• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.6
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• pp.636-642
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• 2006

To make a new fairy ring of Tricholoma matsutake in situ, the way of production and transplanting of ectomycorrhizal seedlings of T. matsutake using Pinus densiflora was investigated after transplanting from 2000 to 2005 as well as the method to improve their survival rate for the fungus. For the production of ectomycorrhizal pine seedlings, the seedlings planted at the edge of fairy ring of T. matsutake in November showed 97% of the survival rate, while those planted in April showed 80% of the rate. For the complete infection of the T. matsutake, it required more than two years after planting. The infection rate of mycelia for the ectomycorrhizal seedlings was 17.6% when the natural seedlings were used, whereas it was relatively low when the seedlings prepared from the nursery were used. The survival of T. matsutake mycelium reached up to 22% by the transplanting in April, while the mycelium transplanted in October and November showed less than 5% of the survival. The survival of T. matsutake on the transplanted seedlings was the highest in the seedlings having 50% of infection rate before transplanting. Excavation of the ectomycorrhizal seedling to examine the vitality of ectomycorrhizal roots of T. matsutake resulted in the perishing of them. Therefore, the method using a 'rice bag triers' to check living mycelium of T. matsutake without digging of transplanted seedlings was introduced in this study. In addition, it is recommended that the examination has to be conducted at least two years after transplanting.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.4
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• pp.553-558
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• 2010

This study was conducted to clarify the differences in rodents population densities between natural restored and red pine silvicultured forests after forest fire in Samcheok, Gangwon Province, Korea from March to December 2008. One ha size of 3 study plots were set up in each natural restored and silvicultured stand. We trapped the small rodents during 4 consecutive nights every 2 months in each stand. Understory coverage and number of shrub stems were higher in silvicultured stand than in natural restored stand. Coverage of overstory, suboverstory and midstory, number of tree stem, woody seedling stems and dead wood, and amount of coarse woody debris were higher in natural restored stand than in silvicultured stand. Six hundred eighty eight individuals of four species, such as Apodemus agrarius, A. peninsulae, Eothenomys regulus and Tamias sibiricus were captured in our study. Number of captured small rodents were higher in natural restored stand than in silvicultured stand. Also, species compositions were differed in both stands. The captured number of A. agrarius and A. peninsulae were most highest in April and December. E. regulus were shown higher number of captured in April and June, and T. sibiricus were in June and October. Removal of coarse woody debris and silvicultural practice would not be good for the inhabitation of small rodents. For the conservation of small rodents diversity, management of understory and canopy would be needed in forest fired area.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.253-258
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• 2015

In South Korea, Pinus pumila (Pall.) Regel (dwarf stone pine) has been designated as a critically endangered species by the Korea Forest Service. We have difficulties in obtaining the seeds of P. pumila because P. pumila grows only in the Daecheongbong area (1550–1700 m above sea level) of Mt. Seorak and almost all of its cones are damaged by birds and rodents. For establishing an ex situ conservation stand of P. pumila, this study was conducted to figure out the effects of wet cold (cold stratification, prechilling) and GA₃ treatment on the germination of P. pumila seeds. After cold stratification (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 months), prechilling (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 months) and GA₃ treatment (0, 100, 500, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000 ㎎/L), seeds were placed on petri-dishes at 25℃ under light condition. The percentage of germination, mean germination time and the germination rate were investigated. The results showed that both of the cold stratification and prechilling were effective in improving germination performances. However, there were no significant differences in performances between the two cold treatments. Within each treatment, the germination performances improved with the period of treatment. However, after three months of treatment, the performances showed no significant improvement. The gibberellin treatment was also effective in improving seed germination of P. pumila. The percentage of germination reached 79.0% in the seeds treated with 100 ㎎/L of GA₃. However, the germination performances decreased at high concentration of GA₃ treatments (over 2000 ㎎/L). In conclusion, cold stratification (over 3 months) or 100 ㎎/L of GA₃ treatment was considered to be the appropriate method for seedling production of P. pumila.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.3
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• pp.452-460
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• 2000

This study was to investigate the growth characteristics, physiological adaptation of Pinus densiflora(Japanese Red Pine) seedlings at the artificial canopy gap in the Quercus acutissima plantation and to analyze its natural regeneration mechanism. Photosynthetic and transpiration rates were analyzed by different levels of photosynthetically active radiation and by seedling growth. Comparing to seedlings at the open area, those at the canopy gap showed more growth in height than in diameter with different levels of light quality and low light intensity, and the increase rate of dry weight was higher in the aboveground than in the underground, maintaining relatively high T/R rate. The C/F(the ratio of non-photosynthetic organs to photosynthetic organs in dry weight) of the aboveground at the canopy gap was higher than that at the open area by 0.1~0.2, while light saturation and light compensation points at the canopy gap were lower than that at the open area by $300{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$ and 40%, respectively. The seedlings appeared to have shade tolerance to a certain extent at the young growth stage despite Pinus densiflora is typically classified shade-intolerant species. With light intensity lower than $400{\sim}450{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$, photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency relatively increased by effective use of light energy.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.2
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• pp.172-178
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• 2010

The status of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal colonization in Pinus thunbergii seedlings was investigated 2 years after planting in an eastern coastal area of Korea. We established three $10{\times}10$ m plots at a P. thunbergii plantation in Gangneung and sampled lateral roots from 10 seedlings in each plot. ECMs were classified into morphological groups and the number of root tips of each morphotype was counted. In total, 8 ECM morphotypes were observed and fungal species that form each morphotype were identified by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the nuclear rDNA. Suillus granulatus was the most abundant species (44.1-65.7% of relative abundance) in all plots, followed by Tomentella ellisii (14.0-37.8%) and unidentified fungus belonged to Atheliaceae (10.6-20.1%). These 3 fungal species accounted for almost all of the ECM abundance in each plot (94.9-99.8%). The remaining 5 fungal species were uncommon and rare. There was no clear difference in ECM fungal communities among plots. Community structure of ECM fungi in the young P. thunbergii plantation was simple and composed of fungal species that were also observed in mature coastal pine forests.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.3
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• pp.334-341
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• 2006

This study was to investigate the growth of planted red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et. Z.) seedling, soil properties and understory vegetation structure after fertilizer treatments [unfertilized plot (control), CF plot (Combination Fertilizer), UF plot (Urea Formaldehyde Fertilizer)] in a Pinus densiflora stand planted after the forest fires in Gosung, Gangwon province. The height growth rates of seedlings in four years were 264% in unfertilized, 404% in CF, and 388% in UF plots, respectively. The root collar diameters were increased 340% in unfertilized, 454% in CF, and 427% in UF plots, respectively. No significant changes occurred in soil total nitrogen and potassium ion ($K^+$) with the fertilization. However, available $P_2O_5$, content in the soil surface (0-15 cm) increased with the fertilizer application. Soil organic matter increased significantly with fertilizer treatments, while gradual decrease occurred in unfertilized plots. Sodium ion ($Na^-$) decreased in all sites. Soil pH, CEC, calcium ion ($Ca^{2+}$) and magnesium ion ($Mg^{2+}$) contents were not significantly different among treatments. Although Shannon's species diversity index and species richness in understory vegetation did not change with fertilizer treatments, vegetation cover rates in forest floor increased significantly with the fertilization. These results suggest that the increase of pine seedling growth and vegetation cover rates with fertilization could enhance soil stabilization in forest tire areas.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.110 no.3
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• pp.341-354
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• 2021

A large part of Gapyeong is occupied by Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) and Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) plantations. Abies holophylla stands are scattered throughout Gapyeong, but little information on their distribution is available. This study explored the potential of succession from planted species to native A. holophylla in plantations. Trees were inventoried and regeneration of A. holoplhylla and stand management history were examined in Korean pine, Japanese larch, and A. holophylla-dominated stands. The importance percentage of A. holophylla was the highest among species with a range of 36.1% to 79.1% in all stands and the density of A. holophylla in understory (DBH <2 cm or <1.3 m height) ranged from 50 to 5,820 trees ha^-1. Non-metric multidimensional scaling classified stands into four types, AN, AP, AM, and P. The AN type showed a reverse J-shape DBH distribution, which was similar to that in natural A. holophylla stands. Both AP and AM types included Korean pine plantations with A. holophylla seed trees within stands. For AP, A. holophylla competed with planted species in overstory and deciduous broadleaved species in understory. The AM type was once thinned from below, thus stem density in the mid DBH classes was lower than upper or lower DBH classes. The P type consisted of plantations without A. holophylla seed trees. However, understory regeneration of A. holophylla was abundant through seed supply from A. holophylla in adjacent stands. Plantations with A. holophylla seed trees within or in adjacent stands showed vigorous natural regeneration of A. holophylla, highlighting the potential for succession from planted species to native A. holophylla in the Gapyeong area. Further studies can help develop techniques to restore plantations to native species-dominated natural stands using ecological succession.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.219-229
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• 1993

Effects of paper mill sludge-fertilizers were investigated on the growth performances of tree seedlings under field conditions. Two types of sludge-fertilizers applied were an organic sludge compost and a processed sludge-pellet fertilizer strengthened with several components of organic and inorganic nutrients. Three species of tree seedlings studied were ibota privet(Ligustrum obtusifolium) and yellow poplar(Liriodendron tulipifera) of 1-0 year seedlings and also eastern white pine(Pinus strobus) of 2-2 year seedlings. Nitrogen and phosphorus contents of plot soil treated with sludge compost+sludge-pellet fertilizer+sludge-pellet fertilizer plot were increased to 8 times and 2.6 times as those of control plot, respectively. The growth performances of root collar diameter and seedling height were repeatedly measured up to five times through the growing season and the results were analyzed statistically by analysis of variance of randomized block design and Duncan's multiple range test. The growth performances of dry weight were measured after last fifth measurements.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.33-38
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• 2000

This study was conducted in an effort to meet the need for domestic production of hydroponic media and for medium development using recycled hydroponic rockwool slabs. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the growth of plug seedlings of petunia 'Romeo' in various mixtures including particles of used rockwool slabs (rockwool particles) and wood chips. In the first experiment, seedlings were grown in plugs filled with mixtures of steam- sterilized rockwool particles and chestnut wood chips, which had been weathered for six months and screened through either 2.8 mm or 5.6 mm sieve, at the mixing ratio of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, or 0:100 (v/v). In the second experiment, seedlings were grown in plugs filled with twenty different mixtures of steam-sterilized particles of used hydroponic rockwool slabs with 4 mm chestnut or pine wood chips, coir, peatmoss, or perlite. In the first experiment seedling growth was not affected by particle size of chestnut wood chips, was superior in the control (commercial plug medium) and in 100% rockwool particles, but was suppressed as mixing ratio of chestnut wood chips increased. In the second experiment, leaf length, and shoot fresh and dry weights were the greatest in rockwool particles+peatmoss+coir treatment, followed by rockwool particles+peatmoss treatment. Leaf length was suppressed as ratio of wood chips increased, especially of chestnut wood chips. Root development was the greatest in rockwool particles+peatmoss+perlite treatment, followed by the control, and rockwool particles+peatmoss+coir treatment. The growth was suppressed as the mixing ratio of rockwool particles, peatmoss, or coir decreased.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.79 no.1
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• pp.56-70
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• 1990

Eighteen Korean white pine (P. koraiensis S. et Z.) families were tested in 3 different regions from age 5 to 9. Family and site were significant sources of variation for seedling survival and field growth, whereas the effects of family x site interaction ware relatively small as compared with the former sources of variation. Variance components estimated from the separate and combined sites indicated that the most variabilities were associated with individual trees within plot. Family ${\times}$ site interaction components as a percentage of family variance decreased sharply with age. Heritability estimates varied with testing site and tree age. Combined analyses, however, showed a moderate change in heritability with increasing tree ages, and demonstrated high and stable trends of estimates, particularly in family heritabilities of tree height ($h_F{^2}=0.789-0.798$). The gains estimated from combined analysis have expected maximum or near-maximum efficiencies at age 6 or 7. Given equal intensity of selection, mass selection showed the most efficient gains within and across the sites. However, for the differences between mass and combined selections are small, selection made on the combination of family and within-family would be more effective in improving genetic gains. Indirect selection method indicated that 5-and 6-years height were all good predictors of 9-year-old height with little loss of relative efficiency (less than 10%) as compared with direct family selection at age 9. Phenotypic and genetic correlations computed on the basis of family mean values of height and diameter have shown predominantly high, positive, and statistically significant (1% level) relationships between all tested pairs of traits, which indicates that family growth maintained statistically consistent trends with age. The best families are those that maintained a stable superiority overall sites and ages in growth performance, therefore, it can be suggested that early identification of superior families at age 9 is feasible at age 5 or 6 in Pinus koraiensis S. et Z.