• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.341-348
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• 2010

To investigate the effect of continual pre-plant application of liquid pig manure (LPM) on malting barley growth, quality and soil environment in double cropping system of rice and malting barley, the liquid pig manure was applied after harvesting rice and malting barley for 3 years. Field experiment was designed with non-fertilizer, chemical fertilizer (CF) recommended by soil testing, rice (LPM 50%+CF 50%)+malting barley (CF 100%), rice (LPM 50%+CF 50%)+malting barley (LPM 50%+CF 50%), rice (LPM 100%)+malting barley (CF 100%) and rice (LPM 100%)+malting barley (LPM 100%). By continuous application of LPM 100%, the contents of available $P_2O_5$ and exchangeable K in the soil were increased. The available $P_2O_5$ increased from 243 to 350 mg $kg^{-1}$ and exchangeable K was changed 0.31 to 0.44 $cmol_{c}\;kg^{-1}$. However, the contents of available $P_2O_5$ and exchangeable K were not significant changes in rice (LPM 50%+CF 50%)+malting barley (LPM 50%+CF 50%) plot. Bulk density of soil was not affected by application of LPM. The microbial density was high in order of bacteria > actinomycetes > fungi. The population of aerobic bacteria in rice (LPM 100%)+malting barley (LPM 100%) plot was higher than other plots. The ratio of aerobic bacteria/fungi and biomass C content were the highest in rice (LPM 100%)+malting barley (LPM 100%) plot. The yield of malting barley was increased 22% by increasing culm length, panicle length, No. of panicle and 1,000 grains as 358 kg $10a^{-1}$ in rice (LPM 100%)+malting barley (LPM 100%) plot compared with 294 kg $10a^{-1}$ in rice (CF 100%)+malting barley (CF 100%) plot. The content of ${\beta}$-glucan was low by 4.5 and 4.4% in non-fertilizer and rice (CF 100%)+malting barley (CF 100%) plot, respectively. The content of crude protein was the lowest by 8.2% in non-fertilizer and rice (CF 100%)+malting barley (CF 100%) plot and the quality of malting barley was good as within 11%.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.149-155
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• 2004

This study was conducted to evaluate the availability of liquid pig manure (LPM) as a substitute for chemical fertilizer (CF) in double cropping system of rice followed by onion. The LPM applied for rice in silty clay loam soil cultivated in the double cropping system with onion contained $3.8g\;N\;kg^{-1}$, $1.8g\;P_2O_5\;kg^{-1}$ and $2.7g\;K_2O\;kg^{-1}$. The LPM applied for onion after rice contained $4.9g\;N\;kg^{-1}$, $1.4g\;P_2O_5\;kg^{-1}$ and $2.1g\;K_2O\;kg^{-1}$. Soil pH increased after rice culture irrespective of treatments. The rice growth and grain yield among CF and LPM applications were not significantly different. The application of LPM without top dressing of CF delayed onion growth at mid and late stage. But when the LPM was applied as basal fertilizer and CF was added for top dressing, onion growth was maintained until late growth stage. The nutrient uptake of LPM and top-dressing by CF (rice)/LPM and top-dressing by CF (onion) were similar to CF (rice)/CF (onion). The highest yield of onion bulb was 58.5 Mg ha-1 at CF (rice)/LPM and top-dressing by CF (onion) treatment, but showed no significant difference with other treatments except CF (rice)/LPM only (onion) and no fertilization (rice)/no fertilization (onion) treatments. In conclusion, in double cropping system of rice followed by onion, rice was capable of being grown by only liquid pig manure but additive chemical fertilizer was needed for optimal onion growth.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.805-809
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• 2012

To evaluate the effects of liquid pig manure (LPM) on green manure crop yields, plant height and biomass of green manure crops were investigated in single and companion cropping. Green manure crops used for this experiment were Hordeum vulgare L. (green barley) and Vicia villosa roth (hairy vetch). Field experiment was designed with LPM 1.65 (LPM of $1.65ton\;10a^{-1}$ + single and companion green crops), LPM 3.3 (LPM of $3.3ton\;10a^{-1}$ + single and companion green crops) and LPM 6.6 (LPM of 6.6$6.6ton\;10a^{-1}$ + single and companion green crops). In single cropping, plant height were high in LPM 3.3. In companion cropping, plant height were high in LPM 6.6. Thus, we found that application of LPM is general enough to reduce use of chemical fertilizer. Also, optimum application level in single cropping would be LPM 3.3 and in companion cropping would be higher than LPM 3.3.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.171-176
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• 2004

To investigate the availability of nitrogen decomposed and released from liquid pig manure (LPM), this experiment was performed with red pepper (Capsicum annuum L., cv. Hanbando), and Chinese cabbage (Brassioa campestris L., cv. Konaenggiyeureumbaechoo) in 2001. Based on the total nitrogen of chemical fertilizer, both red pepper and chinese cabbage were treated with three and four applications of LPM, respectively. Yield of red fruits in the red pepper was increased by an enhancement of LPM application. However, that of chinese cabbage was enhanced with a reducing supply of LPM. Biosynthesis of polyamine in both crops such as red pepper and chinese cabbage was large in the early growth stage and was not increased by LPM application. The high biosynthesis of bound polyamine, monoamine and diamine, in the early growth stage was changed in an increase of conjugated polyamine and polyamine with a process of crop growth. Inorganic components in the leaf of red pepper by LPM application were equal or slightly lower than in chemical fertilizer, however, from the middle growth stage, contents of phosphate and potassium were increased. Those of chinese cabbage were slightly decreased from the early growth stage to the late. Considering this experiment, the thoughtless supply of LPM has not resulted in certain crop damages, and an application of LPM to increase a yield was different from crop species at some extent.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.221-228
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• 2012

Physicochemical properties of liquid fertilizer samples of resource organization, which are domestically produced and distributed, are analyzed. Major contents of the research results are as follows. 1. The ratio of complete decomposition for liquid fertilizer is 49% at Public Resource Center and 33% at Liquid Fertilizer Supply Center. The combined ratio of both half-decomposed and un-decomposed liquid fertilizers is over 50% at both centers. 2. The ratio of complete decomposed liquid fertilizer, 67%, is the highest in Gangwon and Gyeonggi-do area. The ratio of un-decomposed liquid fertilizer is high in Chungbuk and Chungnam area. The sum of ratios of the half- and un-decomposed is over 60% in the areas except Gyeonnggi-do and Gangwon-do. 3. As a result of regional comparison of the physicochemical properties of liquid fertilizers, concentration variation in most of the items are large, and the degree of uniformity is found to be considerably low. In particular, concentration variation in T-N and $NH_4$-N is the most noticeable. 4. The items that physicochemically correlated to the degree of decomposition of liquid fertilizer are appeared to be T-N, $NH_4$-N, $NO_3$-N, EC, $SCOD_{Mn}$, and ORP. 5. The physicochemical average values of the liquid fertilizer estimated as "complete decomposed" are appeared to be T-N 829 mg/L,$NH_4$-N 517 mg/L, $NO_3$-N 151 mg/L, $SCOD_{Mn}$ 1,205 mg/L, EC 10.32 mS/cm, ORP -117.12 mV.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.135-146
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of Synechocystis sp. KACC 91007 when added to a pig slurry or pig liquid fertilizer (PLF) on germination index (GI) of Chinese cabbage. The preliminary experiment involved the screening of inoculant levels which were; 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and $0.3\%$, respectively. The $0.05\%$ level of inoculant was selected based on low phytotoxicity and high GI.. The PLF underwent a 107 day aerobic and anoxic processing conditions. The T-N, T-P, $NH_4$, and $NO_3-N$ concentrations of the untreated pig slurry were; 2,873, 753, 1,441.6, and 16.48 ppm, respectively. Using aerobic processing treatment, the fertilizer value of the PLF was 3,672, 164, 183.87, and 21.97 ppm, respectively. In contrast, the fertilizer value of the PLF processed under anoxic condition was reduced to 1,261, 68, 161, and 16.87 ppm. The GI value of the untreated PLF under aerobic and anoxic processing condition was 83 and $40.4^{*}\%$, respectively. With the addition of the $0.05\%$ microbial inoculant, the GI improved by more than 40 and $50\%$ respectively, when the PLF was processed under anoxic and aerobic conditions. The above findings proved that the aerobic processing of PLF for 107 days was better than anoxic and yielded higher T-N which is a macro-nutrient fertilizer material. Consequently, the addition of $0.05\%$ microbial inoculant resulted to a higher GI of the Chinese cabbage specifically under aerobic processing condition.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.22 no.12
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• pp.1661-1669
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• 2013

This study conducted a laboratory simulation using artificial and natural rainfall in order to investigate the runoff characteristics of livestock resources through the analysis of the surface runoff water and infiltration water by rainfall intensity and fertilization level. Cattle manure and pig liquid fertilizer was used as livestock resource. As a result of this study, it was observed that the surface runoff occurred over 32 mm/hr rainfall intensity, and flow rate of the surface runoff water and the runoff ratio of contaminant parameters from livestock resource was increased, as rainfall intensity was stronger. With doubled fertilization level, T-N increased in compost and the amount of $COD_{Mn}$ runoff also considerably increased in liquefied fertilizer. In the case of natural rainfall, the runoff ratio of T-P clearly increased in compost and the T-N of final surface runoff ratio in compost and liquefied fertilizer was ranged from 0.13047 to 0.13623 with stronger rainfall intensity.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.104-108
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• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate the decomposition rates of rice straw in paddy soil with application of liquid pig manure (LPM). Decomposition rate of rice straw was dramatically increased to 52.3% for 60days after LPM application, the rate was higher in soils of tillage than in soils of no-tillage with higher levels of LPM application. C/N ratio in the tice straw was decreased in soils of tillage with higher levels of LPM application. Contents of $NH_4-N$ and $NO_3-N$ in paddy soils were increased with tillage and higher levels of LPM application. The number of cellulose decomposer, and ammonia-oxidizing and denitrifying bacteria in paddy soils at 90 days after LPM application were more than $1.4{\times}10^5$, $2.6{\times}10^2$ and $1.4{\times}10^2cfu\;g^{-1}$ dry soil, respectively, the numbers were higher in soils of tillage with higher levels of LPM application, Soil tillage after LPM application could enhance the decomposition of rice straw in paddy soil.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.164-168
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• 2014

BACKGROUND: Increase in application of liquid pig manure(LPM) in agriculture as nutritional source has become a social issue due to its influence on water quality. Also, proper application methods have not been developed with respect to indigenous properties of LPM and soil physical properties. Therefore, we conducted this experiment to observe the infiltration characteristics and distribution of dissolved organic compounds of LPM in soils having different soil textures. METHODS AND RESULTS: To do this experiment, we collected three different soils and LPM. We analyzed the physical and chemical properties of both soils and LPM to determine the dilution ratios of LPM. The LPM diluted to 4 different ratios with distilled water was applied to the top of soil column. Infiltration rates were observed by time and depth until the amount of effluent collected from the bottom of the soil columns were stabilized while maintaining the hydraulic head 3 cm above the soil column. The results showed that infiltration rates increased with increasing dilution ratios in the order of sandy, loamy sand, and sandy loam. The time required to reach steady state was increased with decreasing sand contents clay. CONCLUSION: The size and amount of the dissolved organic compounds in LPM that can determine the efficiency as fertilizer and environmental problems as nonpoint pollution source in water quality have not been investigated with respect to behavior and transport of them in soil. Therefore, it requires further research how we can properly apply LPM as valuable fertilizer substitute for inorganic fertilizers.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.348-354
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• 2013

BACKGROUND: Globally, concern about emerging infectious diseases of livestock is growing. For the disposal of the animal carcass, it is necessary to recycle the carcass into an agriculturally usable product. The objective of this study was to investigate the composting conditions of liquid by-product obtained from degradation of animal carcass. METHODS AND RESULTS: Optimum conditions of liquid fertilizer were investigated using different microorganisms, pHs, and volumes of microorganisms (Lactobacillus rhamnosus+Pichia deserticola). Based on the results from the optimum conditions, compost maturity and quality of liquid fertilizer were evaluated for 112 days. The compost maturity of liquid fertilizer were higher in the order of LP(Lactobacillus rhamnosus + Pichia deserticola) > BC(Bacillus cereus) > BS(Bacillus subtilis). The optimum condition under different volumes of LP was injection of 0.5 mL/100 mL. The compost maturity under different pHs were higher in the order of pH 7 > $$5{\geq_-}9{\frac{._-}{.}}11$$. The liquid by-product at 56 days after composting was completely decomposed. The concentrations of T-N, T-P and $K_2O$ in liquid fertilizer at 56 days were 0.94, 0.17 and 3.78%, respectively, and the sum of those concentrations was 4.89%. CONCLUSION(S): Liquid fertilizer of by-product using pig carcass was decomposed with optimum conditions(LP, pH 7, injection of 0.5 mL/100 mL) in 56 days after composting, and was suitable for official standard of commercial fertilizer.