• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.211-217
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• 2008

This study was purposed to investigate the effect of onion or beet on plasma and liver lipids, erythrocyte Na efflux channels and platelet aggregation in simvastatin (SIM) treated hypercholesterolemic rats. Forty Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups and fed 0.5% cholesterol based diets containing 2 mg/kg BW simvastatin or simvastatin with 5% onion or beet powder. Plasma total cholesterol was significantly increased in SIM group compared with the control (p<0.01), and the elevated plasma total cholesterol of SIM group was significantly decreased in SIM-onion and SIM-beet groups (p<0.05). HDL-cholesterol in SIM-beet group was significantly increased compared with other groups (p<0.05). Platelet aggregation in both the maximum and initial slope was significantly decreased in SIM group compared with SIM-onion group (p<0.05). Na-K ATPase was significantly decreased in SIM group compared with the control, SIM-onion and SIM-beet groups (p<0.05). Na passive leak was significantly increased in all groups treated with SIM compared with the control (p<0.05). The total Na efflux was decreased in SIM group and increased in SIM-onion group and the difference between these two groups was significant (p<0.05). There was no difference in intracellular Na among groups. In present study, simvastatin, a HMG CoA reductase inhibitor at dose of 2mg/kg BW/day rather increased plasma total cholesterol in rats, inferring that the action mechanism of simvastatin on cholesterol metabolism differ between rat and human. Onion and beet play favorable roles in cardiovascular system by restoring the reduced Na efflux through Na-K ATPase and Na-K cotransport in SIM treated rats.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.477-483
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• 1999

The effects of chitin and chitosan on the contents of plasma and liver lipids and the fecal excretion of neutral and acidic steroids were investigated in rats fed with atherogenic diet. Dietary chitin did not affect plasma total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol, while chitosan diet de creased total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. Plasma content of triglyceride was reduced signif icantly by chitin diet but not by chitosan. Increases in fecal weight were observed in rats fed with either chitin or chitosan, and the increase was greater with chitosan than with chitin. Dietary chitosan resulted in an increase of fecal excretion of neutral steroids without any changes in the excretion of acidic sterols. Putting the results together, dietary chitosan reduces plasma cholesterol probably due to the reduction of cholesterol absorption. The decrease in plasma triglyceride level by dietary chitin requires further research to understand the mechinism.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.381-390
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• 2008

본 실험은 콜레스테롤식이와 운동수행이란 두 조건을 심순환기 질환의 관련지표로서 혈장 및 간의 지질, 적혈구막의 Na efflux 그리고 혈소판 응집성에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 조사하였다. 운동에 의해서 체중이 다소 감소하였지만 그렇게 크지는 않았다. 라드를 주 지방원으로 사용한 식이에 0.5% 콜레스테롤첨가는 혈중 콜레스테롤을 2배 이상, 간 콜레스테롤을 8배 이상 증가시켰고 HDL-콜레스테롤을 절반 이하로 떨어뜨렸는데, 특히 운동효과로 예상했던 HDL-콜레스테롤증가는 대조군식이나 콜레스테롤식이에서 나타나지 않았다. 혈중 중성지방은 콜레스테롤 식이군에서 오히려 감소하였고 간의 경우 지방 축척으로 인해 간의 크 기뿐만 아니라 간의 중성지방은 현저히 증가되었다. 체액량 조절 및 혈압과 관계에서 조사된 적혈구의 Na efflux는 Na-K ATPase가 콜레스테롤 식이에 의해 그 활성을 감소되었고 운동이 이를 다소 회복시키는 경향을 보였다. 혈압과의 상관성이 높다고 알려진 Na passive leak은 콜레스테롤과 운동이 각각 독립적으로 증가시키는 요인으로 작용하여 콜레스테롤-운동군이 대조군식이-비운동군에 비해 현저히 증가된 것으로 나타났다. 총 Na efflux는 실험군 간에 큰 차이가 없었고 intracellular Na와의 상관성도 보이질 않았다. 혈소판응집성에 있어서 콜레스테롤식이가 혈소판 응집을 증가시키고 특히 운동이 초기응집을 증가시키는 경향을 보였다. 혈장 GOT 및 GPT수치는 콜레스테롤식이로 인해 현저히 증가됨으로서 간의 병리적 상태를 잘 반영하였고 운동에 의해 감소됨으로서 운동수행이 술이나 고지방식으로 인한 지방간을 호전시켜 줄 수 있으리라 기대할 수 있다. 고지혈증이나 고혈압 환자에 있어서 비약물적 요법으로 식이나 운동을 통한 치료나 예방의 가능성을 규명하기 위한 실험의 결과로서 특히 운동에 대해 일관되고 가시적인 효과가 미흡한 것은 6주간의 짧은 실험기간을 생각할 수 있는데 혈청 지질, Na flux 및 체액, 혈소판 응집성 등 심순환기 질환의 예방에 도움이 되는 운동의 형태나 강도 혹은 지속 기간에 대한 더 많은 연구가 필요하리라 생각된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.89-98
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• 1988

율무쌀이 흰쥐의 혈장과 조직의 콜레스테롤, 중성지방, 이지질 및 총담즙산 수준에 미치는 영향을 알아보자 흰쥐에 1%의 콜레스테롤을 첨가시킨 실험식이를 자유급식하여 사양한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 식이섭취량, 식이효율, 증체량은 각 군간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 2)형장콜레스테롤 함량은 라이드 급여시 현저히 높았으며 라이드-ㅠ율무쌀을 급여시에는 가장 낮았다. 혈장의 중성지방 역시 라이드 급여시 높았다. 혈장의 인지질 역시 라아드 급여서 현저히 높았고 대두유군이 가장 낮았다. 혈장의 총담즙산 함량은 각군간에 차이가 없었으며 혈장 담즙산은 glycoursodeoxy cholicacid, tauroursodeoxy choilic acid와 cholic acid이었다. 3) 간의 단위무게당 총지질, 콜레스테롤, 중성지방역시 라이드- 율무쌀 급여시 현저히 낮았다. 4) 소장의 단위무게당 총지질, 콜레스테롤, 중성지방 함량도 역시 라이드-율무쌀을 급여시 낮았다. 5)실험식의 소화율을 모든식이 처리간에 차이가 없었으나 콜레스테롤 보유율은 라이드-전분군이 가장 높았고 대두유-율무쌀군이 가장 낮았다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.340-346
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• 2003

본 다이어트 식품의 원재료 배합비율은 정제수를 포함하여 총 16종의 원료를 이용하였으며, 허브를 비롯한 한약재 추출물로 이루어진 허브추출물을 비롯하여 석류추출물, 폴리덱스트로스, 이소말토올리고당이 주원료였다. 다이어트 식품에서 가장 중요한 성분 중의 하나인 식이섬유 함량은 2.60%로 법적 규격기준 2.50%를 상회하는 수준이었다. 그러나 칼로리는 100g당 104.57kca1로 비교군으로 분석한 시중 생식제품의 368.06kcal에 비하여 월등히 낮게 나타나 우수한 것으로 판정되었다. 미량성분인 비타민, 무기질은 분석 결과 각각 5종, 6종을 검출할 수 있었다. 한편, 흰쥐를 이용한 동물실험 결과 일반사료와 본 연구에서 제조한 다이어트 사료를 4주간 동량 식이로 제공하며 1주일 단위로 체중을 측정한 결과 4주 후 약 14%의 다이어트 효과를 확인할 수 있었다. 이와 같은 결과는 실험동물의 혈중 중성지질, 총 콜레스테롤 및 HDL-콜레스테롤 농도 측정 결과에서 그 원인파악이 가능하였다. 즉, 4주간 일반사료를 식이로 제공한 실험군에서는 각각 10.55, 6.90, 9.82%의 농도 증가를 나타낸 반면, 다이어트 사료 식이군에서는 각각 6.11, 3.85, 6.11%증가에 그쳤다. 이러한 결과로 볼 때, 체중증가율이 감소한 근본적인 원인이 이 체지방 및 콜레스테롤 농도변화와 밀접한 상관관계가 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 그러나 혈중 포도당 및 인슐린 농도 변화를 측정한 결과 혈중 포도당 농도는 두 실험군에서 4주후 각각 4.03, 2.88% 증가하여 차이를 나타내었지만 인슐린 농도는 증감현상에서 뚜렷한 상관관계를 입증하기 어려운 수준으로 변화하여 지표로 활용하기에는 무리가 있었다.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.148-155
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• 2004

Response surface analysis was used to study dietary ratios of n-3/n-6 fatty acid and P/S to minimize plasma triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL ${\cdot}$ VLDL-C levels and maximize plasma HDL ${\cdot}$ C levels of rats. Because the dietary components were not statistically independent, they were studied in combinations of two variables. The two-variable combinations were the most useful in locating the desired maximum or minimum plasma triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL ${\cdot}$ VLDL-C response in terms of the proportions of the dietary components. Response surface contours and three dimensional plots were developed for each plasma lipid response. The contours and three dimensional plots were used to help determine those combinations of the dietary fatty acid ratios that would produce the desired minimum or maximum lpid responses. The statistical analyses indicated that the minimized plasma cholesterol response levels could be attained with a diet consisting of 2.26 n-3/n-6 fatty acid and 2.15 P/S ratios.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.429-441
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• 1994

The difference in lipid metabolism between breast-fed(BF) and formula-fed(FF) infants were studied in 31 Korean infants at 1, 2 and 3 months postpartum. The formulas had more total lipids(TL), triglycerides(TG) and phospholipids and less cholesterol(CHOL) and free fatty acids(FFA) than the breast milk. The milk consumption of the FF infants was significantly greater than that of the BF infants with a wide individual variation. As a result, the FF infants appeared to consume more TL, TG and PL and less CHOL and FFA than the BF infants during 3 months. The lipid contents of the breast milk tended to decrease in due course of lactation, therefore the intake of lipids of BF infants was reduced during the first three month of lactation. The plasma TG and CHOL levels of infants at 3 month were not significantly different between the BF and FF infants, but the PL level of the BF infants was higher then that of the FF infants. The plasma levels of TG and CHOL were not significantly correlated with the intakes of TL, TG, CHOL, PL and FFA, respectively. The PL level, however, was positively correlated with the intakes of CHOL and FFA, respectively and negatively correlated with PL intake as well as 18 : 2w6 fatty acid content of the breast milk or the formulas. The fecal weight and fecal loss of TL of the FF infants were greater than those of the BF infants during 3 months, however, apparent lipids digestibility was not significantly different between the BF and FF infants. The fecal excretions of CHOL and bile acids of FF infants were substantially higher than those of BF infants during 3 months. New sterol balance showed a particularly large difference between the BF and FF infants. The value of the net sterol balance of the BF infants was negative, but that of the FF infants was positive. This study shows that the consumption pattern of various lipid components of BF and FF infants were different as a result of different lipid compositions between breast milk and formula. The significantly lower sterol balance of the BF infants than the FF infants may have been derived from the unique dietary characteristic of breast milk.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.128-133
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• 2009

Few studies have examined short tenn responses to the different contents of carbohydrate or fat in the meal, although long tenn effects of the high fat meal have been considered as compound risk factor for metabolic disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the postprandial changes of plasma glucose, insulin and lipids upon intakes of high carbohydrate or high fat meal in young healthy women. Subjects were randomly assigned to either the high carbohydrate meal (HCM, 75% carbohydrate, n=13) or the high fat meal (HFM, 60% fat, n=12) groups. The meals were prepared as isocaloric typical Korean menu. Blood samples were obtained prior to and 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 minute after the meal. There were no significant differences on fasting blood parameters including glucose, insulin, lipids concentrations between the groups prior to the test. The HCM had higher blood glucose and insulin concentrations, reached the peak at 30 min and maintained for 240 min compared to the HFM (P<0.05). The HFM had higher plasma triglyceride (TG) and free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations, reached the peak at 120 min and maintained for 240 min compared to the HCM (P<0.05). It is concluded that macronutrients content in the meal may be an important determinant of postprandial substrate utilization in healthy women.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.603-612
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• 2003

Postmenopausal women are at an increased risk of developing coronary artery disease. This is due to primarily dyslipidemia accompanying the loss of estrogen secretion. Soy isoflavones are known to have weak estrogenic effects. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether isoflavone supplement improves the risk of cardiovascular disease in hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women. Subjects consisted of 39 Korean postmenopausal women with hypercholesterolemia (total cholesterol $\geq$ 200 mg/㎗ or LDL cholesterol $\geq$ 130 mg/㎗). Subjects were divided into 2 groups; placebo group (PG), isoflavone supplement group (IG). During 12 weeks, subjects were given placebo and 80mg isoflavone daily. Anthropometric measurement, blood sample analysis and dietary intake measurement were taken at baseline and after 12 weeks. After 12 weeks, systolic blood pressure was decreased significantly (p ＜ 0.01) and plasma HDL cholesterol level was increased significantly (p ＜ 0.05) in IG. But there were no significant changes in plasma total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels after isoflavone supplementation. There was a negative correlation between initial plasma HDL cholesterol level and the extent of plasma HDL cholesterol reduction in IG (r＝-0.572, p＝0.012). Atherogenic index (AI), total-/LDL- cholesterol ratio and LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio were improved significantly after isoflavone supplementation. In subjects whose initial plasma LDL cholesterol level were above 160 mg/㎗, plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) level were decreased and total antioxidant status (TAS) were increased significantly after isoflavone supplement (p ＜ 0.05). However there were no significant changes in flow-mediated dilator (FMD), the marker of endothelium-dependent vasodilation and nitroglycerine-mediated dilator (NMD), the marker of endothelium-independent vasodilation and the extent of DNA damage after isoflavone supplement. In conclusion, these results indicate that isoflavone supplement may decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease via improving blood pressure, HDL cholesterol level and AI in hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women. Futhermore, in case of subjects with elevated LDL cholesterol level, isoflavone supplementation may have more antiatherogenic effects via improving antioxidant status.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.200-202
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• 1999

The effectsof garlic vinegar supplementation on body weight, blood blucose, and plasma triglyceride and cholesterol were investigated in streptozotocin -induced diabetic rats fed high-cholesterol(1%) diet for 4 wk. The garlic vinegar was made by fermenting 20% frsh garlic juice. There was no effect of garlic vinegar on body weight, plasma glucose or triglyceride concentrations in the diabetic rats. Plasma total -cholesterol concentrations were unaffected by garlic vinegarr supplementation. However, plasma LDL-cholesterol concentrations and atherogenic index were significantly lower in the diabetic rats supplemented with garlic vinegar diet than tin the cotnrol rats. The diabetic-rats supplemented with garlic vinegar not only had increased HDL-cholesterol levels but had decreased LDL-cholesterol. This alteration in the HDL/LDL-cholesterol ratio in the diabetic rats may decrease the risk of atheroscelrosis. Therefore, the over-all effect of garlic vinegar supplement may contribute to the antiatherogenic role in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.