• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.59 no.1
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• pp.19-23
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• 2016

A phenol substance was extracted from Pinus koraiensis Siebold et Zucc leaf extracts and its biological efficacy was measured. The highest content of the phenol substance contained in Pinus koraiensis Siebold et Zucc leaves was 13.5 mg/g, which was obtained when it was extracted with 80% ethanol. At a concentration of 200 mg/mL, the phenolic substances extracted with 80% ethanol and water showed antimicrobial activities against Helicobacter pylori, producing clear zones of 10 and 12 mm diameter, respectively. Pinus koraiensis Siebold et Zucc. leaf extracts were separated using a Sephadex LH-20 column and 4 fractions were obtained (fractions A-D). Fractions C and D showed the greatest inhibitory activity against Helicobacter pylori producing 10.1 and 12.3 mm clear zones, respectively. These two fractions were purified using a Sephadex LH-20 and MCI-gel column ($H_2O{\rightarrow}100%$ ethanol). Purified compounds A and B were identified as syringic acid and compound C was identified as p-coumaric acid based on $^1H$-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), $^{13}C$-NMR, and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry spectra. When two or more purified compounds were mixed, a synergistic effect of anti-Helicobacter pylori activity was evident. This result indicates that extracts of Pinus koraiensis Siebold et Zucc leaves could be considered a functional food because of their high antimicrobial properties.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.557-565
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• 2018

We examined the nutrient dynamics during the leaf litter decomposition rate and process of Pinus rigida and Pinus koraiensis in Gongju for 21 months from December 2014 to September 2016 as a part of National Long-Term Ecological Research Program in Korea. The remaining weight rate of P. rigida and P. koraiensis leaf litter was $58.27{\pm}4.13$ and $54.08{\pm}4.32%$, respectively, indicating that the P. koraiensis leaf litter decomposed faster than P. rigida leaf litter. The decay constant (k) of P. rigida leaf litter and P.koraiensis leaf litter after 21 months was 0.95 and 1.08, respectively, indicating that P. koraiensis leaf litter decayed faster than P. rigida leaf litter probably due to the difference of nitrogen concentration between the two. The C/N ratio of P. rigida and P. koraiensis leaf litter was 64.4 and 40.6, respectively, initially, and then decreased to 41.0 and 18.9, respectively, after 21 months. The C/P ratio of P. rigida and P. koraiensis leaf litter was 529.8 and 236.5, respectively, and then decreased to 384.1, 205.2, respectively, after 21 months. The contents of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg were 6.78, 0.83, 2.84, 0.99, and 2.59 mg/g, respectively, in the P. rigida leaf litter and 10.90, 1.87, 5.82, 4.79, and 2.00 mg/g, respectively, in the P. koraiensis leaf litter, indicating that the elements except the magnesium showed higher contents in P. koraiensis. After 21 months elapsed, remaining N, P, K, Ca, and Mg was 88.4, 77.6, 26.7, 50.5 and 44.5%, respectively, in decomposing P. rigida, and 114.4, 61.3, 7.6, 115.2 and 72.0%, respectively, decomposing P. koraiensis leaf litter.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.63 no.1
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• pp.28-34
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• 1984

This study was to elucidate the relation between the water relations parameters obtained from P-V curves and stomatal closure. The results obtained are as follows: 1) The water potential at incipient plasmolysis obtained from P-V curves was similar to the water potential at critical stomatal closure. 2) The critical stomatal closure of sun leaves appear at -21 bar (-17 bar, shade leaves) in Pinus koraiensis, -20 bar in Pinus rigida, -22 bar in Pinus densiflora, and -24 bar in Larix leptolepis. On a relative water content basis, the critical stomatal closures of sun leaves appear at 85% (82%, shade leaves) in Pinus kordiensis, 77% in Pinus ragida, 85% in Pinus densiflora, and 70% in Larix leptolepis. 3) The incipient stomatal closures of sun leaves appear at -14 bar (-12 bar, shade leaves) in Pinus koraiensis, -10 bar in Pinus rigida, -15 bar in Pinus densiflora, and -6 bar in Larix leptolepis. On a relative water content basis, the incipient stomatal closures of sun leaves appear at 90% in Pinus koraiensis, 93% in Pinus rigida, 90% in Pinus densiflora, and 93% in Larix leptolepis. 4) The leaf conductance was increased by increase in volume-averaged turgor pressure was linearly increased by increase in relative water content.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.190-195
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• 2004

This study investigated effects of water content in leaf, leaf acidity, bark acidity and water soluble sulfur contents by vehicle. The results were as follows: The average water content in Pinus Koraiensis leaves at Cheongpyoung and Chuncheon were 49% and 51 % respectively. The average leaf acidity and bark acidity at Cheongpyoung and Chuncheon were respectively pH 4.8 and pH 4.9 in leaf, pH 5.3 and 5.4 bark. The average water soluble sulfur content in leaves showed a significant difference between Cheongpyoung and Chuncheon of 0.133% and 0.053% respectively.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.10-19
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• 1999

The water status of Pinus densiflora and P. koraiensis was observed after the treatment of simulated acid rain for every month August 1997 to March 1998. Both of the species showed increase of dry weight, water saturation deficit and epidermis transpiration after treatment of simulated acid rain (pH 3.5) for first three months. On the contrary, water content was decreased in both the species after three month of simulated acid rain treatment. The effect of simulated acid rain, however, became weaker after that and no big difference was observed after seven month of treatment. Water potential of the leaf of both species became lower than that of the control(pH 5.6) after seven month treatment of simulated acid rain. The cuticle layers of the epidermis and florins ring were damaged seriously and the size of the gap between stomata became bigger after the treatment of simulated acid rain.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.3
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• pp.331-343
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• 1994

This study was conducted to find out the effect of $SO_2$ gas on growth of tree species and the effect of pretreatment of ABA to Pinus koraiensis. Abies holophylla and Taeus cuspidata on the susceptibility for $SO_2$ gas damage. The survey was carried out on the water contents of leaf and shoot, and the acidities of bark and leaf, and the chlorophyll and water soluble sulfur contents, and the changes of transpiration rates on selected seedlings exposed to $SO_2$ gas at seven levels : 0ppm, 0.5ppm, 1ppm, 2ppm, 4ppm, 26.4ppm ABA, 56.8ppm ABA. The results obtained from this research are as follows : 1. The water contents of leaf and shoot of the three tree species decreased with increasing concentrations of $SO_2$ gas and the relative susceptibility of Abies holophylla was larger than those of Taxus cuspidata and Pinus koraiensis because moisture diminution rates were higher in leaves and shoots of Abies holophylla than those of other species. 2. The acidities of bark and leaf of the three tree species increased with increasing concentrations of $SO_2$ gas. The relative susceptibility of Pinus koraiensis in bark acidity was larger than those of Abies holopfaylla and Toxus cuspidata. Abies holophylla was more susceptive than Pinus koraiensis and Taxus cuspidata. 3. Water soluble sulfur contents of the three tree species increased with increasing concentration of $SO_2$ gas. The relative susceptibility of Taxus cuspidata in water soluble sulfur contents was lager than those of Pinus koraiensis and Abies holophylla. 4. Leaf chlorophyll contents of the three tree species decreased with increasing concentrations of $SO_2$ gas. The order of the relative susceptibility in leaf chlorophyll contents was Taxus cuspidata, Abies holophylla and Pinus koraiensis. 5. Correlation coefficients among the measurement were highly significant for $SO_2$ treatment in all three tree species. 6. The transpiration rates of Abies holophylla and Taxus cuspidata did not change until up to 220 minutes after initiation of $SO_2$ gas fumigation, and changed a little during the time between 220 minutes and 270 minutes. On the other hand, Pinus koraiensis continued to change in transpiration rates little by little from the start of $SO_2$ gas treatment up to 270 minutes, meaning that Pinus koraiensis is less sensitive to ABA. 7. When 2ppm of $SO_2$ was treated. ABA pretreatment effect was detected on the six measurement parameters. ABA affected the resistance of plants by inducing stomata closure. 8. The order of relative susceptibility of the three tree species to $SO_2$ gas fumigation was Abies holophylla, Taxus cuspidata and Pinus koraiensis. Pinus koraiensis was more resistant to $SO_2$ gas than Abies holophylla and Taxus cuspidata.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.602-612
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• 2017

This study was performed to verify various effects of 70% ethanol extract and distilled water extract of pine leaf such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, skin-lightening effects analysis in cells. The result of antioxidant experiment showed that polyphenol content increased concentration dependently in polyphenol and flavonoid effects. The total content of polyphenols and flavonoids was much higher in ethanol extract than water extract. In all the cells of B16F10, RAW264.7 cytotoxicity at each concentration level didn't appear. The result of measuring NO production inhibition showed that it inhibited NO production led to LPS effectively, so anti-inflammatory activity was confirmed. The result of measuring melanin biosynthesis inhibition showed that there was considerably reduction effect, but it performed western blot, and as a result of MITF, Tyrosinase protein revelation, the inhibition of MITF, Tyrosinase revelation was confirmed concentration dependently, Therefore, in this study pine leaf extract was expected to be used as a cosmetic ingredient.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.303-314
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• 2010

In this study, the antibacterial, antioxidative effect and component analysis of Pinus koraiensis leaf extracts were investigated. MIC values of the ethyl acetate fraction from P. koraiensis leaf extracts on P. acnes, S. aureus, P. ovale, and E. coli were 0.06 %, 0.25 %, 0.13 % and 0.50 %, respectively. The results showed that the antibacterial activity of the ethyl acetate fraction on P. acnes, P. ovale. and S. aureus was more prominent. The aglycone fraction of P. koraiensis leaf extracts ($22.93\;{\mu}g/mL$) showed more higher free radical (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH) scavenging activity ($FSC_{50}$). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity ($OSC_{50}$) of P. koraiensis leaf extracts on ROS generated in $Fe^{3+}$-EDTA/$H_2O_2$ system was investigated using the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay. The 50 % ethanol extract ($0.70\;{\mu}g/mL$) showed the most prominent ROS scavenging activity. Also the ethyl acetate ($1.04\;{\mu}g/mL$) and the aglycone fraction ($1.43\;{\mu}g/mL$) showed very high antoxidant activity. The protective effects of extract/fractions of P. koraiensis leaf extracts on the rose-bengal sensitized photohemolysis of human erythrocytes were investigated. The P. koraiensis leaf extracts showed cellular membrane protective effects in a concentration dependent manner ($5{\sim}50\;{\mu}g/mL$). TLC and HPLC chromatogram of the ethyl acetate fraction obtained from hydrolysis of P. koraiensis leaf extracts revealed 2 main bands (PK-4, PK-6) and peaks (peak 1, peak 2), which were identified as kaempferol-3-O-glucoside (PK-6, peak 1) and kaempferol-3-O-arabinoside (PK-4, peak 2) by LC/ESI-MS/MS, respectively. These results indicate that extract/fractions of P. koraiensis can function as antioxidants in biological systems, particularly skin exposed to UV radiation by scavenging ROS, and protect cellular membrane against ROS. Extract/fractions of P. koraiensis can be applicable to new cosmeceuticals for antioxidant, antiaging, and antibacterial activity.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.86 no.2
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• pp.208-213
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• 1997

Tree form characteristics and biomass distribution and volume increment for Quercus spp., Larix leptolepis and Pinus koraiensis growing in Kwangju-Gun, Kyunggi-Do were investigated. P. koraiensis showed higher crown percentage than L. leptolepis, indicating that P. koraiensis maybe shade-tolerant species. Biomass allocation by tree height showed significant difference among three species. Stem biomass distributed more dimminishing along tree height with Quercus spp. and P. koraiensis than L. leptolepis. The allometric pattern of leaf-and branch biomass appeared as normal distribution. Present biomass was highest in L. leptolepis showing 171.1tons/ha and followed by P. koraiensis and Quercus spp, with 75.3tons/ha and 61.6tons/ha, respectively.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.159-165
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of thinning on fine root biomass and vertical distribution. and litterfall amount in a 50 year old Pinus koraiensis plantation in Chuncheon, Kangwon Province. Fine root (< 2 mm in diameter) biomass ($367\;g/m^2$) in the site 'OC_75', thinning once in 1975, was 68% of those in the site 'CON', no thinning after planting, and in the site 'TC_00', thinning twice in 1975 and 2000. There were no significant differences of dead roots among treatments. Diameter $0{\sim}1\;mm$ roots were vertically decreased only in the TC_00 site. The litterfall was very similar between OC_75 ($5.2\;Mg\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$) and TC_00 ($4.7\;Mg\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$), but the composition of litterfall was different: The proportion of leaves and branches was 80% and 13% in OC_75 and 56% and 36% in TC_00, respectively. Reduction of P. koraiensis density by thinning decreased leaf litter as well as fine roots of P. koraiensis, but increased fine roots production by neighboring understory plants offset the reduction of fine roots of P. koraiensis. We suggest that belowground as well as aboveground responses, including both over- and understory vegetation, should be considered to measure the responses of trees in thinned forest ecosystems.