighting supplement, was compared with red ginseng extract (RG) for its stress-reducing potential. The animals in this study were divided into no-stress, stress, RG, and BRK groups of 8 to 10 animals each. Stress was induced by means of immobilization (being restrained in plastic tubes for 30 min and electroshock (0.5 mA in mice or 2 mA in rats for 5 min). The no-stress group was not exposed to stress. Rats in the RG group received oral doses of 200 mg RG extract/kg body weight daily. The BRK group was fed a 30% BRK diet and exposed to stress. Animals were given supplements for 7 days before being exposed to stress, and then were given supplements for 5 days with exposure to stress. When the stress exposure ended, the animals were observed for stress-related changes in behavior and their plasma corticosterone levels were measured. BRK supplementation was associated with a partial blockade of the effects of stress on locomotion and elevated plus-maze test results in rats and mice. It was also associated with a partial reduction in stress-induced behaviors such as freezing, burrowing, smelling, face-washing, and rearing. BRK supplementation did not have a significant effect on plasma corticosterone levels, which were increased in the animals exposed to stress (p<0.01). The mice in the RG group received RG in water (2 mg RG/ mL $H_2O$), and the BRK group received a 30% BRK diet (weight) for 7 days. Both groups were evaluated for signs of fatigue. BRK supplementation increased endurance, as indicated by time on the rota-rod, in cold water, and on the horizontal wire. These results suggest that BRK supplementation partially protects the animal from the effects of stress and may also contribute to resistance to fatigue on physical exertion.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.213-221
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• 2010

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is the primary endocrine system to respond to stress. The HPA axis may be affected by increased level of corticotrophin-releasing factors under chronic stress and by chronic administration of monosodium glutamate (MSG). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether chronic MSG administration aggravates chronic variable stress (CVS)-induced behavioral and hormonal changes. Twenty-four adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 200~220 g, were divided into 4 groups as follows: water administration (CON), MSG (3 g/kg) administration (MSG), CVS, and CVS with MSG (3 g/kg) administration (CVS＋MSG). In addition, for the purpose of comparing the effect on plasma corticosterone levels between chronic stress and daily care or acute stress, 2 groups were added at the end of the experiment; the 2 new groups were as follows: naive mice (n=7) and mice exposed to restraint stress for 2 h just before decapitation (A-Str, n=7). In an open field test performed after the experiment, the CVS＋MSG group significant decrease in activity. The increase in relative adrenal weights in the CVS and CVS＋MSG group was significantly greater than those in the CON and/or MSG groups. In spite of the increase in the relative adrenal weight, there was a significant decrease in the plasma corticosterone levels in the CVS＋MSG group as compared to all other groups, except the naive group. These results suggest that impaired HPA axis function as well as the decrease in the behavioral activity in adult rats can be induced by chronic MSG administration under CVS rather than CVS alone.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.76-85
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• 2006

Objectives : We Investigated the effect of Dioscoreae Rhizoma(山藥) on the change of the corticosterone and the rectal temperature(直腸溫渡) of the mice induced by starvation stress(創戰 스트레스). Methods : After administration of Dioscoreae Rhizoma (0.25g/kg, 0.5g, 1.0g/kg, 3g/kg) three times, mice were starved. The corticosterone and rectal temperature were measured after 36.5 hours starvation stress. Results : The plasma cortiosterone levels in the S-2, S-3 and S-4 group were decreased significantly comparing with the control group (P<0.01) after 36.5 hours starvation stress. and rectal temperature was decreased in the control goup comparing with the normal group, but there is no significant change in the Dioscoreae Rhizoma treated group. Conclusion : it might be recognized that Dioscoreae Rhizoma has preventive-effect against starvation stress and also it might be needed further study in various viewpoints. Objectives : This study was disegned to elucidate the short term effect of Rossa rugosae Radix on proliferation. differentiation and maturation of 3T3-L1 Preadipocyte. Methods: 3T3-L1 preadipocytes obtained from Korean Cell Line Bank were cultured in a D ulbecco’ s modified eagle medium(MEM) culture solution containing 10% fetal bovine serum(FBS) and various concentrations of aqueous extract of Rossa rugosae Radix.. The short term effect of the extract of Rossa rugosae Radix on proliferation. differentiation and maturation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were investigate after treatment for 24 hours by measuring MTT. Oil Red 0 and latate dehydrogenase activity.. Results: The Rossa rugosae Radix extract inhibited significantly the proliferation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and tended to increase latate dehydrogenase activity in the media of differentiated 3T3-L1 preadipocytes & matured 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. the extract also inhibit the lipid accumulation of differentiated 3T3-L1 preadipocytes & matuered 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Conclusions: These results demonstrated that the Rossa rugosae Radjx extract inhibited the proliferation. differentiation and maturation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. suggesting that Rossa rugosae Radix has anti-obesity effect: however further in vivo study is needed to demonstrate its pharmacological effects.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.570-576
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• 2014

Studies have demonstrated that electromagnetic waves, as the one of the most important physical factors, may alter cognitive and non-cognitive behaviors, depending on the frequency and energy. Moreover, non-ionizing radiation of low energy waves e.g. very low frequency waves could alter this phenomenon via alterations in neurotransmitters and neurohormones. In this study, short, medium, and long-term exposure to the extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) (1 and 5 Hz radiation) on behavioral, hormonal, and metabolic changes in male Wistar rats (250 g) were studied. In addition, changes in plasma concentrations for two main stress hormones, noradrenaline and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) were evaluated. ELF-EMF exposure did not alter body weight, and food and water intake. Plasma glucose level was increased and decreased in the groups which exposed to the 5 and 1Hz wave, respectively. Plasma ACTH concentration increased in both using frequencies, whereas noradrenaline concentration showed overall reduction. At last, numbers of rearing, sniffing, locomotor activity was increased in group receiving 5 Hz wave over the time. In conclusions, these data showed that the effects of 1 and 5 Hz on the hormonal, metabolic and stress-like behaviors may be different. Moreover, the influence of waves on stress system is depending on time of exposure.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.137-149
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• 2019

Objective : This study is conducted in order to investigate the effect of Banggibongnyeongtang(BBT) on Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depression. Method : LPS $5{\mu}g$ was injected to lateral ventricle. Experimental groups were administered BBT intraperitoneally. Depressive behavior was confirmed by weight change, sucrose preference, open field test(OFT), and forced swimming test(FST). The plasma concentration of $IL-1{\beta}$ and $TNF-{\alpha}$, Corticotropin-Releasing Factor(CRF), Adrenocorticotropin Hormone(ACTH) and Corticosterone(CORT) were measured by ELISA. Result : BBT did not change the body weight significantly than LPS group, but on sucrose preference, BBT increased significantly in LPS+BBT400 group compared to LPS group (P<0.05). In the OFT, BBT increased spending time in the central zone and decreased grooming number. LPS+BBT400 group increased central zone-spending time, and decreased grooming number than LPS group significantly (P<0.05). In the FST, LPS+BBT400 group decreased immobility time than LPS group significantly (P<0.05). BBT decreased $IL-1{\beta}$ concentration does-dependently, but only with significant decrease in LPS+BBT400 group than LPS group in plasma (P<0.05). But BBT did not decrease $TNF-{\alpha}$ concentration significantly in plasma. BBT decreased plasma CRF, ACTH, and CORT. And CRH and CORT of LPS+BBT400 group were shown significant decrease comparing with LPS group (P<0.05). Conclusion : It is postulated that the anti-depressant effect of BBT can be validated through inhibition of HPA axis abnormal activity by the anti-inflammatory effect.

• 약학회지
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.219-227
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• 2007

Ginsenoside Rgl (Rgl), the pharmacologically active constituent of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer), has a variety of biological activities. The present study was undertaken to evaluate a possibility of Rgl whether it can be used in treatment or prevention of stress disorders. Animals were stressed by immobilization for 2 hours or electroshocks for 20 minutes. The normal group was not exposed to any stress. Rgl was subcutaneously injected as dosages of 5 and 10 mg/kg and red ginseng (RG) was orally administered 200 mg/kg as the positive control. Animals were given supplements for 5 days without stress, and then were given supplements for 5 days with stress. We recorded stress-related behavioral changes of experimental animals using the Etho-vision system. Weight of adrenal gland and levels of corticosterone in plasma were measured and stress related behaviors (smelling, grooming, face washing, rearing) were observed. Rgl didn't make significant behavioral changes in total open field and elevated plus maze test. Rgl did not influence on behavioral changes induced by electroshock stress. Whereas, 10 mg/kg of Rgl alleviated the increment of the freezing and face washing time and the decrement of the smelling and rearing time induced by restraint stress. The administration of Rgl 10 mg/kg has significantly increased the endurance time on rotating rod and swimming pool tests compared to the control group. These results indicate that Rgl can alleviate the damage induced by physical stress. This result suggests that Rgl may bea new candidate for treating stress related disorder.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.9-16
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• 2014

Objectives : Investigation of the antidepressant effect of Glycyrrhizae Radix (GR) through the anti-inflammatory effect. Methods : Depression in rats was induced by LPS (i,p.3days). The rats were treated with GR100 mg/kg (GR 100) or GR400 mg/kg (GR 400). The depressive immobility was examined with Tail Suspension Test(TST) and Forced Swimming Test(FST). The expression of nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$(NF-${\kappa}B)$, $I{\kappa}B$ was measured with western blotting. The concentration of corticosterone, cytokine in plasma was measured with ELISA. The expression of c-Fos in the paraventricular nucleus(PVN) and tyrosine hydroxylase(TH) in the locus coeluleus(LC) were measured with immunostaining method. Results : In the TST, GR400 group significantly decreased immobility time compared with the LPS group. In the FST, GR100, GR400 group significantly decreased immobility time comparing with the LPS group. c-Fos expression in GR100 and GR400 group was decreased comparing with the lipoplysaccharide(LPS) group. The $I{\kappa}B$ expression of GR100 and GR400 group was increased comparing with the LPS group. The level of corticosterone of GR100 group was decreased comparing with the LPS group. The concentration of cytokine of GR100 and GR400 group was decreased comparing with the LPS group. TH expression in the LC was increased in LPS group, but in GR100 and GR400 group was not shown significant decrease. Conclusion : According to this results obtained, GR has antidepressant effects by the anti inflammatory action through the suppression of HPA axis activity, not through the action against the catecholaminergic system.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.235-242
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• 2004

The alcoholic extract of dried roots of Rubia cordifolia dose dependently reduced blood sugar level in alloxan treated rats. The extract also reduced ulcer index, plasma corticosterone in cold restrain stressed rats in dose related manner. The mice treated with alcoholic extract of Rubia cordifolia spent more time in the open arm of the elevated plus maze indicating anxiolytic activity. The extract also antagonized the amnesic effect of scopolamine in mice as indicated by reduced transfer latency in the elevated plus maze. Thus the plant bears potential for use in diabetes, stress, anxiety, and dementia.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1993년도 학술대회지
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• pp.164-170
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• 1993

Panax ginseng has been reported to protect animals or to help them recover from physical, chemical, or biological stress. The antistress effects of ginseng were evaluated through the measurement of adrenal ascorbic acid, rectal temperature, and plasma level of glucose. lipids and corticosterone. During the treadmill experiments of the antifatigue study, the groups of rats receiving P. ginseng or P. quinquefolius extracts were consistently found to leave fewer fecal boli on the wheel compared with controls. This phenomenon may be due to the reported antistress effects of ginseng. Another possibility could be that the Panax species examined produced anticholinergic effects which in turn inhibited the production of fecal boli. After an anticholinergic study. employing physostigmine and atropine as controls, anticholinergic effect was found not essential for the decrease of fecal boli number left on the wheels during antifatigue studies. The results were consistent with the antistress activity reported previously. Even though the active constituents responsible for the antistress effects of ginseng remained to be determined, the fecal boli counts for stressed rats can be employed as a new protocol for evaluating the antistress effects of ginseng.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.205-215
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• 2014

본 실험은 육계 품종(Ross vs. Cobb) 및 사육 밀도(표준 밀도구, $0.046m^2$/수 vs. 고밀도구, $0.023m^2$/수)가 생산성, 장기무게, 혈액 corticosterone, 친염증 사이토카인과 항산화 효소의 mRNA 발현에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 실시하였다. 전체 사육 기간 동안 품종에 따른 생산성 지표들은 차이가 없었으나, 사육 밀도에 따른 사양 성적은 두 품종 모두 고밀도 사육구(HD)에서 표준 밀도구(SD)에 비해 체중과 사료 섭취량이 유의적으로 감소하였다(P<0.05). 간과 비장의 상대적 무게는 품종에 따른 유의적 차이가 나타났으나(P<0.05), 사육 밀도에 따른 차이는 없었다. 혈액 corticosterone 농도는 품종 및 사육 밀도에 따른 통계적 차이는 없는 것으로 나타났다. 육계 품종 및 사육 밀도에 따른 친염증 사이토카인과 항산화 효소의 mRNA 발현 양상으로 간 조직에서 이들 사이토카인(IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-18 및 IFN-${\gamma}$) mRNA 발현은 품종과 사육 밀도에 따른 차이가 없었다. 한편, 항산화 유전자인 GPX mRNA 발현은 품종에 따라 현저한 반응의 차이를 보였으며(P<0.05), Ross 품종이 Cobb 품종보다 GPX mRNA 발현이 낮았다. 사육 밀도 요인에 따른 차이를 보면, SOD, GPX 및 CAT의 mRNA 발현이 모두 고밀도 사육구에서 현저히 증가되는 것으로 나타났다(P<0.05). 비장조직에서 대부분의 친염증 사이토카인은 품종 및 사육 밀도에 따른 차이가 없었으나, IL-18 mRNA 발현은 고밀도 사육 시 Cobb 종에서 발현이 감소되었다(P<0.05). 항산화 효소 mRNA 발현은 품종 및 사육 밀도 요인에 따라 SOD와 CAT에서 유의적 차이가 있었다(P<0.05). 이와 같은 결과로 보아 사양 성적은 육계 품종에 따른 요인에 영향을 받지 않았지만, 사육 밀도는 생산성을 감소시켰다. 친염증 사이토카인의 mRNA 발현은 품종 및 사육 밀도에 따른 차이는 적었으나, 항산화 효소는 품종, 사육 밀도 및 장기조직에 따른 발현의 차이가 나타나 체내 항상성 조절에 중요한 지표로서 지속적인 연구가 요구된다.