• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.191-191
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• 2017

Hydroxy fatty acid (HFA) is an important industrial resource that known to be extracted from seeds of Castor or Lesquerella. However, mass production of HFA from those crops are difficult because of their behavior or life cycle. In this study, we applied HFA synthesis related gene FAH12, RcPDAT1, RcLPCAT, RcDGAT2, and RcPDCT on bioenergy crop Camelina sativa. Furthermore, we determined NaCl or cold stress tolerance changes of transgenic Camelina. RcFAH12, RcPDAT1, RcLPCAT, RcDGAT2, and RcPDCT genes were cloned into multigene expression vector which is engineered with seed specific promoter of FAE1 or Napin. Combination of HFA genes multi-expression vector constructs were divided into Set3 (RcFAH12, RcPDAT1-2, RcLPCAT), Set4 (RcFAH12, RcDGAT2, RCPDAT1-2, RcLPCAT), and Set5 (RcFAH12, RcDGAT2, RCPDAT1-2, RcLPCAT, RcPDCT). Transgenic HFA synthesis Camelina plants were generated using agrobacterium-mediated vacuum infiltration system. Results of fatty acid composition of T1 transgenic Camelina seeds analyzed by GC-MS showed 9.5, 9.0, and 13.6 % of HFA contents in Set3#6, Set4#8, and Set5#10, respectively. Therefore, seeds of T2 generation were harvest from Set5#10 which is shown highest HFA contents, and, 17.7, 8.1 and 10.5 % of HFA contents were determined in Set5#10-5, Set5#10-8, and Set#10-10, respectively. However, 7.7% of C18:2 and 22.3 % of C18:3 among unsaturated fatty acids were decreased in Set5#10-5 than WT. Meanwhile, we confirmed abiotic stress responses in T2 transgenic Camelina Set5#10-5 and Set5#10-10 under 0, 100, 150, and 200 mM NaCl or 25, 15, and $10^{\circ}C$ temperature for 5 weeks. Both Set5#10-5 and Set5#10-10 showed lower growth in height than WT in control and NaCl condition. Growth of leaf length and width were similar in WT and Set5#10-10 but lower in Set5#10-5 under NaCl stress. Number of opened flowers showed that both transgenic Camelina were lower than WT under normal condition. But, WT and Set5#10-10 showed similar opened flower number in 100 and 200 mM NaCl. In cold stress, 15 and $10^{\circ}C$ treatment for 5 weeks did not showed significant changes in between WT and both transgenic lines even they showed different growth rate in control condition. Taken together, growth and development are delayed by expression of exogenous HFA related genes in transgenic lines but relative abiotic stress sensitivity is similar with WT. In conclusion, reduced C18:2 or C18:3 fatty acid composition of seed by HFA synthesis is resulted from lack of resource supplement for development at seedling stage but it is not affect NaCl and cold stress tolerance.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 2018

BACKGROUND: The global mean surface temperature change for the period of 2016~2035 relative to 1986~2005 is similar for the four representative concentration pathway (RCP)'s and will likely be in the range of $0.3^{\circ}C$ to $0.7^{\circ}C$. Climate change inducing higher temperature could affect not only crop growth and yield, but also dynamics of carbon in paddy field. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of elevated temperature on the carbon dynamics in paddy soil and rice growth. In order to control the elevated temperatures, the experiments were set up as the small scale rectangular open top chambers (OTCs) of $1m(width){\times}1m(depth){\times}1m(height)$ (Type 1), $1 m(W){\times}1m(D){\times}1.2m(H)$ (Type 2), and $1m(W){\times}1m(D){\times}1.4m(H)$ (Type 3). The average temperatures of Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3 from July 15 to October 30 were higher than the ambient temperatures at $0.4^{\circ}C$, $0.5^{\circ}C$, and $0.9^{\circ}C$, respectively. For the experiment, Wagner's pots (1/2,000 area) were placed inside chambers. The pots were filled with loamy soil, and chemical fertilizer and organic compost were applied as recommended after soil test. The pots were flooded with agricultural water and rice (Shindongjin-byeo) was planted. It was observed that TOC (total organic carbon) of the water increased by the elevated temperatures and the trend continued until the late growth stage of the rice. Soil TOC contents were reduced by the elevated temperatures. C/N ratios of the rice plant decreased by the elevated temperature treatments. Thus, it was assumed that the elevated temperatures induced to decompose soil organic matter. Elevated temperatures significantly increased the culm length (P<0.01) and culm weight (P<0.05) of rice, but the number and weight of rice panicle did not showed significant differences. CONCLUSION: Based on the results, it was suggested that the elevated temperatures had an effect on changes of soil and water carbons under the possible future climate change environment.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.38-43
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• 1992

A field experiment was conducted to find out the effect level of nitrogen fertilization on the yield and quality of hop (Hallertau variety) emphasis given to ${\alpha}$-acid content. Nitrogen was applied by the rates of 0, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36kg per 10a. Results were summarized as follows. 1. Stages of cone-hair developing and coneripening were delayed with increment of nitrogen applied. Number of nodes and length of vine increased with nitrogen applid by up to 24kg N/10a. 2. Yield was the highest in the 24kg N/10a plot and cone weight had high significant correlations with yield without regard to the years of growth. No.of flower per side blanch and weight of 100 cones had a significant correlation with yield in the four-year old and five-year old Hop plants. 3. Nutrient content in Hop plants was in the order of CaO, total nitrogen, $K_2O$, MgO and $P_2O_5$. Content of total nitrogen, CaO and MgO was high in leaves while that of $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$ was high in cone. Nitrogen, phosphorus and magnesium increased with increment of nitrogen fetilized while potassium and calcium decreased. 4. As for the distribution of nutrients in cone developing stage $SiO_2$ content was higher in lower part than in the upper part while $P_2O_5$ contetn was higher in upper part than in lower part of the plant. And content of nitrogen and potassium was higher in middle height than in upper and lower part. 5. The optimum levels of nitrogen application were 19.3kg for 2 years, 24.3kg for 3-year, 27.9kg for 4 years and 31.8kg/10a for 5-year old Hop, respectively. 6. Nitrogen uptake in cone showed a positive correlation with the content of ${\alpha}$-acid and ${\beta}$-acid in cone.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.87-90
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• 2013

The average annual and winter ambient air temperatures in Korea have risen by $0.7^{\circ}C$ and $1.4^{\circ}C$, respectively, during the last 30 years. Due to climate change, the occurrence of abnormal weather conditions has become more frequent, causing damage to vegetable crops grown in Korea. Hot pepper, chinese cabbage and radish, the three most popular vegetables in Korea, are produced more in the field than in the greenhouse. It has been a trend that the time for field transplanting of seedlings is getting earlier and earlier as the spring temperatures keep rising. Seedlings transplanted too early in the spring take a longer time to resume the normal growth, because they are exposed to suboptimal temperature conditions. This experiment was carried out to figure out the change of cellular tissue of chinese cabbage under the condition of low temperature to provide the information regarding the coming climatic change, on the performance of 'Chunkwang' chinese cabbage during the spring growing season. In our study, plant height, number of leaf, chlorophyll and leaf area was lower at the open field cultivation than heating house treatment after transplanting 50 days. Especially in fresh weight, compared with heating treatment, open field and not heated treatment were notably low with the 1/3 level. Of damage symptoms due to low temperature cabbage leaves about 10 sheets when $-3.0^{\circ}C$ conditions in chinese cabbage was a little bit of water soaking symptoms on the leaves. $-7.4^{\circ}C$ under increasingly severe water soaking symptoms of leaf turns yellow was dry. Microscopy results showed symptoms of $-3.0^{\circ}C$ when the mesophyll cell of palisade tissue and spongy tissue collapse, $-7.4^{\circ}C$ palisade tissue and spongy tissue was completely collapsed. The result of this study suggests that the growers should be cautioned not to transplant their chinese cabbage seedlings too early into the field, and should be re-transplanting or transplanting other plants if chinese cabbage are exposed to suboptimal temperature conditions ($-3.0^{\circ}C$ or $-7.4^{\circ}C$).

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.15-24
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• 2019

The study was compared for soil chemical and microbial properties as well as growth of the cherry tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiforme) plants environmentally friendly gown for 3 years and 5 years, which had been fertigated with homemade liquid fertilizer (LF) with indigenous microorganism as an additional fertilizer. Treatment included LF with indigenous microorganism for 3 years (3-year IM-LF) and for 5 years (5-year IM-LF), with an effective microorganism for 10 years (EM-LF), which had been applied with 1,000 times of dilution in the farmhouse. IM-LF and EM-LF materials had increased pH pattern for 16 weeks, in particular for increase of 1.2 for EM-LF. IM-LF material contained slightly higher EC but similar level of 0.2 dS/m to EM-LF. For a pot experiment in the greenhouse, IM-LF treatment increased root dry weight of the cherry tomato plants. In the farmhouse experiment, IM-LF treatment increased to 7.5 of soil pH and 8.4 dS/m of EC, indicating high salt accumulation. EM-LF treatment increased to 62 g/kg of soil OM, which would have affected concentrations of macro essential nutrients, including T-N in the soil. However, the optimum soil chemical levels for growth of cherry tomato plants were observed on the IM-LF plots. EM-LF treatment increased number of bacteria and actinobacteria in the soil. EM-LF treatment increased concentrations of macro essential nutrients in the plants, except for P, with similar nutrient concentrations observed between 3-year IM-LF and 5-year IM-LF-treated plants. Leaf SPAD and PS II levels decreased in the plants treated with 3-year IM-LF. EM-LF treatment increased leaf width and length, number of leaves, canopy area, plant height, and stem diameter in the mid-term stage of growth, which were not significantly different between the treatments. EM-LF treated-plants had two times higher leaf dry weight than those of values observed on the IM-LF plants, which was the opposite result observed on the number of fruit.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.100-107
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• 2017

This experiment was carried out to analyze the effects of substrate reuse on the growth and yield of summer paprika in cyclic hydroponics. The test group was divided into a new coco slab, one year reused coco slab two year reused coco slab based on 30% nutrient solution reuse, and was performed from April 18 to November 31, 2016 for 30 weeks. As a result, plant height of early growth was that the 2 year reused slab was longer than the new slab but the final growth period was 56.58 cm shorter. First group flower position was that reused slab was shorter by 2.92 cm than the new slab and the second group flower position was 0.31 cm long. The relative internode length of early growth, when the reused slab was used, the imbalance in the late growth stage was increased compared with the use of the new slab. The number of growth nodes in the 1 and 2 year reused slab was the smallest with 27.4 nodes. However, the number of harvested nodes did not show the difference in the test group, and the ratio of harvested that the 2 year reused slab was the highest at 26.8%. The ratio of unmarketable fruit tended to increase as the growth progressed. Fresh weight was 227.7g for new slab, 219.2g for 2 year reused slab and 21.2g for 1 year reused slab. The dry weight of the new slab increased with the reuse of the slab. It was 17.13g for new slab, 18.26g for 1 year reused, and 19.28g for 2 year reused. The average water content of the entire growth period was smaller as the slab was reused, and the 1 year reused slab was about 20g less than the 2 year reused slab. This trend was steadily occurring throughout the entire growing season. Especially, the reused slab for 1 year was less than 60g after 3 groups compared to other test groups. In conclusion, If will control seriously occurrence of unmarketable fruits by weakening after medium growth in summer-cultivated paprika in EC-based recycling hydroponic cultivation with reused cocopeat substrate, It is not what I have to worry that decrease of the yield and deterioration of the quality due to the change of physical and chemical properties of the slab and the pathogenic bacteria infection.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.238-247
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• 2012

To determine the possibility of solidified se wage sludge for use as a soil cover material in reclaimed land, the growth of energy crops and soil chemical properties investigated in each experimental plots during 2 years (2010 and 2011). The experimental plots consisted of the mixing with solidified sewage sludge plot (SS50), the covering with solidified sewage sludge plot (SS100), and the original reclaimed land plot (ORL) on reclaimed land for the intended landfill in Sudokwon Landfill Site Management Corporation (SLC). Plant height, measured in the second year (2011), was highest in the Geodae 1 grown at plots treated with solidified sewage sludge. The growth of energy crops cultivated in both SS50 and SS100 were better than in ORL. The contents of organic matter (OM) and total nitrogen (T-N) at both SS50 and SS100 were considerably higher than that of the ORL over 2 years. However, the soil from ORL showed higher salinity with high contents of exchangeable $Na^+$ cation than that of SS50 and SS100 over 2 years. We consider that soil chemical and physical properties on reclaimed land used in this study could be improved by the application of solidified sewage sludge due to following reasons. Firstly, the application of solidified sewage sludge may provide soil nutrients on reclaimed land i.e. the growth of energy crops better than in ORL, resulted in more OM and T-N contents in SS50 and SS100. Secondly, the top layers mixed or covered with solidified sewage sludge on reclaimed land may be prevented the salinity accumulation due to capillary rise to surface soil, and improved the cultivation layer for effectively propagating the rhizomes of energy crops. Thus the solidified sewage sludge may be a great soil cover materials for cultivation of bioenergy crops in reclaimed land.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.43-52
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• 2015

The growth and population dynamics of eelgrass (Zostera marina) due to changes in sediment composition were examined in the lower intertidal zone of the Seomjin Estuary, Korea. We surveyed environmental factors such as water temperature, underwater irradiance, main types and organic content of sediment, tidal exposure, and nutrient concentrations in the water column and sediment pore water, in relation to the shoot density, biomass, morphological characteristics, and growth of Z. marina inhabiting lower intertidal zones. The survey was conducted monthly from May to December of 2004 and 2009. The water temperature showed obvious seasonal trends in both study years. Underwater irradiance was significantly higher in 2009 than in 2004. Tidal exposure was not significantly different between 2004 and 2009. The sediment was muddy-sand in 2004 but became sandy and with a significantly lower organic content in 2009. Water column $NH_4{^+}$ concentrations were significantly higher in 2004 than in 2009. Sediment pore water $NO_3{^-}+NO_2{^-}$ concentrations were significantly higher in 2009 than in 2004. Other nutrient concentrations did not differ significantly between 2004 and 2009. Morphological characteristics, including eelgrass length and leaf width were significantly lower in 2009 than in 2004. Eelgrass shoot height, leaf length, and sheath length showed typical seasonal patterns, increasing in early summer and decreasing in autumn, in both years. Vegetative shoot density was not significantly different between 2004 and 2009, while the biomass of individual plant parts and the total biomass were significantly lower in 2009. Eelgrass leaf productivity did not differ between years, but leaf turnover time was significantly shorter in 2009 than in 2004. Eelgrass downsizing and decreased turnover time in 2009 compared to 2004 indicate more effective adaptations to the stress of long-term changes in sediment composition. Overall, results suggest that changes in sediment composition can be a limiting factor for seagrass growth in the intertidal zone.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.269-276
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• 1990

Weed species belonging to the broadleaf family prevailed in the experimental sites followed by Cyperucea and grass family. In terms of life cycle, the dominant weed species were the perennial weeds rather than annual weeds. Most of weeds were emerged between 30-60days after transplanting in Chuncheon and between 40-60 days after transplanting in Hongcheon and Hoengseong areas. Among agronomic characteristics of rice affected by weed emergence were decrease of plant height by 2-4㎝, panicle number by 1.3-2.9, spkelet by 3. 7-7.5, ripening rates by 3.3-6.5%, and milled yield by 12-17%.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.83-92
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• 1990

Experiment was conducted to establish the weed control system on the paddy fields by investigating species, period and amount of weeds in Gangwon province. Four locations were selected for these experiments : West plain area, Chunchon(74m above the sea level), mid-mountainous area, Hongchon(300 m), high alpine area, Hoengsong(450m), and east sea area, Myungju(14m). Weed emergence was investigated 6 times from 10 days after transplanting to 60 days with 10 days interval. From the experiments stated above, the results were summarized as follows ; The identity of weed species was small in grass family, but broad-leaf family was numerous. Also the dominant weed species was generally the perenial weeds. The weed emergence was initiated from 10 days after translanting. The amounts of weed counted the most in Chunchon. A large number of weeds were emerged between 30-60 days after transplanting in Chunchon and between 40-60 days after transplanting in Hongchon and Hoengsong. Among agronomic characteristics affected by weed emergence during rice development, plant height was decreased by 2~4cm, panicle number by 1.3~2.9, spikelet by 3.7~7.5, ripening rates 3.3~6.5%, and milled yield by 12~17%, respectively.