• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.52-60
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• 2010

We investigated temporal changes of growth of hydrophytes, aquatic biota and absorption of nutrient depending on planting mat type (synthetic fiber, coconut fiber) of artificial vegetation island (AVI) through pilot test using AVI miniatures in Kyungan Stream area of Lake Paldang. There were not significant differences of the water quality parameters (DO, pH, conductivity, turbidity, temperature), phytoplankton and zooplankton abundance among AVI miniatures and control station. The benthic macroinvertebrates showed most individual numbers in the miniature which was made by synthetic fiber and planted with Phragmites australis. The average and maximum height of hydrophytes in AVI miniatures was similar except one miniature where Phragmites australis was planted in synthetic fiber mat and grew more slowly. The adsorbed amount of nutrients and microbes in coconut fiber mat were larger than those in synthetic fiber mat regardless of trophic state of installed waterbody. The continuous increase of adsorbed amount of nutrients and microbes of coconut fiber mat for 8 months in an oligotrophic lake indicates that coconut fiber mat is suitable for the planting mat of AVI in an oligotrophic lake where nutrients are limited for growth of hydrophytes.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.304-308
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• 2007

In order to find out the optimum fertilizer level and planting density of high yielding variety, $Okayma^{#2}$, this experiment was conducted with 3 compositions of fertilizer levels and a different plant density at the experiment paddy field of mat rush in Mokpo Experiment Station, National Institute of Crop Science, RDA. $Okayma^{#2}$, mat rush variety was grown under different fertilizer level and planting density with the highest yielding. Yield components such as stem length, number of stem were highest at the plots with fertilizer level (kg/10a), 80-20-40 and planting density, 20 ${\times}$ 10cm. Judging from the results reported above, at optimum fertilizer level and planting density of mat rush seemed to be 80-20-40kg/10a fertilizer and 20cm row spacing and l0cm or I5cm planting spacing.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.12-22
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to select suitable planting base for the mat-type rooftop greening in order to popularize rooftop greening system easily. The experiment was conducted from 2004 June to 2005 May under several conditions; 4 soil depths under mats(2cm, 5cm, 10cm, 15cm), two soil mixtures(natural soil 80%+leaf mold 20%, artificial soil) and two light conditions(full sun place, 20% shaded place). In this experiment, 3 types of mats were used ; the herbaceous plants mat(11 plants inclusive of Lotus corniculatus L., Silene armeria L.), the lawn mat with Festica arundinacea and Sedum mat with Sedum kamtschaticum, Sedum sarmentosum, Sedum oryzifolium, Sedum middendorffianum. The result is as follows; in the mat-type rooftop greening, the herbaceous plants mat, lawn mat and sedum mat are the similar number of plant and effect of greening on soil depth 2cm, 5cm and 10cm, 15cm. So suitable soil depth of rooftop greening is 10cm for the load and economical factor. Thus the mat-type rooftop greening possible planting base depth of all 13cm as soil depth 10cm and mat depth 3cm. As soil mixtures, the number and growth of plants were better mat and 'natural soil 80% +leaf mold 20%' than mat and artificial soil. In herbaceous plants mat, Silene armeria L., Dianthus chinensis, Centaurea cyanus L., Lotus corniculatus L. are survival in full sun place and Silene armeria L., Dianthus chinensis, Centaurea cyanus L. are survival in 20% shaded place. In conclusion, selection of suitable soil mixtures and plants is possible extensive management rooftop greening with effect of continuous greening. The mat-type rooftop greening are lightweight and simple preparation without management and can popularize readily.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.1099-1102
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• 2007

This paper presents eco-friendly planting method to overcome the problems of existing concrete retaining wall and gabion retaining wall, respectively, based on the examination on existing concrete and gabion retaining wall. Prior to doing this, proper design method was provided through pull out test. Planting method using gabion metal net and L shape green net retaining wall were compared and analyzed. According to this study, it is confirmed that reduction of construction period and economical profit in construction can be achieved by both manufacturing at the factory and self procurement at the job site as well as the use of metal net, which is applied as a substitution of existing strengthening material. For the effect of planting method, the use of L shape green net retaining wall shows superiority to environment-friendly gabion retaining wall in its ability to rootage and germination of the grass. The L shape green net retaining wall had excellent performance in helping rootage of grass and prevention of soil leakage, and even if raining period, remarkable damage of planting mat does not occur when planting mat is applied.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.48-57
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• 1979

In order to obtain a standard reference for designing an adequate power rice transplanter, the cutting forces depending upon variety of seedling, sowing density, seedling age and soil moisture content of mat-type seedling were measured by the rice transplanter installed with force measuring device of dynamic strain gage system in the laboratory. The result of this study are summarized as follows : 1. Cutting velocity and acceleration transplanting hoe obtained from jinematic analysis of planting mechanism was 1.32m/sec and 81.5m/$sec^2$ when planting crank-shaft rpm was 160. 2. Little difference between cutting forces on 30-days old seelings of japonica and Indica type was observed, as the cutting forces determined were 2.0kg per hill for Japonica type and 2.1kg per hill for Indica type. 3. Cutting forces determined on 40-days old seedlings were 2.5kg, 2.3kg, 3.1kg and 2.9kg per hill for Milyang No.15, Tongil, Akibare and Milyang No.23 compared to the other varieties. 4. The cutting force was not greatly affected by the sowing densities , only five percent of differences were observed epending upon the sowing densities. 5. Cutting forces were 2.7kg and 2.0kg per hill on 40-days old seedlings and 30-days old seedlings respectively. About 38 percent of more forces was required in cutting 40-days old seedling than in cutting 30-days old seedlings. 6. More cutting forces were required as soil moisture content of mat-type seedling was decreased. 7. Root length after cutting by the planting hoe and their relationships with soil moisture content on 30-days old seedlings, are as follows ; $y=4.147-11.384x+ 28.854x^2$ where , $y$=root length after cutting. (cm) , $x$=soil ture content of mat type seedlings.(%, d.b.) 8. Cutting forces were varied with the width of cuttings ; those on 40-days old mat type seedlings were 2.7kg and 2.2kg per hill when cutting with 14 mm and 10mm of width respectively, about 32 percent of more forces was required when cuting with 14mm of width compared to 10mm of width.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.207-212
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• 2001

To seek for restoration method of Abies koreana forest with planting seedlings, Abies koreana seedlings(2, 3 and 5 year old) were planted by date(spring and summer) and surface treatment (coir-mat, coir-net and control) at Janggumok area in Hallasan. Survival rate and shoot growth of the seedlings were measured and compared by planting date, seedling age and surface treatments. For summer planting, survival rates of the seedlings are increased with increasing seedling ages, and those are not differed between surface treatments. For spring planting, survival rates of the seedlings are increased with decreasing seedling ages, and those are not differed between surface treatments. For summer planting, shoot growth of the seedlings are significantly differed between surface treatments. Shoot growth of the seedlings was the highest value 2.11mm at coir-matted plot, and the lowest value 1.49mm at control B)lot. Shoot growth of the seedlings are not differed between the seedling ages, but the highest shoot growth was 2.26mm at coir-matted and 3-year old plot. For spring planting, survival rates and shoot growth of the seedlings are not differed between seedling ages and surface treatments.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.77-84
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• 2004

This study was conducted to suggest vegetation mat forming methods with native wildflowers, introduced wild flower, grasses and native herb plants which can be used for erosion control of the disturbed slopes. The main results are summarized as follows. In forming the vegetation mat at early stage, foreign grasses, native wild plants shows more effective than the other seed mixture types. But, after 12 weeks, using native wild flowers shows more effective than foreign grasses. Also, the mixture of the native grasses and kentucky bluegrasses (seed mixture type F) are the best in ground coverage among the seed mixtures types. In order to restore slopes more naturally, more diverse plants should be used. The native grasses such as Marrubium incisum Bentham, Lutos comiculatus L. var. japonicus Regel, and Artemisia princeps Pampan seems to be useful to forming the vegetation mat, also it will be more easy if mixing with foreign grasses such as Kentucky bluegrass. The mixture of native grasses and introduced wild flowers are not proper in forming the vegetation mat. Also, pot planting of the native grasses are not proper in forming the vegetation mat.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.341-345
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• 2011

This study was aimed to select the optimal mat condition using existing plant-mats for the efficient planting of bedding Chrysanthemum. At fifty days after cutting with Dendranthema grandiflorum 'Ford', root formation among the treatments using eight different mats outstood with the treatment using 10 mm thick coir net, which has medium inserted between mat layers - called C treatment, compared to other treatments; this treatment had the highest values in the plant height and shoot fresh weight, which were 29 cm and 5.6 g, respectively. On the contrary, in 40 days after transplanting root-formed mats to field, 12 mm thick jute net, which has medium inserted between mat layers, had the highest plants compared to other treatments. However, there was no significant difference in shoot weight compared to C treatment. In experiment of different lengths of cut, the results of growth after transplanting showed that 5 cm long cut performed best compared to 3 and 8 cm long cuts.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.87-96
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• 2010

This study was conducted to select environmentally-friendly and low-cost mulching material that could replace soil molding which can be used to restore vegetation in an abandoned coal mine area. To this end, we established 20 experimental plots (4m ${\times}$ 10m in size) on the steep, south west-facing slope of the abandoned coal mine area in Hwangji-Dong, Taebaek City, Gangwon Province in April 2006. We planted two-year-old 1,600 seedlings (at intervals of 0.6m ${\times}$ 0.8m) of drought-resistant tree species including Betula schmidtii, Betula platyphylla var. japonica, Amorpha fruticosa, and Quercus mongolica in the plots. After planting seedlings, mulching was applied by using five different kinds of material such as HWAP (Teracotem), peat moss, straw mats, wood chips, and control (no-mulching) and the effects of different mulching material on the survival rate and growth performance were compared. Three years after planting, the survival rate was the highest in wood chip mulching, followed by straw-mat, peat moss, HWAP, and control. The survival rate was the highest in Quercus mongolica, followed by Betula schmidtii, Betula platyphylla var. japonica, and Amorpha fruticosa. Meanwhile the height growth was the best in Betula platyphylla var. japonica, followed by Betula schmidtii, Quercus mongolica, and Amorpha fruticosa. The height growth of seedlings was the best in HWAP mulching, followed by peat moss, woody chips, straw mat, and control. From an economic point of view, wood chips are considered to be the best mulching material. The results showed that mulching without soil molding and/or mixing applications would be effective for restoring vegetation in an abandoned coal mine areas.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.59-65
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• 2002

The community of common reed (Phragmites australis) is expanded by the development of new shoots from nodes of rhizomes and old shoots in natural environments. We developed the useful technique to construct reed mats of floating islands developed from shoot nodes of reeds for the purpose of the rapid stabilization of vegetation and the application of adapted plants with their specific environmental conditions. The vegetation development was compared in the floating islands planted with the different reed samples. The reed samples were consisted of four types : long shoot in the length of 100 cm (AG I), short shoot of 15 cm (AG II), long rhizome of 100 cm (BG I) and short rhizome of 15 cm (BG II). Shooting started earlier in BG I and BG II than in AG I and AG II. But the rate of shooting was higher in AG I and AG II than in BG I and BG II. After four weeks, AG I and AG II were higher than BG I and BG II in the biomass and density of newly developed shoots. These results showed that the construction of sod mats by planting only reed shoots was a useful technique to develop vegetation on the floating islands.