• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.1-10
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• 2001

As finger joint method has a high rate of yield and high strength and ease in working, it has been widely used as an end joint method for solid wood and wood based-material. Therefore, we end-joined the material of Pinus densiflora, Quercus variabilis and populus euramericana with polyvinyl acetate adhesive and resorcinol phenol resin adhesive. The effect of difference (0, 0.15, 0.3, 0.45mm) between the dimensions of tip width and root width of the finger (DTRW) on bending strength properties was as follows: 1. In the case of polyvinyl acetate adhesive, DTRW had no effect on bending modulus of elasticity(MOE) and modulus of rupture(MOR) of the three kinds of species, because their bonding layers were destroyed by slippage, not their woody parts. 2. In the case of resorcinol phenol resin adhesive, the material of Quercus variabilis showed an optimal result at 0.15 or 0.3 of DTRW, while the poplar did at 0 of DTRW 3. The differences in efficiency ratio of bending MOR of populus euramericana, Pinus densiflora and Quercus variabilis species according to the kind of adhesive were 13-29%, 23-30% and 45-53%, respectively.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 2016

Climate change affects plant responses on physiological characteristics and growth, and Pinus densiflora, one of the major tree species in Korea, are expected to be particularly vulnerable to rising temperature and increased precipitation. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of an open-field warming and precipitation manipulation on physiological characteristics and growth of P. densiflora seedlings. Seedlings of 2-year-old P. densiflora were planted in April, 2013, in open-field nursery located at Korea University. The air temperature of warmed plots had been set to be $3^{\circ}C$ higher than the control plots using infrared lamps. Precipitation was manipulated to be 30% lower or higher than the control, using transparent panels and drip irrigation. Net photosynthetic rate, total chlorophyll content, seedling height, root collar diameter and biomass were measured from April, 2014 to April, 2015. The increase in new shoot biomass from warming was statistically significant, with the biomass in warmed plots about 2-fold higher than in the control plots in 2014 and 2015. This result might be related to advanced bud burst and increased occurrence of abnormal new shoots in warmed plots. Meanwhile, the results of net photosynthetic rate, total chlorophyll content, seedling height, root collar diameter and total biomass from warming and precipitation manipulation were not statistically significant, but tendencies of lower net photosynthetic rate and higher seedling height and biomass in warmed plots compared to the control were shown. Such might be speculated as results of the extended growth period. When root to shoot (R/S) ratio was calculated from the biomass data obtained in April 2014 and April 2015, increased R/S ratio was observed regardless of the treatments applied. Drought tolerance of P. densiflora and particularly low annual precipitation observed in 2014 were suggested as the possible reasons.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.133-139
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• 2010

Atmospheric $CO_2$ concentrations have increased exponentially over the last century and, if continued, are expected to have significant effects on plants and soil. In this study, we investigated the effects of elevated $CO_2$ on the growth of Pinus densiflora seedling and microbial activity in soil. Three-year-old pine seedlings were exposed to ambient as well as elevated levels of $CO_2$ (380 and 760 ppmv, respectively). Growth rates and C:N ratios of the pine seedlings were also determined. Dissolved organic carbon content, phenolic compound content, and microbial activity were measured in bulk soil and rhizosphere soil. The results show that elevated $CO_2$ significantly increased the root dry weight of pine seedling. In addition, overall N content decreased, which increased the C:N ratio in pine needles. Elevated $CO_2$ decreased soil moisture, nitrate concentration, and the concentration of soil phenolic compounds. In contrast, soil enzymatic activities were increased in rhizosphere soil, including ${\beta}$-glucosidase, N-acetylglucosaminidase and phosphatase enzyme activities. In conclusion, elevated $CO_2$ concentrations caused distinct changes in soil chemistry and microbiology.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.111-113
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• 2009

Ramaria botrytis is one of the commercially important ectomycorrhizal mushrooms in Korea and the mushroom is only picked in natural forest. This study was conducted to make ectomycorrhizal synthesis of the fungus using Pinus densiflora seedling. Ectomycorrhizal types of the fungus were simple and dichotomous. Diameter of ectomycorrhizal root was $325-380{\mu}m$ and fungal mantle was subhyaline with $20-30{\mu}m$ in diameter. On the other hand, optimum temperature for mycelial growth was $25^{\circ}C$ and the fungus grew 5 cm on potato dextrose agar medium in two months.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.110-116
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• 2016

In this study, the antioxidative activity and functional food activities of water and ethanol extracts from Pinus densiflora root were examined. It was more effective to use ethanol than water when extracting phenolic compounds. The extracted phenolic compounds from Pinus densiflora root for biological activities were examined. The phenolic compounds extracted with water and 80% EtOH were $1.86{\pm}0.04mg/g$ and $6.85{\pm}0.16mg/g$, respectively. DPPH free radical scavenging activity of water and EtOH were each 86% and 85% at $100{\mu}g/mL$ phenolics, respectively. ABTS radical decolorization activity was 48% in water and 68% in EtOH at $200{\mu}g/mL$. Antioxidant Protection Factor (PF) were 1.74 PF in water and 1.96 PF in EtOH at $50{\mu}g/mL$. TBARs of water and EtOH were 93% and 98%, respectively at $100{\mu}g/mL$. The inhibition activity on xanthine oxidase was 83.7% in water extracts and 79.6% in ethanol extracts. Inhibition on xanthine oxidase of water and ethanol extracts showed a higher inhibition effect than allopurinol. The inhibition activity on ${\alpha}$-glucosidase was 14.8% in water extracts and 91.6% in ethanol extracts. The result suggests that P. densiflora root extracts may be useful as as functional food material.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.41 no.8
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• pp.600-604
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• 1998

Methanol extracts from 53 species of oriental medicinal plants in 34 families were tested for their fungicidal activities against Pyricularia grisea, Rhizoctonia solani, Phytophthora capsici, Phytophthora infestans, Collectotrichum dematium, Botryospaeria dothidea, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum, Botrytis cinerea, Puccinia recondita, and Erysiphe graminis. In in vitro study using impregnated paper disc method, the efficacy varied with both plant pathogen and plant species tested. Methanol extracts of Asarum sieboldii roots, Sinomenium acutum roots, Pinus densiflora leaves, Rheum undulatum root barks, Coptis japonica roots, and Phellodendron amurense barks showed potent fungicidal activities against the various pathogens when treated with 10 mg/disc. In a whole plant test, methanol extracts of P. densiflora leaves and roots and C. japonica roots were highly effective against a variety of plant pathogens. As a naturally occurring fungicide, P. densiflora- and C. japonica-derived materials could be useful as new fungicidal products against various plant diseases induced by plant pathogenic fungi.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.3
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• pp.250-255
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• 2006

Pinus densiflora is a dominant conifer species in Korea and also distributed in regions of Japan and eastern China. Success in the establishment and productivity of forest tree plantation is largely determined by selection of species and seed source. The provenance tests of Pinus densiflora in Korea are underway. However, the information of the growth performance of Japanese and Chinese provenances are insufficient. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the growth performance of Pinus densiflora Japanese provenances. Data were collected from a provenance trial including established by Korea Forest Research Institude at Chungju in 1970. Six Japanese provenances ($31^{\circ}90^{\prime}{\sim}40^{\circ} 27^{\prime}$ in latitude and $128^{\circ}47^{\prime}{\sim}141^{\circ}80^{\prime}$ in longitude) were included in this trial. Pyeongchang provenance at Kangwon province in Korea was used for reference provenance. At nursery stage, the height and diameter at root collar of six Japanese provenances were smaller than those of Pyeongchang provenance. Among Japanese provenances, Kasahara provenance showed higher growth performance than those of others. The provenance rankings of growth performance were fluctuated until age 11. However, the growth performance of Japanese provenances showed higher than those of reference provenance after age 17. Kirishima-yama provenance showed best growth performance. Simple correlation analysis was conducted to investigate the geographic factors affecting growth performance. The height growth showed negative corelation with latitude of seed origin. Generally, Japanese provenences of Pinus densiflora were well adapted and grown in Chungju. However, it was suggested that further studies on other sites need to generalize the results of this study.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.332-338
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• 2015

Valuation of ecosystem services through organic carbon distribution and cycling in the Pinus densiflora forest at Mt. Worak National Park were investigated from January 2013 through December 2013. The amount of carbon allocated to above and below ground biomass was 32.17 and 8.04 ton C $ha^{-1}$. Amount of organic carbon in litter layer was 5.55 ton C $ha^{-1}$. Amount of organic carbon within 50cm soil depth was 58.62 ton C $ha^{-1}$ 50cm-$depth^{-1}$. Total amount of organic carbon in this Pinus densiflora forest was estimated to 104.38 ton C $ha^{-1}$. The estimated amount of won in this Pinus densiflora forest in terms of total organic carbon was about 10.44 million won $ha^{-1}$. The amount of carbon evolved through soil respiration was 4.44 ton C $ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$. The amount of carbon evolved through microbial respiration and root respiration was 2.18 and 2.27 ton C $ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$, respectively. The amount of organic carbon absorbed from the atmosphere of this Pinus densiflora forest was 0.44 ton C $ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$ when estimated from the difference between net primary production and microbial respiration. This amount will come to about 44,000 won $ha^{-1}$ in Korean currency.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.304-309
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• 1999

Biomass, tissue (foliage, stem. and root) nutrient concentration, and nutrient use efficiency (NUE) were determined for 1-year-old Pinus densiflora, Larix leptolepis and Betula platyphvlla var. japonica seedlings in a greenhouse under nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilization treatments. There were no consistent patterns in the effect of fertilization on seedling growth, however, in most cases the addition of N and P had no stimulating effect on biomass. In general, seedling tissue N and P concentrations increased after fertilization. It appeared that fertilization induced luxury nutrient consumption because uptake was increased without altering biomass. The NUE. calculated as the ratio between total above and belowground production and nutrient content in seedlings, decreased with increasing N and P supply for P. densiflora and B. platyphylla var. japonica while that for L. leptolepisthe did not change. B. platyphylla var. japonica had the highest NUE, L. leptolepis the lowest, with P. densiflora having the intermediate NUE.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate the growth responses of Pinus densiflora seedlings to enhanced UV-B environment for 16 weeks in the field condition. The seedlings were treated with one of three levels of UV-B dosages - ambient UV-B, ambient + 3.2, and ambient + 5.2 KJ m$^{-2}$day$^{-1}$ and the irradiation was performed at the stage before the germination, the fully expanded cotyledon, and the primary needles grown more than 0.8cm in length of the seedlings, respectively. Enhanced UV-B irradiation reduced the height and the root collar diameter growth, and dry mass production of the seedling, and T/R ratio was increased by the UV-B treatment. Difference in seedling growth was observed by difference in time of the UV-B treatment. Among the seedlings which were treated with ambient - 3.2 KJ m$^{-2}$day$^{-1}$, height and root collar diameter growth was relatively high in the seedling received the UV-B treatment at the stage before the germination. The lowest dry mass production was observed in the seedlings received the UV-B at stage of cotyledon both in two levels of enhanced UV-B treatment. Chlorophyll concentration was reduced by enhanced UV-B irradiation, and chlorophyll a/b ratio was increased by the UV-B treatment.