• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.122-126
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• 2008

Chronic oral toxicity studies (90 days) on aqueous and methanol extracts of the whole plant of Peristrophe paniculata (Forssk) Brummitt were carried out in Wistar rats. The dosage was 200 mg/kg/day, p.o. for both the extracts. All external morphological and biochemical changes, in addition to body weight and vital organ weights were recorded. During this investigation, no significant mortality was observed. The results showed that both the extracts were devoid of any toxicity at the dose level studied as compared to the control group.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.568-573
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• 2013

In this study, we conducted whole effluent toxicity (WET) proficiency testing based on the results which $EC_{50}$ value of 3 types (A, B, C) unknown samples calculated from 32 water quality measurement agencies in Korea. WET proficiency testing was expected to their improve of analysis skill and ensure reliability of analysis results. Ultimately, it is intended to promote the reliable enforcement of WET. WET proficiency testing was evaluated using the z-score, robust z-score and the results showed that 30 participating agencies were "compliance". In addition, $EC_{50}$ values of "unknown sample A" were the normal distribution. Therefore, "unknown sample A" was considered as the most suitable standard toxicity substance.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 1998년도 천연항암자원개발에 관한 국제학술회의 논문집 및 1998년도 한국자원식물학회 정기학술발표회 논문요약
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• pp.116-116
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• 1998

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.77-83
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• 2018

This paper aims to evaluate the results of toxicity testing with Daphnia magna and Vibrio fischeri on wastewater samples which might be influenced by ion imbalance. The effluents from factories were found to be more toxic with high salinity levels than those from public wastewater treatment plant (WTP) and sewage treatment plant (SWP). Clion composition was highest in the effluent, in terms of percentage, which was followed by $Na^+$, $SO_4^{2-}$ and $Ca^{2+}$. $K^+$ and $Mg^{2+}$ ion was relatively low. The sensitivity of D. magna test results was higher than V. fischeri. Among samples which were proved by V. fischeri testing to be nontoxic, the composition ratio of each ion whether toxic samples or nontoxic samples which were decided by D. magna toxicity testing, were compared. $Na^+$, $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$ ion composition ratio showed high level in nontoxic samples whereas $SO_4^{2-}$ and $Cl^-$ ion composition ratio was high in toxic samples. Accordingly, $SO_4^{2-}$ and $Cl^-$ ion seemed to be considered the ions causing toxicity in effluent. Toxicity from some categories of industries (Mining of non-metallic minerals, Manufacture of basic organic petrochemicals, Manufacture of other basic organic chemicals, Manufacture of other chemical products etc.) seemed to be influenced by salinity. The Ion concentration in influent and effluent were similar. Concentration of $Na^+$, $Cl^-$, $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$ ions were high in influent, however $Mg^{2+}$ and $SO_4^{2-}$ ions were high in effluent.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2021년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.59-59
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• 2021

Stachys sieboldii Miq. (SSM) and Acorus gramineus Soland. (AGS) have been used as traditional medicines for thousands of years in parts of Asia, including Korea, China, and Japan. Recent researches on SSM and AGS have documented a wide spectrum of therapeutic properties, including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, neurodegenerative disease effects. However, the toxicity and safety of SSM and AGS, and their mixture (medicinal herber mixture, MHMIX) were not confirmed. Therefore, this study was performed to evaluate the acute toxicity and safety of SSM, AGS and MHMIX. SSM, AGS and MHMIX were orally administered at a dose of 5,000 mg/kg in ICR mice. Animals were monitored for the mortality and changes in the body weight, clinical signs and gross observation during the 14 days after dosing, upon necropsy. We also measured parameters of organ weight, clinical chemistry, and hematology. No dead and no clinical signs were found during the experiment period after administration of a single oral dose of SSM, AGS and MHMIX. There were no adverse effects on clinical signs, body weight, or organ weight and no gross pathological findings in any treatment group. Therefore, LD50 value of SSM, AGS and MHMIX may be over 5,000 mg/kg and it may have no side toxic effect to ICR mice. The results on the single-dose toxicity of SSM, AGS and MHMIX indicate that it is not possible to reach oral dose levels related to death or dose levels with any harmful side effects.

• 한국도시환경학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.547-555
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• 2018

북미, 유럽 뿐 아니라 우리나라에서도 유해물질 관리제도가 도입되는 등 매년 크게 증가하는 화학물질의 생산, 유통으로 인한 독성 피해에 대응하고 있다. 유해물질의 생물독성을 평가하는 방법은 널리 소개되어 왔으나, 모델링을 위한 정량적이고 신속한 정보가 요구된다. 본 연구에서는 발광 미생물인 Vibrio fischeri를 이용하여 아연, 구리, 크롬, 카드뮴, 수은, 납 등 중금속 6종에 대한 독성 평가를 실시하고, 독성 모델링을 통해 생존율을 재현하였다. 발광 미생물의 활성 정도 및 중금속에 의한 독성은 photomultiplier가 내장된 감광 장치를 이용하여 상대발광도를 측정, 독성의 영향을 판단하였다. 30분 내 저해율이 20% 미만에 이르는 농도 및 $EC_{50}$ 등을 통해 독성을 평가하였다. 그 결과, 생물 독성은 수은, 납, 구리, 크롬, 아연, 카드뮴 순으로 나타났다. 시간별 $EC_{50}$의 추세선을 통해 얻은 $EC_{{50},{\infty}}$는 독성 모델링의 주요 파라미터와 선형 관계가 높았다. 실험결과로부터 DAM, TDM 모델링에 필요한 주요 파라미터를 얻었으며, 재현된 독성 영향은 아연, 구리, 크롬, 카드뮴 등에서 오차율 평균 10.2%이었다. Vibrio fischeri를 및 감광 장치를 이용한 미생물 독성 측정 방법은 짧은 시간에서 $EC_{{50},{\infty}}$ 및 독성 모델링 구현에 필요한 주요한 인자들을 신속하게 얻을 있어 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.305-313
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• 2015

Objectives: The objective of this study is to identify toxicants causing acute toxicity in effluents from the aluminum rolling industry that violate the discharge limits in Korea. Methods: Whole effluent toxicity tests (WET) were conducted on effluent discharged from the aluminum rolling industry following the US EPA WET test methods. We collected effluent samples three times and evaluated acute toxicity by using Daphnia magna. We employed toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) procedures to identify toxicants causing toxicity in the effluent. Results: No specific chemical groups were identified in the seven different manipulations applied to the of wastewater effluent samples showing 1.3 toxic units (TU) according to the TIE phase I procedures. Water quality parameters for water hardness, electric conductivity and heavy metals (Mn) were 4,322 mg/l as $CaCO_3$, 11.39 mS/cm, and $5,551{\mu}g/l$, respectively. Considering water hardness and reference toxicity, high concentrations of Mn can be disqualified from the causative toxicants. Consequently, high ionic concentrations of $Na^+$(1,648 mg/l), $Ca^{2+}$(1,048 mg/l), $Mg^{2+}$(1,428 mg/l) and $SO_4{^{2-}}$(7,472 mg/l) were identified to be causative toxicants. Water hardness and electric conductivity exceed the $EC_{50}$ value obtained by biological toxicity tests using Daphnia magna. Conclusion: According to TIE procedures, high salt concentration is determined to be a major toxicant in the effluent of agro-industrial wastewater treatment plants receiving wastewater from the aluminum rolling industry.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.31-41
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• 2002

The present study was conducted to investigate the potential subacute toxicity of plant sterol esters by a 4-week repeated oral dose in Sprague-Dawley rats. The test article was administered once daily by gavage to rats at dose levels of 0, 1000, 3000, and 9000 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks. During the test period, clinical sign, mortality, body weights, food and water consumption, ophthalmoscopy, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, gross finding, organ weight, and histopathology were evaluated. A reduction in the body weight was observed in females of the 9000 mg/kg group on day 27 after the initiation of treatment, but not in males of the group. There were no treatment-related effects on mortality, clinical sign, food and water consumption, ophthalmoscopy, urinarlysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, necropsy findings, organ weights, and histopathology in any treatment group. Based on these results, it was concluded that the 4-week repeated oral dose of plant sterol esters resulted in suppressed body weight in female rats at a dose level of 9000 mg/kg/day. In the condition of this study, target organ was not observed and the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was considered to be 9000 mg/kg/day for males and 5000 mg/kg/day for females.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제23권9호
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• pp.1279-1286
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• 2013

Particle size and metal species are important to both soil microbial toxicity and phytotoxicity in the soil ecosystem. The effects of CuO and ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) and microparticles (MPs) on soil microbial toxicity, phytotoxicity, and bioaccumulation in two crops (Cucumis sativus and Zea mays) were estimated in a soil microcosm. In the microcosm system, soil was artificially contaminated with 1,000 mg/kg CuO and ZnO NPs and MPs. After 15 days, we compared the microbial toxicity and phytotoxicity by particle size. In addition, C. sativus and Z. mays were cultivated in soils treated with CuO NPs and ZnO NPs, after which the treatment effects on bioaccumulation were evaluated. NPs were more toxic than MPs to microbes and plants in the soil ecosystem. We found that the soil enzyme activity and plant biomass were inhibited to the greatest extent by CuO NPs. However, in a Biolog test, substrate utilization patterns were more dependent upon metal type than particle size. Another finding indicated that the metal NP uptake amounts of plants depend on the plant species. In the comparison between C. sativus and Z. mays, the accumulation of Cu and Zn by C. sativus was noticeably higher. These findings show that metal oxide NPs may negatively impact soil bacteria and plants. In addition, the accumulation patterns of NPs depend on the plant species.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.310-316
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• 2011

시판되고 있는 26종의 살충제를 이용하여 권연벌레(Lasioderma serricorne)와 어리쌀바구미(Sitophilus zeamais) 성충에 접촉독성 방법인 약제감수성 잔효성에 대해 조사하였다. 권연벌레 성충에 100%의 살충율을 보인 약제는 chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, fenitrothion, fenthion, phenthoate, cypermethrin, ${\alpha}$-cyhalothrin등 7종이었으며, 어리쌀바구미 성충에 대해 살충율을 보인 약제는 chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, fenitrothion, fenthion, phenthoate등 5종이었다. 이들 약제의 반수치사농도($LC_{50}$ ppm)를 구한 결과, 권연벌레는 ${\alpha}$-cyhalothrin이 1.46, 어리쌀바구미는 chlorpyrifos-methyl이 0.64로 가장 낮아 독성이 높았다. 잔효성은 권연벌레 성충에 대해서는 chlorpyrifos-methyl이 처리 후 90일, ${\alpha}$-cyhalothrin이 처리 후 9일 경과까지 100% 살충효과를 나타내었다. 어리쌀바구미 성충에 대해서는 chlorpyrifos-methyl이 처리 후 90일, phenthoate가 27일까지 100%의 살충효과를 나타내었다.