• Proceedings of the SCSK Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.601-610
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• 2003

Biotin is a water-soluble vitamin used as a skin conditioning agent and promotes the formation of intercellular lipid layers through increased lipid synthesis, which improves the skin's natural barrier function. The anti-inflammatory effects of biotin have been investigated using in vitro assay models, such as MTT assay, measurements of concentrations of nitric oxide(NO), prostaglandin E2(PGE$_2$), and inhibition rate of 5-lipoxygenase(5-LOX). In comparison with biotin, other plant extracts were tested at the same time which were kudzu vine extract, sage extract, paeonia extract, and dipotassium glycyrrhetinate. Nitric oxide is a signal molecule with functions such as neurotransmission, local vascular relaxation, and anti-inflammation in many physiological and pathological processes. NO can cause apoptosis and necrosis of target cells such as keratinocytes and is generated from L-arginine by nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Prostanoids, including prostaglandins and thromboxanes, are generated by the phospholipase $A_2$/cyclooxygenase(COX) pathway, and leukotrienes are generated by the 5-lipoxygenase pathway from arachidonic acid. Prostaglandin E2 recently have been shown to be beneficial in the resolution of tissue injury and inflammation, also has been implicated as an immunosuppressive agent and plasma levels of PGE$_2$ are elevated in patients sustaining thermal injury. Lipoxygenase metabolites from arachidonic acid have been implicated in inflammation, anti-inflammatory activity of the raw materials was evaluated in vitro by the offered inhibition of lipoxygenase.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.95-99
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• 2008

In a project to study the hepatroprotective effect of some plant extracts four plants Ephedra foliate Boiss, Alhagi maurorum Medikus, Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. and Hibiscus sabdariffa L. were studied. The ethanol extract of the aerial part of the first three plants and the flowers of H. sabdariffa were subjected to hepatoprotective assays using Wistar albino rats. Liver injury induced in rats using carbon tetrachloride. The biochemical parameters; serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and total bilirubin were estimated as reflection of the liver condition. Based on the good results of the biochemical parameters measurements, histopathological study was performed on the liver of rats treated with E. foliate. The normal appearance of hepatocytes indicated a good protection of the extract from carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity. All the results were compared with silymarin, the reference hepatoprotective drug.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.345-347
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• 2001

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of insecticides on control of Spodoptera exigua, growth characteristics, and dry root yield in the cultivation of Alisma plantago after early maturing rice cropping. All pesticides treated had no effect on growth and flowering rate of Alisma plantago. The major insecticides were teflubenzuron Wp, 5%, tebufenozide Wp, 8%, iufenuron Ec, 5%, and tebufenozide Wp, 5%. Dry root yield were increased largely with tebufenozide Wp, 5%(20 g/20 l), insecticide than the other insecticides and no control. All insecticides had no injury with standard dosage. On the other hand, all insecticides had slight injury in the double dosage level for the Alisma plantago.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.348-351
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• 2001

This study was conducted to evaluate the control effect of fungicides on control of brown leaf blight, growth characteristics, and dry root yield in the cultivation of Alisma plantago after early maturing rice cropping. All fungicides treated had no effect on the growth and flowering rate of Alisma plantago. The major fungicides were mancozeb Wp, 75%, chlorothalonil Wp, 75%, dithianon Wp, 43%, difenoconazole Wp, 10%, benomyl Wp, 50%, and propineb Wp, 70%. Dry root of yield were increased largely with chlorothalonil Wp, 75%(33 g/20), fungicide than the other fungicides and control. All fungicides had no injury with standard dosage. On the other hand all fungicides had slight injury in the double dosage level for the Alisma plantago.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1990.06a
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• pp.149-154
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• 1990

Various rates of 2, 4-2 were sprayed on 2 and 3 year old ginseng plants as fouler spray to define the critical concentration. No apparent plant injury was noticeable for those ginseng plants when application concentration of 2, 4-D doubled the recommended dosage (70 mil 10a). Neither abnormal fouler change occurred nor any inhibition in leaf and stem growth was resulted for the plants treated with 2, 4-D concentrated two times of the recommended dosage. When the rates of 2, 4-D application were increased greater than this level, injury ratings increased linearly with the rates of 2, 4-D application and plant growth was inhibited. Ethylene gas was not produced from the ginseng plant treated with 2 times concentrated 2, 4-D, how- ever the ginseng plants produced 0.03 to 0.09 ppd ethylene gas when the rate of application were increased 3 and 4 times, respectively. On the other hand the soybean treated with the recommended amount of 2i-D produced ethylene gas of 10-20 times higher compared with ginseng plants and died. Photosynthesis ability of the ginseng leaf was significantly decreased by 2, 4.D fouler application but it was recovered 4 weeks after 2, 4-D fouler treatment. The herbicide 2, 4-D was appreciated to 2, 3 and 4 years old ginseng plants as fouler spray with the rates of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 times of the recommended dosage to define the effects of 2, 4-D on the plant growth and root yield of the ginseng, There were no significant differences in the leaf and stem growth between untreated and 2, 4-D treated plant. Berry maturing of 3 and 4 year old ginseng was not influenced by 2, 4-D. The root weight of 4 years old ginseng plant was not reduced b). application of 2, 4-D concentrated 2 times of the recommended dosage. Application time of the herbicide 2, 4-D had no effects on the leaf or stem growth of 2, 3 and 4 year old year old ginseng plants. When the ginseng seedling was treated with 2, 4-D, detrimental phenomena as stem bending and deceleration of seedling leaf margin occurred, but stem bending was recovere d in a few day.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.291-296
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• 1990

Various rates of 2,4-D were sprayed on 2 and 3 year old ginseng plants as foliar spray to define the critical concentration. No apparent plant injury was noticable for those ginseng plants when application concentration of 2,4-D doubled the recommended dosage (70 ml/10a). Neither abnormal foliar change occurred nor any inhibition in leaf and stem growth was resulted for the plants treated with 2,4-D concentrated two times of the recommended dosage. When the rates of 2,4-D application were increased greater than this level, injury ratings increased linearly with the rates of 2,4-D application and plant you was inhibited. Ethylene gas was not produced from the ginseng plant treated with 2 times concentrated 2,4-D, however the ginseng plants produced 0.03 to 0.09 ppm ethylene gas when the rate of application were increased 3 and 4 times, respectively. On the other hand the soybean treated with the recommended amount of 21-D produced ethylene gas of 10-20 times higher compared with ginseng plants and died. Photosynthesis ability of the ginseng leaf was significantly decreased by 2,4-D foliar application but it was recovered 4 weeks after 2,4-D foliar treatment. The herbicide 2,4-D was applicated to 2,3 and 4 years old ginseng plants as foliar spray with the rates of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 times of the recommended dosage to define the effects of 2,4-D on the plant growth and root yield of the ginseng. There were no significant differences in the leaf and stem growth between untreated and 2,4-D treated plant. Berry maturing of 3 and 4 year old ginseng was not influenced by 2,4-D. The root weight of 4 years old ginseng plant was not reduced by application of 2,4-D concenrated 2 times of the recommended dosage, Application time of the herbicide 2,4-D had no effects on the leaf or stem growth of 2,3 and 4 year old year old ginseng plants. When the ginseng seedling was treated with 2,4-D, detrimental phenomena as stem bending and docoration of seedling leaf margin occurred, but stem bending was recovered in a few day s. Keywords Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, 2,4-D , herbicide.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.124-129
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• 1991

This study investigated seasonal occurrence and daily flight activity using synthetic sex pherom mone and injury characteristics of 야et armyworm, Spodoptera exigua in Chonnam area of K Korea in 1990. Male adults were attracted to phermone trap from mid-June to late November w with the peaks at mid-late August, mid-late September and early-mid November in vinyl i house and also were attracted from mid October to late November in field. Primary peak of occurrence in vinyl house was 20 days sooner than field. It seems to have 6 generations a year in C Chonnam region based on the estimation of larval biomass. Daily male flight was active from m midnight to before sunrise with the peak at 4-6 A.M .. In injury characteristics at various host plants, damage was great in early growing stage at below 10 cm of plant height in Allium fistulsum. Chrysanthemum morifolium was damaged at mostly upper part of leaves reaching to m the extent up to 70%. In case of Gypsophila paniculata, plants injured at early growing stage do n not grow and flower normally.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.449-456
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• 2011

Plant leaf cuticle is related to the prevention of moisture loss, transpiration, and diffusion of light reflection. The purpose of this study was to examine the morphological characteristics of ginseng leaves in ginseng plants resistant and susceptible to hightemperature injury (HTI) to be related with the leaf-burning. For the HTI resistant lines Yunpoong, high-temperature injury resistance (HTIR) 1, HTIR 2, and HTIR 3, and the HTI-susceptible line Chunpoong, the cuticle densities were 53.0%, 46.2%, 44.9%, 48.0%, and 17.0%; the adaxial leaf cuticle layers were 141.3, 119.7, 119.7, 159.4, and 85.0 nm in thickness; the abaxial leaf cuticle layers were 153.6, 165.8, 157.9, 199.6, and 119.4 nm in thickness; and the stomtal lengths were 21.7, 32.4, 29.4, 30.9, and $21.8{\mu}m$, respectively. All of these aspects suggest that HTI resistant lines have higher cuticle density, thickicker adaxial and abaxial leaf cuticle layers, and longer of stomta length than the HTI-susceptible line, protecting leaves from moisture loss and excessive transpiration under high temperatures to be resistant against the leaf-burning.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.278-283
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• 2019

Background: High temperature damage in ginseng is influenced by shading materials related not only to temperature, but also to light intensity and light quality. To address, this green-colored khaki shading sheet is widely used. As they are recently, developed, there is limited research information about their attributes and use. Methods and Results: The four-layered shading net (FLSN), blue-colored shading sheet (BCSS), aluminum-coated shading board (ACSB), and green-colored shading sheet (GCSS) were installed in the wooden A type of sun-block facilities. Two layered black, shading net was additionally used to cover the facilities since the beginning of June. The average temperature at the facility where different shades were tested was in the order of BCSS ($28.9^{\circ}C$) > FLSN ($27.7^{\circ}C$) > GCSS ($27.6^{\circ}C$) > ACSB ($27.1^{\circ}C$). However, high temperature injury rates were in order: FLSN > ACSB > GCSS > BCSS. Root weight vaired and was in the order: ACSB > GCSS > BCSS > FLSN. Conclusions: High temperature damage is possible not only because of temperature increase, but also due to various environmental light factors. Ginseng high temperature injury was minimal when BCSS or GCSS were used by difference of light quality. Although the root weight was higher in ACSB, it could be vulnerable to high temperature damage. Therefore, we propose using GCSS for ginseng shading.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 1992

To determine the efficacy of uniconzaole[(E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethy 2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1-penten-3-ol)](XE-1019) as a phytoprotectant against $O_3$ injury in tomato plants(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. 'Pink Glory'), plants were given a 50ml soil drench of uniconazole solution at concentrations of 0.001, 0,01, 0.1 and 0.2mg/pot thirteen days prior to $O_3$ fumigation. All four uniconazole concentrations were effective in providing protection against $O_3$ exposure(16h at 0.3 ppm). Uniconazole treatment above 0.001 mg/pot significantly reduced stem elongation, leaf enlargement, leaf area and fresh weight of plant, whereas increased chlorophyll concentration. Transpiration rate on a whole plant basis was reduced by uniconazole treatment and $O_3$ exposure. Uniconazole reduced ethylene production induced by $O_3$ injury but had little or no effect on defoliation of cotyledons and leaf epinasty. Activities of peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase(SOD) were slightly increased by application of uniconazole. With increasing exposure time, $O_3$ increased POD activity but decreased SOD activity. The phytoprotective effects of uniconazole were diminished by applying gibberellin at $10{\sim}20$ ppm. These results suggest that the phytoprotective effects of uniconazole are related to its role of increasing activities of free radical scavengers such as POD and SOD, in addition to growth-retardation as an anti-gibberellin.