• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.109-126
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• 2015

This study is for constructing detailed data to secure biological diversity and maintain a healthy ecosystem in Backsasil Valley Ecological and Scenery Conservation Area, and for preparing an ecological management plan fit for the protected area. The period for this study was from April 2010 to May 2013. Recently, the increase of visitors to Baeksasil Valley, as well as the plantation and dissemination of introduced vegetable species, become factors accelerating ecological disturbance. Major research contents included the reviews of the management system of the protected areas, the necessity of ecological management at the basin level, establishing the system of a management plan, research and analysis of environment ecology, analysis of threatening factors, goal-setting, management strategies, and a plan through SWOT analysis. Survey items were the natural environment, major components of ecosystem, and human-use. The goals of ecological management were basin zone management for amphibians, conservation and restoration of forest vegetation for conservation habitat of Dryocopus martius, conservation habitat of Zelkova serrta for nature landscape, and management of users for environment protection. The conservation management plan at a basin zone level contains the management of point and non-point pollution sources in the upstream, securing growing conditions for native plants, securing safe habitats for amphibians, and securing of habitats for major wild birds. Also, restoration of natural forests, management of native plants and introduced vegetable species, and restoration of degraded forest paths are suggested for the restoration plans.

• Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.331-344
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• 2009

Recently, it is expected that the agricultural and stockbreeding industry are damaged by the China-Japan-South Korea FTA and FTA between the United States and South Korea. After free trade, it is increasing to import crops, aquatic products, and livestock which are produced in a foreign land. But it is affected negatively to the trust relationships and markets, because of breaking it out that low grade foreign products are turned into domestic products. For this reason, we need the traceability management system. In this paper, it designs and implements the traceability management system using RFID and USN providing distribution traceability information as well as the traceability information of the growth environment, automatic control according to the facility growing and monitoring of the storehouse. The implemented whole systems consist of the growth environment monitoring and the traceability management. First, the growth environment monitoring shows the environment of plantation and automatic controller of the storehouse and growing facility. This growth environment monitoring information provides the detailed information about growth environment and writing the farming diary automatically by producer. Second, the traceability management provides all of the traceability information such as production, shipment and consumption to consumers. The traceability management system that has been designed and implemented using RFID and USN in this paper, provides the u-IT agriculture to producer and the reliability about agricultural products. In addition, this system provides the foundation data to operate GAP and HACCP, and becomes the advantaged agricultural products of the interior of a country by application of this system.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.69-78
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• 2007

Constructed wetlands and other aquatic systems have been successfully used for waste and wastewater treatment in either temperate or tropical regions. To treat waste or wastewater in a sustainable manner, the integrated eco-engineering designs are explained in this paper with 2 case studies: (i) a combination of vertical-flow constructed wetland (CW) with plant irrigation systemfor fecal sludge management and (ii) integrated CW units with landscaping at full-scale application for domestic wastewater treatment. The pilot-scale study of fecal sludge management employed 3 vertical-flow CW units, each with a dimension of $5{\times}5{\times}0.65m$ (width ${\times}$ length ${\times}$ media depth) and planted with cattails (Typha augustifolia). At the solid loading rate of 250 kg total solids (TS)/$m^2.yr$ and a 6-day percolate impoundment, the CW system could achieve chemical oxygen demand (COD), TS and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) removal efficiencies in the range of 80 - 96%. The accumulated sludge layers of about 80 - 90 cm was found at the CW bed surface after operating the CW units for 7 years, but no clogging problem has been observed. The CW percolate was applied to 16 irrigation Sunflower plant (Helianthus annuus) plots, each with a dimension of $4.5{\times}4.5m$ ($width{\times}length$). In the study, the CW percolate were fed to the treatment plots at the application rate of 7.5 mm/day but the percolate was mixed with tap water at different ratio of 20%, 80% and 100%. Based on a 1-year data of 3-crop plantation were experimented, the contents of Zn, Mn and Cu in soil of the experimental plots were found to increase with increasing in CW percolate ratios. The highest plant biomass yield and oil content of 1,000 kg/ha and 35%, respectively, were obtained from the plots fed with 20% or 50% of the CW percolate, whereas no accumulation of heavy metals in the plant tissues (i.e. leaves, stems and flowers) of the sunflower is found. In addition to the pilot-scale and field experiments, a case study of the integrated CW systems for wastewater treatment at Phi Phi Island (a Tsunami-hit area), Krabi province, Thailand is illustrated. The $5,200-m^2$ CW systems on Phi Phi Island are not only for treatment of $400m^3/day$ wastewater from hotels, households or other domestic activities, but also incorporating public consultation in the design processes, resulting in introducing the aesthetic landscaping as well as reusing of the treated effluent for irrigating green areas on the Island.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.29-33
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• 2007

This study was purposed to elucidate the best optimum sites by ecophysiological response measurements of Kalopanax pictus samplings of plantation. The diurnal changes of the stomatal transpiration, water use efficiency, water potential, and intercellullar $CO_2$ concentration of leaves were measured by the portable IR $CO_2$ analyzer. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1) The daily stomatal transpiration rate was highest at 10:00 a.m. After 16:00, the stomatal transpiration rate rapidly decreased. 2) The daily water use efficiency was maximum at 8:00 a.m., and then rapidly decreased until midday with decreasing water potential. 3) The daily $C_i/C_a$ ratio rapidly decreased until 9:00 a.m., and then showed a stable value until 16:00, and then rapidly increased. The daily intercellullar $CO_2$ concentration ($C_i/C_a$ ratio) showed the same tendency as water potential changes. Consequently, stomatal transpiration and water use efficiency was increased with high water potential of leaves at am, and then remarkably decreased with low water potential at pm.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2020

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different pre-sowing treatments of seeds on germination and growth performance of native threatened tree species Quercus gomeziana A. Camus at the nursery of Chittagong University, Bangladesh. Furthermore, seedling growth attributes under different doses of fertilizer (urea) was also experimented to find the best dose of fertilizer on this tree species at the nursery stage for better field level growth. Seeds were placed to six pre-sowing treatments e.g. control (PT₀), treated with sand paper rubbing (PT₁), nicking (PT₂), seeds immersed in cold water for 48 hours (PT₃), seeds immersed in cold water for 7 days (PT₄) and seeds sown at propagator house with increased temperature (PT₅). It was found from the study that germination was started earlier (at 31 days) in treatments sand paper rubbing (PT₁) and nicking (PT₂). The highest germination percentage (93%) was in PT₁ followed by 86% in seeds immersed in cold water for 7 days (PT₄) and 80% in PT₀ (control). Germination percentage was observed least (63%) in PT₂ even though germination started earlier. For fertilizer dose experiment to seedlings at the nursery level, treatment FT₁: 100 kg/ha (0.33679 g urea/pot/seedling) comparing with other treatments FT₀: 0 kg/ha (Control), FT₂: 200 kg/ha (0.67358 g urea/pot/seedling), FT₃: 300 kg/ha (1.01037 g urea/pot/seedling) showed better performance in case of collar diameter (6.74 mm), number of leaves, shoot dry weight (19.74), total dry weight (28.16 g), total fresh weight (67.96 g), volume index (3904.82), sturdiness (127.69). Finally, it can be concluded that Quercus gomeziana seedlings revealed better performances under the treatment FT₁ in growth and biomass production. Findings of this study will be helpful to take decision on organic fertilizer dose application to seedlings of Q. gomeziana for large scale plantation and conservation of this species.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 2002

Human activities greatly affect the environment causing its degradation. Urban development and road networks construction cause main impacts on ecosystems and particularly on vegetation cover: road constructions induce complete degradation of the vegetation cover and often leaves a hare land, sometimes without even a soil cover. Reconstitution of vegetation cover is necessary to limit superficial erosion and land slipping on the road, towards a reintegration of the site in the neighbouring landscape. Many approaches have been studied over the last 30 years aiming at this reconstitution of vegetation cover. At frost, the main purpose of land reclamation was to create a new ecosystem. At this time, the environment created was rather a "garden" with a new soil adapted to the plantation of "decorative" species. Then, in early 90′s many studies on the restoration ecology concept rather focused on adapting the vegetation to the existing conditions on the site, as in a side road embankment for example. Nowadays, we notice a large tendency towards the use of such adapted native species instead of industrially produced seeds. In southern France, our team have led research on the potentials of those local species for their use in revegetation processes with hydro-seeding. We therefore developed an approach combining the use of different types of species: Industrially produced, native and wild cultivated species. This method integrates the benefits of using available low costing seeds that are already used on large scale projects with better adapted species, issued form the cultivation of native species and seed production for their use on smaller scale and more costly but more effective results. The use of wild cultivated species seeds was developed in order to limit the cost and reduce harsh natural seed withdrawal in the natural environment In the case of the use of native species. Besides, the use of such seeds allowed a larger geographical scale of use than with local native seeds. In addition, our team began two years ago a research project in Lebanon aiming at the Introduction and development of the revegetation techniques in Lebanon. In fact, this country bared since 20 years the consequences of urban pressure on its environment especially by the development of quarries and road networks. Therefore, pioneer work is necessary to aim at the adaptation of these techniques to the local environment.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.4
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• pp.556-563
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of container types on seedling growth of Chamaecyparis obtusa (2-year-old) in the container nursery culture. We used three container types [20 cavities (400 mL/cavity, $150seedlings/m^2$), 24 cavities (320 mL/cavity, $200seedlings/m^2$), and 35 cavities (240 mL/cavity, $260seedlings/m^2$)] and measured root collar diameter (RCD), height, biomass, root density and seedling quality index (SQI). The RCD, height, biomass, root density and SQI were the highest at 20 cavities/tray because this container has the largest volume and lowest seedling density. However, H/D and T/R ratio at all container types were not significantly different. The total biomass per unit area ($m^2$) were the lowest at 35 cavities/tray and those at both 20 and 24 cavities/tray were not significantly different. Container volume was positively correlated with RCD, height, biomass, root density and SQI except for H/D and T/R ratio, while seedling density negatively affected on them. Based on these results, 20 cavities/tray are optimal for container seedling production of C. obtusa. Usage of optimal container will make us get better quality seedlings and reduction of production costs in the container nursery as well as good field performances with higher survival rate in plantation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.101 no.2
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• pp.324-332
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of container types on seedling growth of Betula costata, Liriodendron tulipifera, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Fraxinus mandshurica, Zelkova serrata, and Ulmus parvifolia in the container nursery system. We used three container types [20 cavities (150 seedlings/$m^2$-400 mL), 24 cavities (200 seedlings/$m^2$-320 mL), and 35 cavities (260 seedlings/$m^2$-240 mL)] and measured root collar diameter (RCD), height, biomass, seedling quality index (SQI), and root density. The root collar diameter, height, biomass, SQI, and root density of seedlings were the highest at 20 cavities/tray in all six species because this container type has the largest volume and lowest seedling density. However, F. rhynchophylla growth at both 20 and 24 cavities/tray, Z. serrata growth at both 24 and 35 cavities/tray and B. costata growth at all sizes were not significantly different. As expected, container volume was positively correlated with RCD, height, and biomass of five species except for Z. serrata, but seedling density negatively did. Based on these results, 20 cavities/tray are optimal for L. tulipifera, F. mandshurica, and U. parvifolia, 20 or 24 cavities/tray for F. rhynchophylla, 24 or 35 cavities/tray for Z. serrata, and 35 cavities/tray for B. costata, respectively. Usage of optimal container will make us get good quality seedlings as well as reduction of production costs in the container nursery.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.101 no.2
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• pp.317-323
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• 2012

This study was performed in order to explore the growth characteristics by growing stage in the containerized seedling and the bare root seedling of Chamaecyparis obtusa Sieb. et Zucc., which is the major plantation species of Korean southland. The height growth of 1-year-old bare root seedlings was better than containerized seedlings, which grew in the containers with capacity of 31.2 mL and 300 mL. The root collar diameter growth was the best in the containerized seedlings of container with 300 mL. The 2-year-old bare root seedlings were surveyed to be better in the height and root collar diameter growth than the containerized seedlings of container with 300 mL. In the comparison of dry mass production, it was the highest in 32 mL containerized seedlings as for 1-year-old above ground and in 300 mL containerized seedlings as for below-ground and total dry mass production. In case of 2-year-old seedlings, it was indicated to be high in bare root seedling as for the part above ground and in dry mass production of the containerized seedling as for the part below ground. In the comparison on root morphological traits of seedlings such as the total root length, the root project area, the root surface area, the average diameter in root, and the root volume, all of 1 and 2-year -old containerized seedlings showed the higher growth than the bare root seedlings except the average diameter in root. Synthesizing the results of this experiment, the containerized seedlings are relatively excellent in root development compared to bare root seedlings in the process of producing seedlings of C. obtusa, thereby being judged to have grown into excellent seedlings.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.103-114
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• 2019

Despite recent projects to create urban forests to reduce the levels of particulate matter, objective evaluation criteria for selecting suitable sites for the projects have not been provided. The purposes of this study are to identify assessment items for the evaluation of available spaces for urban forests for the reduction of particulate matter and to analyze the relative importance of the items using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). We identified a total of 19 items in five categories through a literature review and a panel discussion. A total of 29 responses were collected from surveys given to experts, and an AHP analysis was conducted on the results. As a result, 'locational characteristics' (0.355) received the highest weighted value among the five categories, followed by 'planting type of existing green space' (0.184), 'weather conditions' (0.183), 'physical characteristics' (0.15), and 'human social environment' (0.128). In addition, among all the assessment items, 'proximity of source apportionment of particulate matter' (0.143) had higher weighted value while 'plantation of existing green space' (0.024) had the lowest weighted value. This study will present objective criteria and directions in the selecting of available spaces to create urban forests for the reduction of particulate matter.