• 한국산업융합학회 논문집
• /
• 제24권3호
• /
• pp.271-281
• /
• 2021

Pinus densiflora and Larix kaempferi forests not only extended the plantation management area but also cultivated to the sustainable wood supply chain during the last 5-years. These prescriptions are primarily done by manual operation activities, particularly in young tree tending. Two types of tending activities, brashing by brush cutter(BB) and pruning by pruning shear and saw(PP), were selected for the investigate of musculoskeletal disorders' level and postural risks using Ovako Working Posture Analysis System (OWAS). The postural risk indexes (BB and PP) ranged from 115 to 125 and 102 to 105, respectively. There is no significant difference between the species. The young tree tending operations had low postural risks. The results may be used as basic data to develop technical guideline for safe young trees.

• 한국산림과학회지
• /
• 제89권3호
• /
• pp.452-460
• /
• 2000

본 연구에서는 Gap 갱신이 이루어지는 소나무를 대상으로 인위적으로 조성한 Gap처리구에서 소나무 묘목의 생장 및 광도의 변화에 따른 광합성속도, 중산속도 등 생리적 특성의 변화를 분석하고 Gap 생장환경에 대한 소나무 묘목의 적응과정에 대한 연구를 통해 갱신기작을 구명하고자 하였다. Open된 생장환경에 비해 광도가 낮고 광질이 다른 Gap처리구에서 소나무 묘목은 근원경보다는 상대적으로 묘고의 생장량이 더 많이 이루어졌고 건중량의 증가비율도 지하부보다는 지상부에서 상대적으로 크게 나타나 비교적 높은 T/R율을 보였다. 소나무 묘목의 지상부 C/F비율(지상부의 비동화기관과 동화기관 건중량의 비율)도 Gap처리구에서는 Open 생장환경에 비해 0.1~0.2정도 높았으며 광포화점은 $300{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$정도 낮았고 광보상점도 40%정도 낮게 나타나 양수이지만 내음성을 나타내었다. 또한 광도가 $400{\sim}450{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$보다 낮을 때 소나무 묘목은 비교적 높은 광합성속도와 수분이용효율을 나타내었으며 약한 광에너지를 효율적으로 이용하였다.

• 한국산림과학회지
• /
• 제40권1호
• /
• pp.19-24
• /
• 1978

본(本) 분석(分析)은 Faustmann식(式)에 의(依)하여 임지가격(林地價格)의 변화(變化)가 잣나무, 소나무 및 삼나무 조림사업(造林事業)의 수익성(收益性)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 구명(究明)하고, 임지(林地)로 부터의 일정(一定)한 기대수익률(期待收益率)(expected financial yield)을 가정했을 때 어느 정도의 임지투자(林地投資)가 가능(可能)한가를 구명(究明)하는데 목적(目的)이 있으며, 그 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 지위지수(地位指數) 12인 잣나무 조림용임지(造林用林地)의 ha당(當) 가격(價格)이 50만(萬)원이면 6.4%의 투자수익율(投資收益率)을 기대(期待)할 수 있으나, 그 가격(價格)이 250만(萬)원으로 상승(上昇)하연 수익율(收益率)은 3.3%로 떨어진다. 즉, 임지자본(林地資本)의 수익율(收益率)은 가격(價格)의 상승(上昇)에 따라 현저하게 저하(低下)됨으로, 조림투자(造林投資)를 유도(誘導)하기 위해서는 임지가격(林地價格)의 상승(上昇)을 억제하여 투자액(投資額)에 대한 수익률(收益率)을 높일 필요가 있다. 2. 임지기망가(林地期望價)가 영(零)이 될 때의 수익률(收益率), 즉 임지자본(林地資本)의 내부투자수익율(內部投資收益率)은 대체로 10%를 넘지 못함으로, 임지자본(林地資本)의 기회비용(機會費用)(opportunity cost)이 이보다 높을 때에는 임지(林地)를 비용(費用)없이 획득(獲得)한다해도 경제적(經濟的)인 조림사업(造林事業)은 불가능(不可能)하다. 3. 임지(林地)로 부터의 기대수익율(期待收益率)을 3%로 할 때, 최하(最下) 지위(地位)의 ha당(當) 임지투자액(林地投資額)은 잣나무 조림지(造林地)가 124만(萬)원, 소나무 조림지(造林地)가 28만(萬)원, 삼나무 조림지(造林地)가 80만(萬)원이며, 어느 경우에도 300만(萬)원(평당(平當) 1000원)을 초과(超過)할 수 없다. 4. 조림용(造林用) 임지(林地)의 수익율(收益率)은 10%를 넘지 못하므로 임업이율(林業利率)은 이보다 낮아야 하겠으며, 대체(大體)로 년(年) 6%이하(以下)의 임업이율(林業利率)이 바람직 하다.

• 한국농림기상학회지
• /
• 제14권4호
• /
• pp.229-235
• /
• 2012

본 연구는 소나무 산지의 개엽시기에 영향을 미치는 기후인자를 구명하기 위해 수행되었는데 1996년 국립산림과학원에서 조성한 정선, 충주, 제주의 소나무 산지시험림에서 조사가 이루어졌다. 휴면 중이던 동아가 부풀어 오르는 시점을 생장개시기로, 신초가 포린을 뚫고 나와 0.5mm 정도 자란 시점을 개엽시기로 정해 2004년 3월말부터 5월 중순까지 2일 간격으로 조사를했다. 개엽시기에 대한 산지 기후인자의 영향을 구명하기 위해 조림지와 산지의 기후인자를 구했으며, 각 기후인자의 생태적거리를 구해 공준상관 분석을 실시했다. 조림지별 생장개시기와 개엽시기는 제주, 충주, 정선 조림지 순으로 빨라 조림지의 평균 기온 차이에 따른 구배를 보여주었다. 종자산지의 기후인자 차이가 조림지에서의 생장개시기 및 개엽시기에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위해 생태적거리 자료를 이용하여 공준상관 분석을 실시한 결과, 조림지와 산지 간 위도, 경도, 12~2월 최저기온, 11~2월 최고기온 그리고 생육기간 차이가 주요 인자인 것으로 추정되었다. 결론적으로 조림지보다 겨울철 기온이 낮은 곳에서 온 산지가 생장개시 및 개엽시기가 빠른 전형적인 북-남 또는 저온-고온 경사변이를 나타내 소나무 산지에 따른 지리적 유전적 변이가 존재하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• 제29권5호
• /
• pp.445-452
• /
• 2006

The number of species and forest area has decreased as urbanization is progressed. The landscape degradation was examined by analyzing vegetation map, satellite image and characteristics of actual vegetation. The study was conducted in Mt. Baekja and its surroundings located on Gyeongsan city, southeastern Korea. As the result of landscape analysis, agricultural field was a characteristic attribute of the study area. Lowlands of this study area were occupied by agricultural field and various plantations. For 15 years from 1987 to 2002, forest area decreased from 2,072.9 ha to 1,853.2 ha, and shape index and fractal dimension of vegetation patches increased from 1.32 to 1.65 and from 1.05 to 1.09, respectively. Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucco. community showed the highest species diversity, whereas Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carriere community showed the lowest species abundance. As forest management implications, monitoring of endangered plant species (Jeffersonia dubia (Maxim.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Baker & S.Moore), and restoration of lowland forest from plantation to natural forest were discussed. Further, establishment of greenways utilizing existing streams, roadside, and public facilities were recommended.

• 한국산림과학회지
• /
• 제90권5호
• /
• pp.632-642
• /
• 2001

강원도 양양군에서 소나무 단순림 5개소(個所)와 침엽수(針葉樹)와 관엽수(關葉樹)가 혼효(混淆)되어 있는 천연림(天然林) 내(內)의 지표동물, 특히 딱정벌레(Carabidae)를 대상으로 조사, 비교하였다. 소나무림 내에 서식하는 딱정벌레상(相)은 장소별 차이가 적게 나타났으며 토양동물군집(土讓動物群集)의 생물다양도(生物多樣度)도 낮았다. 딱정벌레 가운데 Synuchus 속(屬)의 종개체수(種個體數)는 솔잎혹파리(Thecodiplosis japonensis)의 피해솔(被害率)이 높은 장소 일 수록 증가(增加)하는 경향(傾向)이 나타났으며, 이 속(屬)에 속하는 종류(種類)는 솔잎혹파리를 섭식하는 주요한 보식자(補食者)로 파악되었다. 또한 침 활엽수가 혼효된 천연림(天然林)에 비하여 소나무림에는 상위(上位) 분류군(分類群)에 속하는 산림동물의 종수(種數) 및 딱정벌레과(科)의 속수(屬數) 종수(種數)가 모두 적었고, 특히 비상능력(飛翔能力)이 없는 대형 딱정벌레류의 대부분은 천연림(天然林)에서만 채집되었다. 따라서 해발고(海拔高)가 낮은 지역에 조성된 소나무림에서는 이전(以前)에 산림파괴(山林破壞)로 손실된 많은 종(種)이 아직도 회부(回復)되지 않은 것으로 파악되었다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• 제21권5_3호
• /
• pp.713-721
• /
• 1998

The effects of artificial interference on the vegetation landscape in Mt. Nam of Seoul, Korea were clarified by analysing the distribution of vegetation landscape element and the number and size of patch depicted as a vegetation map in terms of landscape ecological principles. The effects of artificial interference on vegetation were also confirmed from the environmental gradient analysis on plant community extended from the lowland to the peak of that mountain. Vegetation landscape elements were divided into plantation and secondary forest in actual vegtation map. The ratio of plantation to secondary forest was higher in the lowland below mid-slope and the southern slope. Most afforested land were occupied by Robinia pseudoacacia and Populus tomentoglandulosa, Pinus rigida, P. koraiensis, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Alnus hirsuta and so on are localy planted. In addition, projects to replace those afforested trees by P. densiflora as a kind of campaign for "Restoration of the one original feature of Mt. Nam" or to replace those tree species by planting young Abies holophylla or P. koraiensis under the mature afforested trees are also carried out in recent years. In cases of secondary forest, the southern slope was dominated by P. densiflora and the northern one by Q. mongolica. But the lowland of the northern slope is dominated by P. densiflora as the same as that in the southern slope. Vegetation landscape elements in Mt. Nam were much simplified comparing with that of suburban area around Seoul. The number of patches, which reflects the degree of diverse artificial interference was more in the lower area than in the upper area and more in the southern slope than in the northern one. On the other hand, the size of patch showed the antagonistic tendency to that of the number of patch. As a result of environmental gradient analysis, vegetation distribution in Mt. Nam was different from that in suburban area around Seoul. For example, Alnus japonica community, Zelkova serrata community, and Carpinus laxiflora community, which is established in mountain comparatively rare in artificial interference disappeared in Mt. Nam. As a result of analysis on vegetational succession in P. densiflora community and Q. mongolica community, both communities showed a tendency of retrogressive succession differently from that in control site located in suburban area around Seoul. In addition, species composition of P. densiflora and Q. mongolica communities in Mt. Nam were also different from those in Mt. Surak located around Seoul. It was interpreted that those results were originated from the environmental pollution and excessive arti ficial interferences.rferences.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• 제21권5_3호
• /
• pp.589-602
• /
• 1998

Mt. Nam (265m), a city park of Seoul, was originally covered with a typical deciduous broad-leaved forests in Central Korea. However, the park forests have been changed the development for various purpose such as the construction of castle wall, road way, broadcasting station, theater, hotel and apartments, in addition, to thoughtless plantation or alien plant introduction. Human population growth from ca. 100 thousands persons less in that time established Seoul as the capital of choseon dynasty in 1394 to ten millions over persons at present, accelerated the vegetational changes of the park. mt. Nam boundary in those days of sunjong (1908) also was much shrinked as much the range of 300 m distance in the northern most to 700 or 800m distance in some places. The actual vegetation of Mt. Nam largely can be classified by floristic composition into two plant communities of Quercus mongolica community and Pinus densiflora community, four plantations of Pinus rigida, Robinia pseudo-acacia, Populus tomentiglandulosa and other tree species, and on mixed forest with native and alien tree species in secondary succession stage (Yim et al. 1987). The restoration movement of Mt. Nam toward to the natural condition of forest or biodiversity is moving now. However, in the movement there are some problems such as the lack of ecological consideration and the undesirable decision of priority in the practice. A warning should be given, especially, on the undesirable plantation of non-native tree species restricting the forest succession, as in the case of southern slope of Mt. Nam. First of all, the most importance in Mt. Nam management is that the restoration for natural forest and biodiversity should be carried on the basis of integrated ecological principles based on the site evaluation.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• 제34권2호
• /
• pp.237-249
• /
• 2011

Land-use changes due to the socio-economic environment influence landscape patterns and processes, which affect habitats and biodiversity. This study considers the effects of such land-use changes, particularly on the traditional rural "Maeul" forested landscape, by analyzing landscape structure and vegetation changes. Three study areas were examined that have seen their populations decrease and age over the last few decades. Five types of plant life-forms (Raunkier life-forms) were distinguished to investigate ecosystem function. Principle component analysis was used to understand vegetation dynamics and community characteristics based on a vegetation similarity index. Ordination analysis transformed species-coverage data was introduced to clarify vegetation dynamics. Landscape indices, such as area metrics, edge metrics, and shape metrics, showed that spatial heterogeneity has increased over time in all areas. Pinus densiflora was the main land-use plant type in all study areas but decreased over time, whereas Quercus spp. increased. Over a decade, P. densiflora communities shifted to deciduous oak and plantation. These findings indicate that the impact of human activities on the Maeul landscape is twofold. While forestry activities caused heavy disturbances, the abandonment of traditional human activities has led to natural succession. Furthermore, it can be concluded that the type and intensity of these human impacts on landscape heterogeneity relate differently to vegetation succession. This reflects the cause and consequence of patch dynamics. We discuss an approach for sustainable landscape planning and management of the Maeul landscape based on traditional management.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• 제9권3호
• /
• pp.123-133
• /
• 1986

Black pine, Pinus thumbergii, stands in southwestern Korea were investigated. The black pine forest with 90 percent or more in the relative basal area (black pine basal area/whole pine basal area, RBA) was found in the coastal area. However, from the coastal area to the inland. RBA of the pine was decreased because the competition with red pine (P. densiflora) and/or pitch pine (P. rigida). In 25 year-old plants at the coastal areas, the wood volume of black pine is twofold or more than that of red pine, fourfold or more than that of pitch pine. The optimum rotation period for the maximum yield of black pine is estimated to take 35 years, based on the site index calculated. The optimal temperature for the pine plantation in Korean peninula should be the area in over 105。C.month in warmth index. And the soil conditions with 50% of RBA or over were 0.025%~0.151% of soil salinity, 3~6% of organic matter content, pH value 4.50~5.04, 8.5~11.0 me/100g of C.E.C..