• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제41권9호
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• pp.265-270
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• 2017

Background: Over the years, pine pollens have been excluded as an allergen due to its relatively large size, low protein content, and waxy hydrophobic layer, despite their abundance. However, recent studies suggest the possibilities of pine pollens being allergens, and it has been reported that allergy symptoms were highly prevalent in areas with considerably large pine forests and high possibility of exposure to the pollen. Therefore, we conducted a comparative analysis of the allergenicities of the pollens from the dominant species of Korean pines, red pine (Pinus densiflora), black pine (Pinus thunbergii), and pitch pine (Pinus rigida), in mice. Methods: The protein composition of the pollens from the three pine species was compared via sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The pine pollens and proteins extracted from the pollens were introduced to BALB/c mice by nasal inhalation and application to exposed skin and the IgE produced by the mice were extracted from blood and analyzed via ELISA. Results: SDS-PAGE showed differing protein compositions of the pollens of the three pine species. Analysis of blood IgE compositions showed a similar amount of IgE produced when pollens were applied to skin. In contrast, when mice inhaled the pollens, P. densiflora was shown to induce significantly more IgE production than those of the other two species. Conclusions: The experimental results demonstrate that the pollens of all three South Korean pine species induce IgE production, and this production was more pronounced when the pollens were inhaled than when they were applied to the skin. Of the three species, the pollen of P. densiflora was found to induce the highest level of IgE production.

• 한국산업융합학회 논문집
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.271-281
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• 2021

Pinus densiflora and Larix kaempferi forests not only extended the plantation management area but also cultivated to the sustainable wood supply chain during the last 5-years. These prescriptions are primarily done by manual operation activities, particularly in young tree tending. Two types of tending activities, brashing by brush cutter(BB) and pruning by pruning shear and saw(PP), were selected for the investigate of musculoskeletal disorders' level and postural risks using Ovako Working Posture Analysis System (OWAS). The postural risk indexes (BB and PP) ranged from 115 to 125 and 102 to 105, respectively. There is no significant difference between the species. The young tree tending operations had low postural risks. The results may be used as basic data to develop technical guideline for safe young trees.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제26권10호
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• pp.1111-1124
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• 2017

This study aimed to understand the distribution of vegetation in the eastern and western sides of the Baekdudaegan (ridge) dividing the Odaesan National Park, as influenced by its topography and climate. The actual vegetation, topography and climate for each side were used in the overlay analysis. The results of the analysis of actual vegetation showed a high distribution rate of Quercus mongolica forest on both the eastern and western sides. On the eastern side, the distribution rate of Pinus densiflora forest and P. densiflora-Q. variabilis forest was high, while the western side had a high distribution rate of deciduous broad-leaved tree forest and Abies hollophylla forest. A clear trend was identified for vegetation distribution with respect to elevation but not with respect to slope or aspect. The results of micro-landform analysis showed that the P. densiflora forests in the ridge and slope and the deciduous broad-leaved tree forest in the valley were respectively distributed with a high ratio. In terms of climate, the eastern side revealed an oceanic climate, with a relatively high average annual temperature, while the western side was characterized by relatively high average annual humidity and average annual precipitation. The distribution rate of P. densiflora forest was found to be high on the eastern side of the mountain range.

• 한국가구학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.115-121
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• 2009

This study examined the emission characteristics and psychological effects of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from wooden boards made of Pinus densiflora and Chamaecyparis obtusa, conifer commonly found in korean forests. Boards made of those species were used to decorate interior of a test room. Different proportions of interior (20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% against the entire interior of the room) were decorated. Electroencephalogram and VOCs in the test room were measured 24 hours after interior decorated. As the results, when 40% of interior of the room decorated with both species of boards, the largest amount of alpha wave was detected. For board made of P. densiflora, as the proportion of interior decorated increased both natural VOCs(NVOCs) and anthropogenic VOCs(AVOCs) were increased. on the other hand, When interior decorated with board made of C, obtusa, little differences in VOCs with different area of interior decorated was detected. Board made of P. densiflor emitted a slightly higher amount of AVOCs than boards made of C. obtusa. NVOCs emitted from board made of P. densiflora was three to fifteen times more than NVOCs emitted from board made of C. obtusa.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제23권11호
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• pp.1863-1879
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• 2014

This study aims at classifying and interpreting on the shrine forest vegetation located in Jirisan national park affiliated to an ecotone in southern part of Korea, foreseeing a vegetation change based on composition species and dominant species on canopy, and proposing the direction of vegetation management. The shrine forests were classified into the 7 community units as Chamaecyparis obtusa-Cryptomeria japonica afforestation, Pinus densiflora community, Pinus rigida afforestation, Quercus variabilis-Quercus serrata community, Zelkova serrata-Kerria japonica for. japonica community, Phyllostachys bambusoides forest, Camellia japonica community. This research is also expatiated on the analogous results of ordination analysis with phytosociological analysis. The constituents of deciduous broad-leaved forest in the warm temperate zone were appeared in the most vegetations. It emerged less that the constituents of evergreen broad-leaved forest in the warm-temperate zone and deciduous broad-leaved forest in the cold-temperature zone. The life form analyses were made use with the two ways: appearance species in total communities and each community. The species diversity of shrine forests is declined because the high dominances of Sasa borealis and Pseudosasa japonica emerged in the shrub and herb layers. These shrine forests will be succession to Q. variabilis-Q. serrata community as the representative vegetation of deciduous broad-leaved forest in the warm-temperate zone, owing to the temperature rise by global warming, and an evergreen broad-leaved forest will be able to be also formed if a temperate rise will be continued. The one of the artificial management of shrine forests is to consider the introduction of the constituents of evergreen broad-leaved forest in the warm-temperate zone.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.145-160
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• 1989

Daehuksan Island (125°23'-125° 28' E and 34°37'-34°42' N, ca 19.7㎢) in the southwestern part of Mokpo, Korea, is a part of the Dadohae National Marine Park. Most of the actual vegetation of the island is substitutional vegetation under various human impact such as grazing, cutting for firewood. And natural vegetation is partially distributed in the tutelary shrine forests, deep valleys, etc. During 1987, phytosociological investigation of this was carried out on the basis of Braum-Blanguet's method. The forest vegetation was classified into 1 association and 7 communities, Camellia japonica, Machilus thunbergii, Ardisio-Castanopsietum sieboldii, Daphniphyllum macropodum-Quercus acuta, Pyrrosia lingua-Pinus densiflora. Rhododendron mucronulatum-Pinus thunbergii, Carpinus coreana, and Psedosasa japonica community. Grassland vegetation was classified into Gleichenia japonica, Gleichenia dichotoma, Arundinella hirta-Miscanthus sinensis, Artemisia princeps var. orientalis. Imperata cylindrica var. koenii Artemisia princeps var. orientalis-Pennisetum alpecuroides, Carex boottiana, and salt marsh vegetation. Thypa orientalis, Spergularia marina, Phragmites communis, Carex scabrifolia, and Triglochin maritimum community. Based on them, the actual vegetation map was made in 1:50,000 scale.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.171-183
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• 1994

Soil condition, total number of bacteria, soil amylase activity and microbial biomass $(CO_2-C)$ were measured at soil of different forest types. And the difference of the allelopathic effect was determined between fresh leaf extract of Quercus acutissima and Pinus rigida to the bacteria isolated from soil of different forest types. 1. Total number of bacteria in Carpinus laxiflora forest soil was 4~7 times larger than that in pinus desiflora forest soil. 2. Soil amylase activity was positively correlated with total number of soil bacteria and soil organic matter content. The amylase activity at F layer was 4~5 times larger than that at H layer, and that at H layer was 2~4 times larger than that at A layer. 3. Seasonal changes of microbial biomass showed a peak in summer, and vertical distribution of microbial biomass decreased with increasing soil depth. The microbial biomass in Pinus densiflora forest soil was larger than that in Quercus serrata forest soil. 4. Fresh leaf extract of Pinus rigida and Quercus acutissima showed an acceleration or inhibition effect on the growth of soil bacteria, and that of !. acutissima inhibited larger number of soil bacterial strains than that of P. rigida. 4.2% and 25% of soil bacterial strains isolated from soil of P. rigida and Q. acutissima forests were inhibited by fresh leaf extract of P. rigida and Q. acutissima, respectively.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제100권2호
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• pp.240-245
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• 2011

강원도 남부 지역의 발달단계가 다른 소나무림 벌채지에서 16년 동안의 식생 변화를 연구하였다. 교란 후, 천이 궤적 및 환경 변화를 온도, 상대습도, 서열분석(Detrended Correspondence Analysis, DCA), Multiple Responses Permutation Procedure(MRPP) 및 지표종 분석(Indicator Species Analysis, ISPAN) 등을 통하여 분석하였다. 벌채 직후, 수관열림도는 대조구와 비교하여 세 배(1yr 68.3% 및 R1 23.0%)로 급격히 증가한 후 감소하였으나, 상대습도는 비교적 작은 변화(약 6% 감소)를 나타내었다. DCA 결과, 벌채 후 초기에는 종조성이 이질적으로 변화하였으나, 점차 벌채 이전(대조구)의 것과 유사하게 발달하였다. MRPP 결과, 각 발달 단계(1yr, 3yr, 10yr 및 16yr)의 종 조성은 대조구(R1, R3, R10 및 R16)의 것과 유의한 차이를 보였다. 1yr 및 3yr에서는 목본성 종이, 10yr 및 16yr에서는 초본 종들이 주요 종으로 분석되어, 교란 직후에는 목본성 종들이 활발한 재생을 나타내며, 이후 초본 식생이 발달하는 것을 보였다. 연구 대상지역의 천이는 초기 식물상 조성 모델로 설명할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.199-213
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• 2016

본 연구는 해안림의 식생특성을 분석함으로써 다층구조의 혼효림으로 발전할 수 있는 가능성을 파악하고, 관리방안을 제시할 목적으로 수행되었다. 본 연구에서는 서해안에 위치한 기지포, 춘장대, 장항 및 구시포 등 4개 지역의 해안림을 대상으로 식생구조와 식물상을 조사 분석하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 4개의 조사지역 교목층에서 곰솔이 우점하고 있으며 조사지역에 따라 일부 교목층과 아교목층에서 소나무, 아까시나무, 졸참나무, 산벚나무, 상수리나무 및 밤나무가 우점하고 있었다. 4개 지역 해안림의 곰솔군락은 전반적으로 어린 개체와 큰 개체의 밀도보다 중간 개체의 밀도가 높아 곰솔군락으로 계속 유지될 것으로 판단된다. 구시포 해안림의 경우는 지형적인 입지여건에 따라 장기적으로 참나무류의 군락으로 천이가 진행될 가능성이 있다. 조사대상지에서 총 205종의 식물 종이 조사되어 다양성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 다층구조의 해안림으로 유도하기 위해서는 곰솔림의 간벌, 통행로 설치, 이용구역 제한 등의 관리를 통해 다양한 식생이 침입하여 생육할 수 있는 환경을 조성할 필요가 있다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.21-30
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• 2007

This study aims to understand the characteristics of dangsan forests and rural community forests (RCF), and seek for a landscape management scheme. Dangsan forests and RCF have been maintained by local residents since hundreds of years ago. However, many of them have been disturbed. The case sites were derived from the twenty villages previous investigated where dangsan forests and RCF's remainrd. The two sites were remodelled to restore what have been degraded. Hanbam village has maintained its dangsan forest with good management practices, whereas the dangsan forest and RCF of Goiran village showed relatively poor management. The size of dangsan forest at hanbam village was 13,784$m^2$, and major tree species was Pinus densiflora. In total, 151 trees with more than 30cm in DBH were standing on the site. As a cultural activity, the dangsan festival have been held in January $5^{th}$ by lunar calendar to the 2005 at the Jindongdan, a dangsan tree made of stone. The RCF of Hanbam village has disappeared due to the event of landslide in 1930, which needs to be restored. Goiran village has a dangsan forest and a RCF. The forests in Goiran village revealed many problems due to bad management practice. The prototype of the dangsan forest was deteriorated by introduced Prunus serrulata and the facilities for physical training. A systematic management scheme for dangsan forests and RCF's should be established with a close partnership among local residents, experts, and local government.