• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.87-89
• /
• 2003

Although a forest damage of large area due to air pollution has not yet been found in Korea, declines of Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.), the most common coniferous species, have been locally reported. To evaluate the effect of air pollution and acid deposition on the forests, SO$_2$ concentration, acid load, soil pH and tree decline were monitored for 13 years from 1988 to 2001 in Namsan, Doowang and Gyebangsan with the gradient of air pollution. During the study period, annual mean SO$_2$ concentration in Namsan, Doowang and Gyebangsan were 14 ppb, 13 ppb and 6 ppb, respectively. Annual mean acid loads in Namsan and Doowang were three to four times more than that in Gyebangsan. As respected, forest surface soils in Namsan and Doowang were acidified to pH 4.1 and 4.3, whereas that in Gyebangsan showed normal value as pH 5.4. On the other hand, decline degrees of Korean red pines in Namsan and Doowang in both 1996 and 2001 were higher than those in Gyebangsan. It is reasonable that the severer tree declines in Namsan and Doowang could be closely related with the higher air pollution, acid load, and the effects (possibly Ca deficit and Al toxicity) of soil acidification.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.37 no.3
• /
• pp.176-181
• /
• 2004

This study was designed to investigate the effects of buthanol (BuOH) fraction of pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb et Zucc) needle on cholesterol and lipofuscin (LF) accumulations, acetylcholine (ACh) and its related enzyme activities such as choline acetyltransferase (CAhT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and monoamone oxidase-B (MAO-B) activity, which destroyed the catecholamine-related neurotransmitters in brain membranes of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Male SD rats were fed basic diets (control group) or experimental diets (BuOH-25, BuOH-50 and BuOH-100) for 45 days. Cholesterol accumulations in mitochondria and microsomes were significantly inhibited (about 14 - 17％ and 23 - 34％, respectvely) in BuOH-50 and BuOH-100 groups, whereas LF levels were significantly inhibited (about 10 - 14％) in BuOH-50 and BuOH-100 groups compared with control group. ACh levels and ChAT activities were significantly increased (about 11 - 17％ and 11 - 23％, respectively) in membranes of BuOH-50 and BuOH-100 groups compared with control group. AChE activities were significantly increased (about 14 - 17％) in membranes of BuOH-50 and BuOH-100 groups. There was no significant difference in MAO-B activities between control and experimental diet groups. The results suggest that butanol fraction of pine needle may play an effective role in an antiaging effect and improving a learning and memory impairments.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.7-12
• /
• 2003

This study examined the effect of pine needle distillate (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc) on the immune system and hematological parameters. C57BL/6 male mice weighing 20 ~21 g were divided into 3 groups and intraperitonially injected with either 200 $\mu$L of saline (control), 50% diluted (P50) or 100% pine needle distillate (P100) once a day for 24 days. At the end of the experiment, the mice were anesthetized by ether and peripheral blood was collected from the femoral artery and the spleen was excised. Spleen weight decreased significantly (p<0.001) in the pine needle groups compared to the control group. The blood was used for a complete blood count and flow cytometrical analysis after immunofluorescence staining. The pine needle distillate dose-dependently decreased the CD4$^{＋}$/CD8 sup ＋/ ratio (p <0.05), and showed a tendency to increase the mean FSC (forward scatter) values of the CD8$^{＋}$T cells, while decrease the values of the CD4$^{＋}$T cells. There were no significant differences in WBC, RBC and platelet counts among the three groups, but hemoglobin and hemoglobin-related parameters and platelet volume increased and red blood cell volumes decreased with the administration of the pine needle distillate. These results suggest that the pine needle distillate may have immunosuppressive effects.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.32 no.1
• /
• pp.88-95
• /
• 2004

The purpose of this study is to identify the species of wood members used in the Keunjungjeon Hall, main building of the Kyungbok palace in Seoul. The total 144 samples consist of 52 from pillars and 92 from other wood members. Only two species were identified, which were Abies holophylla Max. (needle fir) and Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. (Japanese red pine). For the pillars, A. holophylla were more abundantly used than P. densiflora. Among 20 outer pillars ('Pyeongju'), 11 were A. holophylla, and 9 were P. densiflora. Among 12 inner pillars ('Naejinkoju'), 7 were A. holophylla, and 5 were P. densiflora. Among 4 inner corner pillars ('Gwikoju'), 3 were A. holophylla and 1 was P. densiflora. For 92 other wood members, only 2 purlins were A. holophylla and the others were all P. densiflora. The results suggest that the common opinion 'Palace buildings of Korea are made from red pine woods' should be corrected. We think that fir logs might be used for the pillars instead of pines because long and straight pines were not available during 1860s due to heavy utilization of pines as construction and fuel materials in the late Chosun period.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.37 no.2
• /
• pp.95-99
• /
• 2004

This study was designed to investigate the effects of ethyl acetate(EtOAc) fraction of pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb et Zucc) needle on cholesterol and lipofuscin(LF) accumulations, acetylcholine(ACh) and its related enzyme activities such as choline acetyltransferase(ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase(AChE), and monoamine oxidase-B(MAO-B) activity, which destroyed the catecholamine related neurotransmitters in brain membranes of Sprague- Dawley (SD) rats. Male SD rats were fed basic diets (control group) and experimental diets (EtOAc-25, EtOAc-50 and EtOAc-100) for 45 days. Cholesterol accumulations in mitocholndria and microsomes were significantly inhibited (11.8-12.1% and 9.6-13.0%, respectvely) in EtOAc-50 and EtOAc-100 groups. ACh levels and ChAT activities were significantly increased about 10% in membranes of EtOAc-100 group compared with control group. AChE activities were significantly increased about 8 -12% in membranes of EtOAc-50 and EtOAc-100 groups compared with control group. MAO-B activities were significantly inhibited about 10% in membrane of EtOAc-l00 group compared with control group. These results suggest that ethyl acetate fraction of pine needle may play an effective role in inhibiting cholesterol and improving a membrane fluidity, and learning and memory impairments. (Korean J Nutrition 37(2): 95 -99, 2004)

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.27-32
• /
• 1966

Taking an opportunity of the application of clearcutting method, 140 red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.) trees grown at Chon-nam province, the southern part of South Korea, were fellen and the tree height, clear-bole length, D.B.H. diameter at base(0.2m above from the ground line) and the length of the longest branch were measured. The correlation between factors mentioned were analysed. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The correlation between crown length and tree height (r=0.821) was sinificant. 2. The correlation between the diameter at base and D.B.H. was highly significant (r=0.961). D.B.H. can be calculated from multiplying the diameter at base by 0.88. 3. A weak relation between D.B.H and tree height was abserved. 4. The positive correlation between tree height and clear-bole-length was calculated, but it was not sharp between D.B.H. and the length of the longest branch. 5. The height, basal area, D.B.H. and volume increment by tree class calculated from the data of the stem analysis are presented (Tab. 3~10).

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.32 no.6
• /
• pp.7-13
• /
• 2004

In this study, the Korean pine wood (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc) and Italian poplar wood (Populus euramericana Guinier) was treated with a mixture of monoammonium phosphate (MAP) and boric acid. Their usability as fire retardant and as decay-resistant construction and interior materials were evaluated by testing of chemicals, corrosion rate and absorption rate, weight loss and chemical contents. An experiment was performed to compare treated pine wood and Italian poplar wood. According to the results, Italian poplar wood had higher specific gravity and retention of chemicals than pine wood, and treated wood showed higher decay-resistance than untreated one. Weight loss was less in treated wood than untreated one because the degree of decay was lower in the former than the latter. Corrosion rate and absorption rate met the KS standard for wood preservative performance. The chemical contents analysis was carried out to determine the degree of decay and it was found that the preservative effect of chemical treatment was lower in Italian poplar wood than in pine wood.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.77-82
• /
• 1995

With the aim to utilize pine wood(Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.) as an interior building materials, such as flooring material, monoethylene glycol(MEG) resin solution was impregnated into greenwood. Specimens of three different qualities, that is, normal wood, resinous wood and compression wood, were prepared. Distribution of resin element(phosphorus) in MEG resin solution-impregnated woods and preservative effectiveness against brown rot fungi(Tyromyces palustris and Serpula lacrymans) of these woods were investigated. The results were as follows: 1. The concentration of phosphorus into cell walls of resinous wood and compression wood was lower compared to that of normal wood. This shows that the quality of wood has an influence on the penetration of MEG resin solution into the wood. It was shown from a leaching test that MEG resin could be leached out easily from the cell walls. 2. The resinous wood and compression wood, even without MEG resin solution impregnation had high decay resistance. For normal wood, significant improvement of preservative effectiveness was observed after impregnation of MEG resin solution. It was shown that MEG resin was leached out from the woods after leaching test, resulting in the reduction of preservative effectiveness. From this result, suitability of MEG resin solution-impregnated woods as an interior materials was recognized.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.31 no.1
• /
• pp.137-143
• /
• 2021

Most cervical cancers are associated with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Currently, cervical cancer treatment entails surgical removal of the lesion, but treatment of infection and preventing tissue damage are issues that still remain to be addressed. Herbal medicine and biological studies have focused on developing antiviral drugs from natural sources. In this study, we analyzed the potential antiviral effects of Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. leaf extracts against HPV. The pine needle extracts from each organic solvent were analyzed for antiviral activity. The methylene chloride fraction (PN-MC) showed the highest activity against HPV pseudovirus (PV). The PN-MC extract was more effective before, rather than after treatment, and therefore represents a prophylactic intervention. Mice were pre-treated with PN-MC via genital application or oral administration, followed by a genital or subcutaneous challenge with HPV PV, respectively. The HPV challenge results showed that mice treated via genital application exhibited complete protection against HPV. In conclusion, PN-MC represents a potential topical virucide for HPV infection.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.48 no.5
• /
• pp.591-607
• /
• 2020

This study was aimed to investigate the changes of chemical composition of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from red pine needles in the process of needle abscission or senescence. The VOCs in intact, senescent, and litter red pine needle samples were analyzed by headspace-solid phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC/MS). And then, multivariate statistical interpretation of the processed data sets was conducted to investigate similarities and dissimilarities of the needle samples. Principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were used to investigate the dataset structure and discrimination between samples, respectively. From the data preview, the levels of major components of VOCs from needles were not significantly different between needle samples. By PCA investigation, the data reduction according to classification based on the chlorophyll a / chlorophyll b (Ca/Cb) ratio were found to be ideal for differentiating intact, senescent, and litter needles. The following OPLS-DA taking Ca/Cb ratio as y-variables showed that needle samples were well grouped on score plot and had the significant discriminant compounds, respectively. Several compounds had significantly correlated with Ca/Cb ratio in a bivariate correlation analysis. Notably, the litter needles had a higher content of oxidized compounds than the intact needles. In summary, we found that chemical compositions of VOCs between intact, senescent, and litter needles are different each other and several compounds reflect characteristic of needle.