• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.481-488
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• 2011

Various development activities have lead to the destruction of the ecosystem such as natural wetlands. In order to protect these natural wetlands, the Ministry of Environment (MOE) in Korea enacted the Wetland Conservation Act in 1999 and designated protected areas for wetland conservation. The MOE adapted the use of Best Management Practices (BMP) such as retention ponds and constructed wetlands to treat the polluted water before entering the water system. One of these projects was a free-water surface flow (FWS) constructed wetland built as a secondary treatment unit for piggery wastewater effluent coming from a livestock wastewater treatment facility. Water quality monitoring for the constructed wetland was conducted during rainfall events. The results showed that the average removal efficiencies of TSS, BOD, TN, TP were 86, 60, 45, 70%, respectively. It was observed that the removal efficiency of particulate matter and phosphorus was high compared to nitrogen. Therefore, a longer hydraulic retention time was needed in order to improve the treatment efficiency of nitrogen. The results of this study can contribute to the wetland design, operation and maintenance of constructed wetlands.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.128-138
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• 1998

This study was focused to find how each factors effect on the biological nitrification in wastewater treatment under high ammonia nitrogen concentration. Batch reactors in aerobic conditions were used to test the treatment efficiency of mixed liquor, nightsoil and piggery wastewater. The results are summeried as follows; Initial ammonia nitrogen concentration and pH were the direct influencing factors of nitrite build-up. More than 250 mg NH$_{4}$$^{+}$ - N/L in initial concentration built up nitrite and then the inhibition rate to Nitrobacter was above 70 percentage. And maximum nitritation rate was showed at pH 8.3 and nitrification could be completely achieved by pH control. Temperature and dissolved oxygen were the indirect influencing factors of nitrite build-up. These were a great effect on the activity of nitrifying microbes and ammonia nitrogen removal. Maximum nitritation rate was showed at 30 $\circ $C. The effect of DO concentration was negligible at more than 3 mg/L.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.599-604
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• 2006

Nitrogen removal with the combined SHARON (Single reactor system for high ammonium removal over nitrite)ANAMMOX (Anaerobic ammonium oxidation) process using the effluent of ADEPT (Anaerobic digestion elutriated phased treatment) slurry reactor with very low C/N ratio for piggery waste treatment was investigated. For the preceding SHARON reactor, ammonium nitrogen loading and removal rate were $0.97kg\;NH_4-N/m^3_{reactor}/day$ and $0.68kg\;NH_4-N/m^3_{reactor}/day$ respectively. In steady state, bicarbonate alkalinity consumption for ammonium nitrogen converted to $NO_2-N$ or $NO_3-N$ was 8.4 gram per gram ammonium nitrogen. The successive ANAMMOX reactor was fed with the effluent from SHARON reactor. The loading and removal rate of the soluble nitrogen defined as the sum total of $NH_4-N$, $NO_2-N$ and $NO_3-N$ in ANAMMOX reactor were $1.36kg\;soluble\;N/m^3_{reactor}/day$ and $0.7kg\;soluble\;N/m^3_{reactor}/day$, respectively. The average $NO_2-N/NH_4-N$ removal ratio by ANAMMOX was 2.41. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis verified that Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis were dominate, which means that they played an important role of nitrogen removal in ANAMMOX reactor.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.67-77
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• 1995

This study was performed for minimization of excessive biofilm effects at the high strength organic wastewater treatment. As a results of biofilm attachment experiment using piggery wastewater, aggravation of water quality due to excessive biofilm showed after 15 days of operating times.4 excessive biofilm phase, the equivalent biofilm thickness and VSS contents per unit aura were observed in the range of 1,100 to $1,200{\mu}m$ and 2.5 to 3.0mg $VSS/cm^{2}$, respectively. In the aerobic fixed biofilm reactor/anoxic fixed biofilm reactor(AFBR/ANFBR) process with endogenous respiration phase, the BOD removal efficiency was obtained more than 90 percentage at the surface loading rate and volumetric loading rate of the AFBR maintained less than 17 g $BOD/m^{2}{\cdot}$day and 1.7kg $BOD/m^{3}{\cdot}$day, respectively. The removal efficiency of TKN and $NH_{3}$-N at the loading rates below 5.60g $NH_{3}-N/m^{2}{\cdot}day$ and 0.56kg $NH_{3}-N/m^{3}{\cdot}$day were above 76 percentage and 82 percentage, respectively. In order to reduced sludge production rate and aggravation of water quality, endogenous respiration phase was accepted at first AFBR reactor. As a results of this operating condition, sludge production was minimized and removal efficiency was maintained stability.

• Journal of Industrial Technology
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• v.16
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• pp.61-70
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• 1996

This research aims to find granulation and organic removal of the piggery wastewater with the upflow blanket filter(UBF) reactor. UASB process had the effect of high pH on the granulation phase. But teh effect was decreased after the granule formation. The filter zone of the UBF reactor had the function of GSS and contributed to removing the organic because of its biofilm formation. The removal rates of total COD and soluble COD were 70% ~ 80% and 60 ~ 80% at an influent organic loading range of $2{\sim}17.4kgCOD/m^3{\cdot}d$, respectively. The methane production rate with the organic removal was $0.21{\sim}0.34{\ell}CH_4/gCOD_{rem}$ and the maximum methan production rate was $0.34CH_4{\ell}/gCOD_{rem}$ at the volumetric loading $5kgCOD/m^3{\cdot}d$.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.125-128
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• 2000

A recycling reactor system operated under sequential anoxic and oxic conditions for the swine wastewater has been developed, in which piggery slurry is fermentatively and aerobically treated and then part of the effluent recycled to the pigsty. This system significantly removes offensive smells (at both pigsty and treatment plant), BOD and other loads, and appears to be costeffective for the small-scale farms. The most dominant heterotrophs were Alcaligenes faecalis, Brevundimonas diminuta and Streptococcus sp. in order while lactic acid bacteria were dominantly observed in the anoxic tank. We propose a novel monitoring system for a recycling piggery slurry treatment system through neural networks. Here we tried to model treatment process for each tank(influent, fermentation, aeration, first sedimentation and fourth sedimentation tanks) in the system based on population densities of heterotrophic and lactic acid bacteria. Principle component analysis(PCA) was first applied to identify a relation between input(microbial densities and parameters for the treatment such as population densities of heterotrophic and lactic acid bacteria, suspended solids (SS), COD, $NH_3-N$, ortho-P, and total-P) and output, and then multilayer neural networks were employed to model the treatment process for each tank. PCA filtration of input data as microbial densities was found to facilitate the modeling procedure for the system monitoring even with a relatively lower number of input. Neural networks independently trained for each treatment tank and their subsequent combinatorial data analysis allowed a successful prediction of the treatment system for at least two days.

• Carbon letters
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.105-113
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• 2006

The electro-chemical removal (ECR) of water pollutants by metal-ACF electrodes from wastewater was investigated over wide range of ECR time. The ECR capacities of metallic ACF electrodes were related to physical properties such as adsorption isotherm, surface area and pore size and to reaction time. Surface morphologies and elemental analysis for the metal supported ACFs after electro-catalytic reaction were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy disperse X-ray (EDX) to explain the changes in adsorption properties. The IR spectra of metallic ACFs for the investigation of functional groups show that the electro-catalytic treatment is consequently associated with the removal of pollutants with the increasing surface reactivity of the activated carbon fibers. The metal-ACFs were electro-catalytically reacted to waste water to investigate the removal efficiency for the COD, T-N, $NH_4$-N, $NO_3$-N and $NO_2$-N. From these removal results of the piggery waste using metallic ACFs substrate, satisfactory removal performance was achieved. The removal efficiency of the metallic ACFs substrate was mainly determined by the properties of the material for adsorption and trapping of organics, and catalytic effects.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.482-491
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• 2006

The anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) from substrates with various $NO_2-N$ and $NH_4-N$ concentationes, which were generated from piggery waste was accomplished by using anaerobic granular sludge as seeding sludge. As the result of operation, when $NO_2-N/NH_4-N$ ratios of ANAMMOX influent were 0.6~1.5, $NO_2-N/NH_4-N$ removal ratios were exhibited 1.19~2.07 (average 1.63). The higher influent $NO_2-N/NH_4-N$ ratios resulted in higher $NO_2-N/NH_4-N$ removal ratios by ANAMMOX. It means that $NO_2-N$ concentration is very important factor in ANAMMOX. Specific ammonium removal rate was constantly as $0.03{\sim}0.04gNH_4-N/g$ VSS-day at $35^{\circ}C$ while it was $0.01gNH_4-N/g$ VSS-day at $20{\sim}30^{\circ}C$. Thus, in order to reduce the effluent N concentration, either an increase of ANAMMOX reactor HRT or more biomass accumulation at the optimal temperature can be considered.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.456-459
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• 2000

A pilot scale experiment was performed for a year to develop a two-phase anaerobic process for piggery wastewater treatment (COD: 6,000mg/L, BOD: 4,000mg/L, SS: 500mg/L, pH 8.4, alkalinity 6,000mg/L). The acidogenic reactor had a total volume of 3㎥, and the methanogenic reactor, an anaerobic up-flow sludge filter, combining a filter and a sludge bed, was also of total volume 3㎥(1.5㎥ of upper packing material). Temperatures of the acidogenic and methanogenic reactors kept at 20$^{\circ}C$ and 35$^{\circ}C$, respectively. When the pH of the acidogenic reactor was controlled at 6.0-7.0 with HCl, the COD removal efficiency increased from 50 to 80% over a period of six months, and as a result, the COD of the final effluent fell in the range of 1,000-1,500 mg/L. BOD removal efficiency over the same period was above 90%, and 300 to 400 mg/L was maintained in the final effluent. The average SS in the final effluent was 270 mg/L. The methane production was 0.32㎥ CH$_4$/kg COD(sub)removed and methane content of the methanogenic reactor was high value at 80-90%. When the pH of the acidogenic reactor was not controlled over the final two months, the pH reached 8.2 and acid conversion decreased compared with that of pH controlled, while COD removal was similar to the pH controlled operation. Without pH control, the methane content in the gas from methanogenic reactor improved to 90%, compared to 80% with pH control.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.61-66
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• 2006

The combined ADEPT(Anaerobic Digestion Elutriated Phased Treatment)-SHARON(Single reactor system for High Ammonium Removal Over nitrite)-ANAMMOX(Anaerobic ammonium oxidation) processes were operated for resources recovery and nitrogen removal from slurry-type piggery waste. The ADEPT process operated at an acidogenic loading rates of 3.95 gSCOD/L-day, the SCOD elutriation rate and acid production rate were 5.3 gSCOD/L-day and 3.3 gVFAs(as COD)/L-day, respectively. VS reduction and SCOD reduction by the hydrolysis were 13% and 0.19 $gSCOD_{prod.}/gVS_{feeding}$, respcetively. Also, the acid production rate was 0.80 $gVFAs/gSCOD_{prod}$. In methanogenic reactor, the gas production rate and methane content were 2.8 L/day($0.3m^3CH_4/kgCOD_{removal}@STP$) and 77%, respectively. With these operating condition, the removals of nitrogen and phosphorus were 94.1% as $NH_4-N$(86.5% as TKN) and 87.3% as T-P respectively.