• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.137-148
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• 1997

This study was conducted to select appropriate woody species and to propose appropriate woody species and to propose appropriate mounding hight through analysis of soil characteristics, planting state, draining state, growth amount and injured index of woody species. Soil acidity was pH 5.9~7.4, as alkaline soil. The state of draining was proved to be inappropriate for the growth of woody species because of bad draining state. Injured index of woody species were Prunus serrulata var, spontanea in deciduous tree because of polluted water leaked from sanitary landfill and density of planting tree. Appropriate mounding heignt of the planted area which was itensive injured wood species was not less than 80cm. Appropreate woody species in wanggyoi-dong apartment complex were Zelkova serrata, Acer trifloum, Acer buergerianum, Sophora japonica, Ailanthus altissima and appropriate mounding height was not less than 50~60cm.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.7-16
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• 1991

This research investigated soil, plants, insects and birds in the Mongchon Earth Fort, establishing the 11 plots, according to planting treatment, in order to present management method for ecological stability of species in the ground covering plots. The results of analysizing the investigated data summarize as follows. 1. In the ground covering plots without upper layer, the density and coverage of middle and low layer in the natural plots were higher than those in the artificial plots. 2. In the ground covering plots without upper layer, the density and coverage of low layer were higher than those in the artificial, while the density and coverage of herb layer in the natural plots were lower. 3. Whether there was upper layer or not, the total species diversity and enenness of the ground covering community in the natural plot without artificial treatment and natural treatment plot were higher than those ground covering. 4. In the ground covering plots with upper layer, the species diversity of ground covering in the plots without artificial treatment is high, while the species diversity in the plots with natural treatment caused the secondary succession is higher than that of the natural plot. 5. In the ground covering plots without upper layer, the species diversity in the plots with artificial management was higher than that of natural plots, while the evenness in the plots with artificial management was lower. 6. In the ground covering plots with upper layer the species diversity of insect in the plot of natural state was higher than that of insect in the plots with artifical treatment. 7. Synthetically, in the area with upper layer the species diversity of the ground covering community in the natural plot was high, while in the area without upper layer, the species diversity of it in the plots with artificial treatment was high. The insect turned up frequently in the plots of high species diversity of the ground covering, so the bird did in the plots of high species diversity of the ground covering and insects.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.101-114
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• 2020

This study focused on the composition of the exterior space of Parkjinsagoga, the types of gardens and planting and the landscape characteristics of walls, and examined its meaning as modern garden remains. Parkjinsagoga is a modern Korean house that harmonizes traditionality and practicality, and is an invaluable material for research not only on architecture but also on changes in the gardens of upper-class gardens. Its exterior space can be divided largely into An-chae (inner house), Outer Sarang-chae (outer house) and Inner Sarang-chae areas, and a garden was created in each yard (inner garden). In particular, one thing noticeable is that the yard of Inner Sarang-chae, unlike traditional gardening styles, was actively decorated. At the center of the yard of Inner Sarang-chae, two atypical planters and artificial moundings were created and the traffic line of the garden was designed to enjoy them while walking. An atypical pond was created on one of the artificial moundings and trees and shrubs were densely planted. Natural stones were also placed. The style seemed to be affected by Japanese gardens. These characteristics observed in the gardens of Parkjinsagoga are closely related to the transitional characteristics that traditional gardens started to show in modern times. A total of 35 families and 57 species were planted in the gardens of Parkjinsagoga and there were 19 species of tall trees, 20 species of shrubs and 17 species of flowering plants. The number of species planted in the garden of Inner Sarang-chae was the highest, and a total of 22 species of tall trees and shrubs. The walls in Parkjinsagoga were basically earth and rock-fill walls but their materials and patterns differed depending on the type of spaces. Four types of walls were found to be introduced to the house.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.44-50
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• 2013

The persons in charge of management request diagnosis and prescription to tree hospitals in order to get consultation about the problems like blight that occur in landscape tree management. This study aims to analyze what the main problems and questions raised by landscape gardeners are and those concerned in landscape tree management. This is done by investigating landscape tree-related questions and answers uploaded on the online consultation boards of the plant diagnostic centers approved in Korea including the Seoul National University Plant Clinic, the Chungbuk National University Plant Hospital, and the Kangwon Diagnostic Center. As a result, those concerned in landscape occupied the most as 81.4% among the questioners. However, only 11.5% did explain the plant management history or surrounding environment, which is essential for landscape tree diagnosis when asking questions. This shows that those concerned in landscape lack basic knowledge or interest about plant diagnosis. Among 263 questions about landscape trees, questions about physiological damage included 94 cases that were the most taking up 35.8%. Moreover, the next were damage by insects and damage by disease in order. It is thought that due to the characteristics of physiological problems that occur by various sorts of stress and with no signs, they tend to request diagnosis or prescription the most. The most frequent reasons for physiological damage are water stress and temperature stress. About damage by disease, there exist many types of diseases, and there are many complex damages accompanied by physiological causes. About damage by insects, the most common include damage by moths. In consideration of this result, universities or technician training centers should provide education for landscape tree management so that landscape technicians and students can acquire essential knowledge and information about landscape tree management and increase their interest in it. In particular, it is necessary to provide profound learning opportunities for plant physiology, and the technicians should make efforts themselves. In addition, it is needed to build organizations to which they can ask technical questions about landscape planting and management in order to understand landscape industry in general and the actual status of landscape planting technique and the actual field. Moreover, to elevate systemicity and expertise in the area of landscape tree management not yet equipped with the foundation, it is needed to cultivate the technicians intensively and conduct research by those concerned both in academic and industrial circles.

• The Journal of Natural Sciences
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.63-81
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• 2004

It is the purpose of this study to arrange in ornamental trees and shrubs the planting that leads to an appropriate type of templescape. The study was designed primarily as an examples for each Buddhist temple which desires further decoration with several ornamental plants, doubles the effectiveness of the Sen-Buddhist meditation, and boosts tourists' attraction. To investigate the planting status and type of trees and shrubs in the precincts of Buddhism temples, We close three temples : They are Nagsansa, Boolgoogsa and Booseugsa, which are intermonatane area temples all together. The results investigated were summarized as follows :1. Planting status and pattern in temples Open spaces of the Daewoogjeon in all temples, a main Sanctuaries in temple buildings, where Buddha is enshrined in, we could not find any kind of trees of shrubs to be planted.Muryangsujeon, a symbol of "Future", which can be also found at Boosugsa temple, is living in Western Elysium world and takes mercy on mankind of this life. Taxus cuspidata was planted at this Muryangsujeon, known as an immeasurable bliss building, where an Amitabha is enshrined in.Total 25 species of trees and shrubs were planted around Birozani building of Buddhist temples, Birozani is enshrined at the Birojion of Boollgoogsa temple.The buddhist Goddess of Mercy which is a buddhist saint for pursuit of fortune and blessing to relieve the mankind is enshrined at Wonchonjeon, Daebijeon and Kwaneumjeon which are able to observe at both Boolgoogsa and Nagsnsa temples, where Euonymus japonicus trees including other 26 species could be found in common at both temples.2. Correlation between trees/shrubs and temple buildingsTrees and flowers symbolizing Buddha are often planted as material sources of gardening to decorate : They are Logerstroemia indica as Buddha's flower, Viburmum opulus var. calvescens resembling Buddha's head, Tilia mandshurica producing the beads of rosary, Gardenia jaminoides Ellis with white flower blade and flower of bliss, not flower to this day and Lotus flowering clearly in the pond filling with dirty water which is able to clarifies the world full of crime, infidelity and injustification. Among these Buddhist' plants, however, Logerstroemia indica could be found in all three temples, and Viburmum opulus var. calvescens at both Nagsansa and Boosugsa. Also, Lager stroemia indica was planted at all three temples and Viburmum opulus var. calvescens at both temples of Nagsansa and Boosugsa. Tilia mandshurica and Gardenia jasminoides Ellis were not found in any temples which might become the subject of investigation.In relation of the buildings of each temples as a sanctified space, the planting of trees and shrubs was not considered for the arrangement, templescape architecture or species. And, also, we could not find in the study any special relationship of trees/ shrubs with the characteristics of temples.With the results obtained through precise studies we presented here in this paper newly designed model of templescape in intermane buddhist temple which can be applied for planting and arrangement of trees or/and shrubs. Basic principles of model in mind are:To consider the correlation of the dominant between plants and temple buildings.To plant trees/shrubs for special functions as well as conditions of temple location.To make tree arrangement correlating to Buddhism spirit.To induce environment friendly plants to be planted, suitable to regional conditions.This redecorated model of templescape might be used as a canon of the tree planting and arrangement in the precincts of Buddhism temples.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.24-47
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• 1998

This study examined ecophysiological characteristics, cultivation methods and planting uses of tree and shrub species native to Kangwon province and valuable as landscape plants. The results were as followos : 1. 73 species selected as shrubs were ; Rhododendron brachycarpum, Rhododendron micranthum, Abelia mosanensis, Abeliophyllum distichum, Acanthopanax sessiliflorus, Acanthopanax senticosus, Alangium platanifolium var. macrophyllum etc. 2. 38 species selected as trees were ; Cornus controversa, Sorbus commixta, Malus baccata, Prunus padus, Acer triflorum, Acer tegmentosum, Styrax japonica, Styrax obassia, Sorbus alnifolia etc. 3. Shade-tolerant species were ; Abies koreana, Rhododendron brachycarpum, Rhododendron micranthum, Prunus padus, Sorbus commixta, Acer triflorum, Rhus japonica, Cornus kousa, Kalopanax pictus, Chionanthus retusa, Sorbus alnifolia, Magnolia sieboldii, Sorbaria sorbifolia var. stellipila, Berberis koreana, Lindera obtusiloba, Rhododendron schlippenbachii and Euonymus alatus. 4. Species growing well even in less fertile soils were ; Pinus thunbergii, Quercus dentata, Koelreuteria paniculata, Rhus japonica, Quercus acutissima, Albizzia julibrissin, Sorbus alnifolia, Staphylea bumalda, Philadelphus schrenckii, Clerodendron trichotomum, Deutzia coreana, Weigela florida, Zanthoxylum schinifolium and Lindera obtusiloba. 5. Salt-tolerant species were ; Pinus thunbergii, Quercus aliena, Prunus padus, Styrax japonica, Quercus dentata, Kalopanax pictus, Chionanthus retusa, Albizzia julibrissin, Tilia amurensis, Forsythia koreana, Lonicera maackii, Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa, Clerodendron trichotomum, Sambucus williamsii var. coreana, Abelia mosanensis, Deutzia coreana, Viburnum carlesii, Rhus japonica, Rhododendron yedoense var. poukhanense, Zanthoxylum schinifolium, Callicarpa dichotoma, Rhododendron schlippenbachii and Euonymus alatus. 6. Pollutant-tolerant species were ; Styrax japonica, Prunus padus, Quercus dentata, Kalopanax pictus, Chionanthus retusa, Gleditsia japonica var. koraiensis, Styrax obassia, Forsythia koreana, Kpiraea salicifolia, Clerodendron trichotomum, Viburnum sargentii, Viburnum carlesii, Weigela florida and Rhododendron yedoense var. poukhanense.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.80-89
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• 2008

Generally, trees lining the streets are the most easily accessible green areas in the city and constitute the smallest basic unit in the formation of the urban linear green axis. This study attempts to interpret issues related to city trees from a comprehensive and relational viewpoint. The site of this study is Central Park Street in front of Incheon Metropolitan City Hall. This street is representative of those in Incheon City. This study is an inter-relational interpretation of issues by measuring the vitality of these trees. The following are results of this study: First, the vitality of city trees is higher in those trees growing in natural ground than those growing in plant gratings. This observation can lead to budget savings and increased natural areas in the city. Also, if planter and multi-layering planting methods are introduced where damage to trees is predicted, variation to urban landscape can be achieved while linking to reinforced rearing foundation of street-side trees. Second, there is need for a holistic approach to caring for street-side trees regarding the damage caused by drastic pruning and strong street lights. The typical functions of these trees, like supplying freshness in summer, absorbing solar radiation, and controlling the urban micro-climate are closely related to the vitality of the trees. Accordingly, the function and ecology should be understood holistically, not separately. In this aspect, the functional and ecological use of the multi-layering planting method is effective in protecting pedestrians from vehicles as well. Third, the fallen leaves of monotonous rows of trees have different ecological and functional effects. Not only is the index of greenness in the urban setting increased, but there are also aesthetic and symbolic effects. Fourth, in spite of being the street along which Incheon Metropolitan City Hall, major administrative buildings and Central Park are located, this street does not have its own special identity to discriminate it from other streets. It fulfills only functional criteria based on uniformity. If there is no paradigm shift from today's street system based on vehicles, the role of landscape architecture will be very passive in regards to street-side trees, the minimum unit of urban green. Fifth, on this particular street, many trees were planted in December, which reflects a deficiency of short and long-term strategy, like a street-tree master plan. In this aspect, we still lack a mature culture concerning these trees as a basic unit in urban greenery. Furthermore, there needs to be cultural introspection concerning present administrative practices.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.80 no.3
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• pp.265-278
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• 1991

The purpose of this study is to suggest objective basic data for the design and management of the national park roadside slopes through the quantitative analysis of the visual quality included in the physical environment of the Chi-ri national park, for this, visual volumes of physical elements have been evaluated by using the mesh analysis, spatial images structure of physical elements have been analyzed by factor analysis algorithm, and degree of visual quality have been measured mainly by questionnaires. Result of this thesis can be summarized as fallows. Visual volumes of the naked, rock, ground cover of seed spray, and artificial planting are found to be the main factor determining the visual quality. Factors covering the spatial image of the national park roadside slopes landscape have been found to be the overall synthetic evaluation, spatial, appeal, physical, openness and dignity factors such as the overall the spatial, physical and openness yield high factor scores. As for the factors determining the degree of visual quality of the roadside slopes, variables such as the summit, the constructions management, harmony of landscape, visual stability of roadside slopes, suitable artificial planting and suitable constructions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.61-79
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to investigate the flora of Sohyeoncheon which is planned for ecological restoration and river maintenance from upstream to downstream, and also to collect the ecological data to cope with the change of the ecosystem of Sohyeoncheon. The numbers of vascular plants were summarized as 336 taxa including 82 families, 233 genera, 298 species, 1 subspecies, 33 varieties and 4 forms. The rare plants were 3 taxa including Aristolochia contorta Bunge, Prunus yedoensis Matsum.(planting) and Koelreuteria paniculata Laxmann. The Korean endemic plants were 4 taxa including Populus tomentiglandulosa T.B.Lee(planting), Lespedeza maritima Nakai, Forsythia koreana (Rehder) Nakai(planting) and Weigela subsessilis (Nakai) L.H.Bailey. The specific plants by floristic region were 15 taxa including 1 taxon of grade V, grade IV and grade II each, 4 taxa of grade III and 8 taxa of grade I. The naturalized plants were 60 taxa and the invasive alien plants were 3 taxa. The results of analysis by vertical structures showed that naturalized plants included 31 taxa of upstream, 53 taxa of midstream and 38 taxa of downstream. An analysis of crossing structures showed that 2 taxa of water channel, 3 taxa of low waterside, 41 taxa of high waterside and 48 taxa of bank.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.12-25
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• 1993

The purpose of this study is to interpret the landscape meaning of village grove and then combines this interpretations with landscape planing if it is possible. So we chose four village groves among seven villlage interpretations with landscape planing if it is possible. So we chose four village groves among seven village groves in HAMPYUNG & YOUNGKWANG Province(CHONRANAMDO, KOREA). The reason why we did it is that the meaning of korean groves is divided into three types(Confucianism, Feng-shui, Native belief etc.) according to original planting reasons. This study was done mainly by both referring to the regional character of those types and examining the nature of grove meanings. As a result of this process, we are able to find three demensions which were explained by physical-ecological, user's behavioral and cultural meaning. 1. Physical landscape of village grove is composed with ecological meaning that is related with people's land use not only inside but outside of it. So this kind of ecological meaning is the mutual relation among physical elements of village groves, for example old high trees, surface, user's facilities, land use around a grove and soon. 2. User's behavior meaning of grove shows that it has high relation with physical dimension, for example distance and accessiblity to a grove, linkage with open space around a village and so on. User's behavior inside of grove is usually divided into three types(recreation, play, ritual services). Especially, we were able to find a tendency to have numerous people use in the case of a village grove well to preserve its ritual service. 3. Cultural meaning of grove has the holistic character which usually defines the regional theme of each village and village grove(Confucianism, Feng-shui, Native belief etc.). So, the Landscape meaning of village grove is not only a physical shape but a certain concept existing inside of village grove. This diversed meaning existing in a grove have a direct effect on good fortune or misfortune of a village and its dwellers.