• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제28권8호
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• pp.829-835
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• 2006

PBDEs의 조성, 발생원 및 지역적 농도 분포를 확인하기 위해 국내의 여러지역(서울, 안성, 청주, 울산, 대구, 부산, 파도리)에서 자생하는 소나무 잎을 채취하였다. Hepta-BDE부터 deca-BDE까지의 동족체(homologs) 농도는 총 PBDEs의 농도와 매우 유의한 상관성(Pearson 상관계수 r>0.96, p<0.001)을 보였다. Deca-BDE는 다른 homologs에 비해 모든 시료에서 최대농도를 나타내었다. PBDE 함유 제품(Bromkal 70-5DE, DE-71)과 소나무 중 침착된 PBDE 동질체(congeners) 사이의 상관성이 높게 나타나 PBDE 함유 제품이 본 채취지점에서 발생원으로 평가되었다. 또한 BDE-47, -99, -100, -206, -207 및 -209는 모든 소나무 잎에서 주된 성분을 나타내었는데 이는 전세계적으로 다량 사용된 penta-BDE와 deca-BDE 함유 제품이 국내에도 다량으로 사용되었기 때문으로 판단된다. 그러나 BDE-209와 BDE-47, -99, -100간의 상관성은 유의하지 않았는데 이는 tetra-BDE와 penta-BDE는 대기-토양 분배와 같은 2차 발생원에 영향이 지배적인 반면 deca-BDE는 여전히 1차 발생원의 영향이 2차 발생원의 영향보다 지배적이었기 때문으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.279-286
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• 2011

The effect of allelochemicals on growth, root nodule nitrogen fixation activity, and ion patterns of soybeans were investigated. We prepared 50 g/L (T50), 100 g/L (T100), and 200 g/L (T200) extract concentrations by soaking fresh red pine needles in a nutrient solution. Adding needles to the nutrient solution increased the content of total phenolic acids, osmolality, and total ions. The total phenolic content in the T50, T100, and T200 extracts were $206{\pm}12.61$, $335{\pm}24.16$, and $603{\pm}12.30$ mg gallic acid equivalents, respectively. The $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, and $PO_4^{3-}$ content increased by adding needles to the nutrient solutions, whereas $SO_4^{2-}$ content decreased. The growth inhibition of soybeans was proportional to the needle extract concentrations, and the T100 and T200 concentrations resulted in remarkable growth inhibition. On day 20 after treatment, dry weight and nitrogen fixation activity of the root nodules were reduced by the T100 and T200 treatments, whereas the T50 treatment was not difference from the control. After day 10, total ion content in all treatment groups was not different in comparison with the control. However, total ionic content in all treatment groups decreased significantly compared with that in the control after day 20. The lowest total ion value was found for the T200 concentration. The T200 treatment also resulted in significantly reduced $SO_4^{2-}$ content. The amounts of $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, and $Mn^{2+}$ were higher than those of the control for the T50 treatment on day 10 and for T100 on day 20 after treatment. A significant increase in osmolality was observed in the T200 treatment on day 10 and in the T100 treatment on day 20. These results suggest that under severe allelochemical stress conditions, a remarkable reduction in nodule formation, nitrogen fixation activity, and ion uptake eventually resulted in a decrease in leaf production. Furthermore, increased $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mn^{2+}$, and osmolality in soybeans exposed to lower concentrations of allelochemicals than the critical stress level helped overcome the stress.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.213-219
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• 2008

솔잎에 포함되어 있는 flavonoid들은 free radical 소거능이 탁월하다고 알려져 있다. 이들 중 특히 proanthocyanidin은 심장혈관 보호작용과 항산화 활성에 크게 기여하고 있다. 지리산 적송잎으로부터 열수, 에탄올, 헥산 및 아임계 장치를 이용하여 추출물을 제조하여 총 폴리페놀성 물질 중에 포함된 proanthocyanidin의 함량을 측정하였다. 그 결과, 총 폴리페놀성 물질 및 proanthocyanidin의 농도가 열수 추출물의 경우 가장 높게 나타났으며, 에탄을 추출물, 헥산 추출물, 아임계 추출물 순으로 낮아졌다. 한편, 각 추출물들의 총 폴리페놀성 물질의 농도에 대한 proanthocyanidin의 함량을 계산한 결과, 아임계 추출물의 경우 가장 높은 함량을 보였고, 헥산 추출물, 에탄을 추출물, 열수 추출물 순으로 낮아졌다. 이러한 결과로 적송잎을 열수 및 에탄올로 추출한 경우 높은 농도의 총 폴리페놀성 물질 및 proanthocyanidin이 포함된 추출물을 얻을 수 있다는 사실을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 아임계 추출물의 경우 비록 추출물에 포함된 총 폴리페놀성 물질의 농도는 낮지만 이들 대부분이 proanthocyanidin으로 이루어진 시료를 얻을 수 있다는 사실을 알 수 있었다 각 추출물에 대한 항산화 활성을 측정한 결과, 열수 추출물의 경우 가장 높은 활성을 보였으며 에탄올 추출물도 비교적 높은 활성을 타나냈다. 이상의 결과에서 솔잎으로부터 4가지 추출법에 의해 제조된 추출물을 비교 분석한 결과, 열수 추출물에서 가장 높은 기능성 성분 함량 및 항산화 활성을 나타냈으므로 솔잎을 이용한 기능성 식품의 추출 가공법 선택에 있어 좋은 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• 생태와환경
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• 제33권2호통권90호
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• pp.136-144
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• 2000

팔당호 주변에서 자생하는 식물체를 이용하여 실험실 내에서 배양된 남조류에 투여하여 조류증식 억제 효율을 조사하였다. 조류 성장 억제 효과에 있어 육상식물을 이용하는 경우 조류 밀도가 10$^{4}$ cells/ml 범위에서의 0.5g/l 투여량은 전혀 효과를 나타내지 못했던 반면, 2.5 g/l 투여량에서는 95% 이상의 효과를 보였다. 조류 밀도가 10$^{6}$ cells/ml 범위에서의 육상식물 투여량은 2.5 g/l 이상이 필요했다. 조류성장 억제에 육상식물은 잣잎, 수생식물은 애기마름이 큰 효과를 보였다. 애기마름 투여조는 조류 밀도가 10$^{6}$ cells/ml 범위에서도 2.5 g/l 투여량으로 50%의 억제 효율이 나타났다. 식물을 이용한 조류 증식 억제 효과는 식물 투여 후 7일째 후 가장 효과가 좋은 것으로 나타났다. 습체, 건체, 추출물 비교시 추출물이 가장 효과가 좋은 것으로 육상식물 투여조의 경우 1.25 g/l 투여량에 비해 2.5 g/l 투여량에서 현저한 효과를 보였고, 애기마름은 1.25 g/l 투여량에서도 99%의 효과를 보였다. 건체식물은 습체식물에 비해 초기에도 높은 효과를 보였다. 조류의 비증식속도로 보았을 때도 식물체 추출물을 투여했을 때 가장 효과가 좋았고 다음으로 건체, 습체식물 투여순으로 조류 증식억제 효과를 나타내었다.

• 한국산업융합학회 논문집
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.377-383
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• 2017

In this research, the improvement of Korean rice wine (makgeolli) with pine (Pinus koraiensis) extract addition was evaluated due to the increase in alcoholic Korean traditional beverage. Makgeolli fermentation was prepared using Korean rice and nuruk (traditional starter) supplemented by pine needle (MPN) and pine sprout (MPS) extract. The average of initial pH level for MPN was 3.95 and MPS was 4.55, the average of initial sugar content for MPN was 0.4% and MPS was 0.3%. The sugar content and pH level behavior were investigated every 24h during fermentation period. The observation of microbial colony was done at days 8 of fermentation period with three time sample dilution. Afterward, the physical appearance of fermentation solution and microbial development were investigated in the final of fermentation period. The number of yeast and LAB ($402{\times}103\;CFU/mL$) in MPN was greater than the yeast and LAB count in MPS ($224{\times}103\;CFU/mL$). The pH level obtained by addition pine sprout have value of R2 higher than addition of pine needles (leaf), the sugar content (%) behaviour was opposite with pH level behaviour.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.134-142
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• 1997

주요 소나무류잎의 특수성분을 분석하여 시판되고 있는 솔잎 가공식품의 기초데이터를 제공함과 동시에 임산화학 분야의 학문적 기초데이터를 축적하기 위하여 실시한 결과, 펙틴은 잣나무가 가장 높게 분석되었으며, 탄닌은 잣나무가 높게 분석되었고, 소나무와 해송은 유사하였다. 테르페노이드 성분중 ${\alpha}$-pinene은 소나무와 잣나무에서, ${\beta}$-pinene은 리기다와 해송에서 높게 분석되었으며, 희귀성분으로는 잣나무에서 sabinene과 citronellol, 리기다에서는 ${\alpha}$-pinene oxide 등이 분석되었다. 특히 소나무잎에 다량 존재하는 성분은 ${\alpha}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-caryophyllene, ${\beta}$-phellandrene, ${\Delta}^3$-carene, phytol 등 이었다. 향기성분의 주체인 ${\alpha}$-pinene, limonene, bornylacetate들이 소나무와 잣나무에서 보다 많이 분석된 것으로 보아 삼림욕의 신선하고 상쾌한 내음의 주체성분이라고 생각된다.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.95-104
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• 2013

The study of carbonaceous aerosols in the atmosphere is critical to understand the role of aerosols in human health and climate. Using standardized thermal optical transmittance methods, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) were determined using a combustion sampling system for four types of agricultural crop residues (rice straw, red pepper stems, soybean stems, and green perilla stems) and eight types of forest trees (pine stems, pine needles, ginkgo stems, ginkgo leaves, maple stems, maple leaves, cherry stems, and cherry leaves). The aerosol particles between 0.056 and $5.6{\mu}m$ in size were analyzed using a Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor (MOUDI). In the current study, the Carbonaceous Thermal Distribution (CTD) by carbon analyzer was discussed in order to understand the carbon fractions from the twelve types of biomass burning. Also, the concentration of OC, EC, WSOC, and water insoluble organic carbon (WIOC) detected in the emissions were described.

• 한국의사학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.29-39
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• 2008

"濟衆立效方" is the oldest Koryo dynasty medical document known to date. Despite its historical importance, due to the absence of its original copy, its true characters could not be understood. Through comparison of the many documents that cited 濟衆立效方, it could be found that 濟衆立效方 can be classified into two parts based on its contents and form. In Chinese medical texts, neither the name 交效散 nor any similar prescription is mentioned. 濟衆立效方 was the first in suggesting the usage of pine needles and salt for fomentation and not for internal use. Thus 交效散 can be thought of as the oldest indigenous prescription preserved in Korean history. 濟衆立效方 conveys records of the combination of the ancient origin pine needle fomentation and the creative addition of salt.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.103-109
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• 1999

This study was carried out to investigate spectral characterisistics and chlorophyll contents of Pinus koraiensis needles in Gwangju-gun, Kyunggi-do. In spectrum analysis by each age, needle showed difference on 700∼1,100 nm(NIR : near infrared ray). Light reflexibility keeps constant between 1st year needle and 3rd year needle, current year needle's value was higher than others and that was higher for 400∼500 nm and 600∼700 nm at 550 nm. Transmission to needle's age showed the highest result in current year needle. It showed in order of current, 1st, 2nd and 3rd year needle at 550 nm and 750 nm. Especially, current year needles of Pinus koraiensis showed a tendency to change transmission coefficient in NIR. The result of transmission coefficient measurement by each position of slope showed in order of middle slope, upper slope and lower slope. But the gathered needle in middle slope made marked change at NIR. Chlorophyll a content of the upper slope's needles was higher than other 4 positions but a component ratio was lower. In needle of the oppressed tree, Chlorophyll a content was rather low than others. Chlorophyll a content by slope positions, the upper slope's needle showed a highest value(4.48 mg/g) and lower slope was lowest value(1.35 mg/g). Chlorophyll b content also showed a similar tendency to chlorophyll a and chlorophyll(a+b) contents.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.53-59
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• 2002

This study was conducted to evaluate whether pine needle extracts can be used as tobacco flavors. Yield of essential oil, absolute and oleoresin extracted from pine needles is 0.07%, 1.20% and 6.08% respectively. The volatile compounds isolated from the three types of extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography(GC) and mass selective detector(MSD). Total 72 components were identified in the three type of extracts including 26 hydrocarbons, 16 alcohols, 13 esters, 9 acids, 4 phenols, 2 aldehydes and 2 ketones compounds. The major components were $\beta$-pinene, $\beta$-caryophyllene, $\delta$-cadinene and 4,5-dimethyl-1,3 -dioxol-2-one. There were 49 volatile components in the absolute, 44 components in the essential oil and 26 components in the oleoresin. The content of hydrocarbons and alcohols was higher in the essential oil extracted by simultaneous distillation extraction(SDE) than in others, while that of esters and acids was higher in the absolute than in others. Especially, phenols and ketones were identified only in the oleoresin. The components such as $\beta$-pinene, bornyl acetate, $\alpha$-terpineol and oxygenated terpenes have characteristic piney and fresh green odor. The contents of these components was higher in the essential oil and the absolute than in the oleoresin. Therefor, the essential oil and the absolute are expected to be more useful than the oleoresin as tobacco flavor.