• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.77-87
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• 2001

The authors have studied the 8 weeks clinical experiment on 34 dental patients of age 20s for control group and 32 for experimental 1 group(Paste Type Dentifrice with Bamboo Salt, Chitosan and Powder of Pine Needles and Leaves of Bamboo.) and 32 for experimental 2 group(Powder Type Dentifrice with Bamboo Salt, Chitosan and Powder of Pine Needles and Leaves of Bamboo), in order to find out the effect of plaque removal, prevention of calculus and stain formation. and Gingival effect. The obtained results are as following. 1. Plaque removal effect was the similar level on group 1 and on group 2 as control group. 2. For prevention of calculus formation, there was a little bit better on group 1 at 8 weeks, and for prevention of stain formation, it revealed more or less difference between on group 1, group 2 and control group at 8 weeks. 3. on PMA index, it revealed the significantly differences between group 1, group 2 and the control group at 8 weeks(p<0.05), so it is estimated that there might be signified for gingival subside effect by use of dentifrice with Bamboo Salt, Chitosan and Powder of Pine Needles and Leaves Bamboo.

• 한국방재학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국방재학회 2008년도 정기총회 및 학술발표대회
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• pp.149-152
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• 2008

This study is the result between the variation of fuel moisture and the risk of forest fire through measuring the change of moisture containing ratio on-site and its average analysis for fallen leaves layer, humus layer, and soil layer in the forest. The measurement was performed on six days from the day after a rainfall. The fuel moisture on-site was measured on the day when the accumulated rainfall was above 5.0mm, and the measurements was 2 times in spring and 1 time in fall. From the pine forest which were distributed around Samcheok and Donghae in Kangwondo, three regions were selected by loose, medium, and dense forest density, and the fuel moisture was measured on fallen leaves layer, humus layer, and soil layer in the forest. for six days from the day after a rainfall. The study showed that the moisture containing ratio converged on 3 - 4 days in spring and fall for fallen leaves layer, and the convergence was made more than six days in spring and fall for the humus layer. In the other case of soil layer, the variation of moisture containing ratio after rainfall was not distinguishable regardless of season.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.275-281
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• 2019

The pathological condition of excessive melanogenesis causing freckles, melasma, senile lentigo, pigmented acne scars, and cancer has a critical impact on the wellness of individuals. The mechanism of melanogenesis is related to the expression of melanogenic enzymes. Here, we evaluated the inhibitory effect of pine cone (Pinus densiflora) extracts on melanogenesis. P. densiflora, the Korean Red Pine, is the predominant tree species in the cool, temperate forests of northeast Asia, occurring in pure stands across Korea, Japan, and parts of northern China and Russia. P. densiflora leaves, pollen, and bark have been widely used for traditional medicine, or edible purposes. However, pine cones are rarely used as natural raw materials, although they contain many bioactive phytochemicals. The pine cone ethyl acetate fraction (PEF) showed no toxicity to B16F10 cells at a concentration of less than $100{\mu}g/mL$. PEF inhibited the expression of microphthalmiaassociated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related factors in B16F10 cells treated with 3-Isobutyl1-methylxanthine (IBMX). These results suggest that pine cones can be used as an effective natural melanogenesis inhibitory agent.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2019년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.119-119
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• 2019

Pinus densiflora, the Korean Red Pine, is the predominant tree species of the cool, temperate forests of northeast Asia, occurring in pure stands across Korea, Japan, and parts of northern China and Russia. Pinus densiflora leaves, pollen, and bark have been widely used for traditional medicine, or edible purposes. However, pine cones contain many bioactive phytochemicals, but they are rarely used as natural raw materials. This study was conducted to evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of pine cone extracts and its possbility of natural sources were evaluated. Pine cones were extracted with 80% methanol, concentrated and then partitioned with ethyl acetate, and the organic layer was used as a sample. The Pine cone Ethyl acetate Fraction (PEF) showed no toxicity to RAW 264.7 cells at a concentration of less than $50{\mu}g/ml$. PEF inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO) in RAW 264.7 cells treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Also, It suppressed the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and transcription of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-${\kappa}B$). These results suggest that pine cones can be used as an effective natural material for anti-inflammatory agent.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture International Edition
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• 제2호
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• pp.192-198
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• 2004

It is increasing scenery created as a result of pine wilt disease. The purpose of this study is to investigate the local resident's awareness against the scenery caused by pine wilt disease in their neighboring area, through the questionnaire investigation. The result showed that more than $40\%$ of the residents are not aware of such scenery in their local area, and about 30% of the residents did not know that those trees were dying. More than $40\%$ of the people do not know of the pine wilt disease as a general argument. Another question showed that the recognition of such scenery depends on the distance of the viewer. General residents don't worry about such scenery in the far distance in fact some of them think those are colored leaves. However, the nearer they see the trees, the higher they have negative feeling against it.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.201-208
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• 1986

The water status of the leaves of several evergreen plants was investigated in order to discuss the geopgraphical distribution of them. Relastionship between relative water content and water potential of the leaves showed linear decrease for evergreen conifers but exponential decrease for Korean box tree (Buxus microphylla var. koreana). On the basis of the leaf water potential, the water status of the conifers during wintering was distinctly divided into three periods; hardening, cold resistance and dehardening, but lacking in those periods for the Korean box tree, where the status continously decreased. In the cold resistance the leaf water potentials were -23 bar for both spruce (Picea jezoensis) and yew (Taxus cuspidata). From these results and threshold temperature at beginning of hardening, distribution of the conifers was explained that in order of the red pine, the Korean white pine, the yew and the spruce the distribution could be extended at higher altitudes and in more northward areas, whereas the distribution of the Korean box tree was restricted to the lowland of temperate zone.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.253-258
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• 2022

An increasing trend embracing the 2030 generation mindset through the new word 'newtro', which means reinterpreting the past and selling it in the present, has been gaining traction. The 2030 generation who seek new experiences and desserts is growing. The unique dessert market is expected to continue to grow in the future. Thus, this study devised a pine needle madeleine. Madeleines were made by varying the proportions of pine needle powder added to 0%, 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7%, and specific gravity, moisture, color, physical properties, and antioxidant properties were measured. The L-value decreased significantly (p<0.001) as the amount of pine needle powder added increased, and the a-value increased (p<0.001). The total polyphenol content, DPPH, and ABTS gradually increased significantly (p<0.001). Through this study, it was possible to confirm the quality and characteristics of madeleines using pine needle powder, which has excellent antioxidant properties, and it will become basic data for the development of various desserts using pine needle powder.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.116-121
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• 1999

나뭇잎은 친지질성인 대기중 PAHs의 passive sampler로 많이 사용되고 있다. 특히 많은 지역의 PAHs 농도를 측정·비교해야 할 경우나 전기를 사용할 수 없는 먼지역의 농도를 측정해야 할 경우 시간적, 경제적으로 매우 유리한 방법이다. 그러나 부주의하게 시료를 채취하거나 농도를 계산할 때에 기준 선정이 잘못되면 좋지 않은 결과를 얻을수도 있다. 이 연구는 나뭇잎을 대기중 PAHs의 passive sampler로 사용할 때 생기는 이러한 문제점에 대하여 연구한 것으로 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1) 나뭇잎 중의 수분양, 지질양, 잎의 면적과 건중량 간에는 상관성이 없었고 그로 인하여 나뭇잎에 침착된 PAHs 농도도 잎의 습무게, 건중량, 지질양, 면적 기준으로 계산한 농도가 서로 달랐다. 이중 잎의 건중량(지질양이 포함된 무게) 기준으로 PAHs 농도를 표기하는 것이 나뭇잎의 성상과 자료의 호환성 때문에 가장 좋은 것으로 생각된다. 2) 같은 장소에서 채취한 나뭇잎도 수종간에 침착된 PAHs 농도 차가 상당히 컸으므로 서로 종류가 다른 나뭇잎간 농도를 비교해서는 아니된다. 소나무는 비교적 많은 나라에 자생하고 있고 상록수로서 겨울에도 시료채취가 가능하며 많은 연구자들이 이용하고 있으므로 자료의 호환성 면에서 가장 유리할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.567-575
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 한국 전통차(장미차, 감국차, 솔잎차, 감잎차, 뽕잎차 및 녹차)의 총 폴리페놀 및 플라보노이드 함량, 전자공여능, 아질산염 소거능 및 항균효과에 대하여 비교, 조사하였다. 장미차, 감국차, 솔잎차, 뽕잎차, 감잎차 및 녹차 추출물의 총 폴리페놀 함량은 각각 272.8, 74.6, 153.5, 73.5, 69.5 및 260.8 mg/g이었으며, 총 flavonoid 함량은 각각 75.1, 47.8, 26.8, 40.0, 27.9 및 99.5 mg/g이었다. 장미차, 감국차, 솔잎차, 뽕잎차, 감잎차 및 녹차 추출물(1 mg/mL)에 대한 전자공여능은 각각 96.8, 35.8, 71.3, 28.9, 28.8 및 95.3%이었다. pH 1.2에서의 아질산염 소거능(2 mg/mL)은 녹차(91.3%) > 장미차(49.6%) > 솔잎차(46.0%) > 감국차(15.4%) ${\qeq}$ 뽕잎차(14.2%) ${\qeq}$ 감잎차(13.5%)의 순이었다. SOD 유사활성능(5 mg/mL)은 녹차(18.7%) > 장미차(14.7%) > 뽕잎차(14.0%) > 솔잎차(11.2%) > 국화차(8.4%) ${\qeq}$ 감잎차(7.9%)의 순으로 녹차 추출물이 가장 높았으며, 국화차 및 감잎차 추출물은 거의 없었다. 장미차, 감국차, 솔잎차, 뽕잎차, 감잎차 및 녹차 추출물(5 mg/mL)의 hydroxyl radical 소거능은 각각 55.3, 64.4, 35.3, 51.5, 44.6, 29.5%이었다. 장미차의 경우 Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella enteritidis, E. coli 모두에 대해 항균효과를 보였으며, 특히, Gram 음성균인 Salmonella enteritidis에 대해 강한 항균력을 보였다. 녹차, 솔잎의 경우 Salmonella enteritidis, Bacillus cereus에 대해 항균력을 나타내었다. 그러나 뽕잎, 감잎, 국화차의 경우는 Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella enteritidis, E. coli 모두에 대해 항균효과를 보이지 않았다.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.182-182
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• 2017

The objective of this research was to determine controlling effects on rice blast (Pyricularia oryzae) in rice plants by using plant extracts from different extraction methods (water, boiling water, fermentation, and ethanol) from 38 agricultural materials of traditional agriculture. Rice blast was completely suppressed by 3% ethanol extracts in Rheum palmatum roots, and suppressed 97% and 77% by 10% ethanol extracts in onion bulb and pine tree leaves, respectively in a laboratory test. However, other agricultural materials showed low effect on suppression of rice blast. Additionally, in a seedling test, rice injury of two cultivars (Ilmibyeo and Hopyoungbyeo) against rice blast was reduced 40-71%, 29-63%, and 23-63% by 5 and 10% ethanol extracts in Rheum palmatum roots, onion bulb, and pine tree leaves, respectively, compared with non-treated controls. Rice injury of two cultivars (Ilmibyeo and Hopyoungbyeo) against rice blast was reduced by 21-55%, 23-46%, and 5-39% in response to Rheum palmatum roots, onion bulb, and pine tree leaf applications at 100, 200 and $400g/m^2$ at 0 day after seeding, respectively, compared with non-treated controls. Rice plants did not show any leaf injuries and growth reduction after treatments of the Rheum palmatum roots, onion bulb, and pine tree leaf extracts or soil application. Thus, the above materials may be used for controlling rice blast in organically produced rice fields.