• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.238-245
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• 2004

제주도 개량 흑돼지 고기의 이화학적, 관능적 품질 특성을 알아보기 위하여 4개 농진(Jl, J2, J3및 J4)에서 생산한 등심의 일반성분, 아미노산 함량, 지방산 조성, 물리화학적 특성을 분석하고 관능평가를 하였다. 등심의 수분 함량(73.06∼74.75%), 조단백질 함량(22.78∼23.85%), 조회분 함량(1.23∼1.35%), pH(5.51∼5.70), 불포화지방산(60.21∼62.33%), 보수력(64.22∼69.40%), 가열감량(28.17∼30.45%), Hunter's L＊(53.02∼55.64), a＊(8.71∼9.87) 및 b＊(6.95∼7.29) 값은 4개 농장간의 유의적 차이가 없었다(p>0.05). 등심의 조지방(0.85∼1.81%)과 총아미노산 함량(18.85∼21.19%)은 J2농장의 것이 제일 높고, 경도와 저작성은 J2농장의 것이 가장 낮아 Jl농장의 것과 현저한 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). 7단계 기호척도법에 의한 관능 평가 결과, J2농장의 등심이 맛(5.22), 향(4.80), 연도(5.30), 다즙성(5.09) 및 종합적 기호도(5.33)가 모두 가장 우수하였으며 향을 제외하면 Jl농장의 등심과 유의적 차이를 나타내 었다(p<0.05).

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제64권3호
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• pp.539-563
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• 2022

Nine pig farms were evaluated for the welfare quality in Korea using animal- and environment-based parameters (particularly air quality parameters) during the winter of 2013. The Welfare Quality^® (WQ^®) protocol consists of 12 criteria within four principles. The WQ^® protocol classifies farms into four categories ranging from 'excellent' to 'not classified'. Each of these criteria has specific measures for calculating scores. Calculations for the welfare scores were conducted online using the calculation model in the WQ^® protocol. Environment-based parameters like microclimate (i.e., temperature, relative humidity, air speed, and particulate matter), bacteria (total airborne bacteria, airborne total coliform, and airborne total Escherichia coli), concentration of gases (carbon dioxide, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide) were measured to investigate the relationship between animal- and environment-based parameters. Correlations between the results of animal- and environment-based parameters were estimated using spearman correlation coefficient. The overall assessments found that five out of nine farms were 'acceptable', and four farms were 'enhanced'; no farm was 'not classified'. The average score for the four principles across the nine farms, in decreasing order, were 'good feeding' (63.13 points) > 'good housing' (59.26 points) > 'good health' (33.47 points) > 'appropriate behaviors' (25.48 points). In the result of the environment aspect, the relative humidity of farms 2 (93.4%), 3 (100%), and 9 (98%) was much higher than the recommended maximum relative humidity of 80%, and four out of the nine farms had ammonia concentrations greater than 40 ppm. Ammonia had negative correlations with 'positive social behaviors' and positive emotional states: content, enjoying, sociable, playful, lively, happy and it had positive correlations with negative emotional states: aimless, distressed. The concentration of carbon dioxide had negative correlations with positive emotional states; calm, sociable, playful, happy and it had a positive correlation with negative emotional state; aimless. Our results indicate that the control of the environment for growing pigs can help improve their welfare, particularly via good air quality (carbon dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide).

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.37-50
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• 2009

본 연구결과는 출하돈의 도체품질 향상과 품질인증 프로그램 구축을 위한 자료로 활용하기 위하여 2년 동안 53개 농장에서 출하된 248,787두에 대한 도체평가 결과를 모돈수에 의한 경영규모, 육성비육돈 단계의 사육밀도, 수송시간, 출하시점, 비육돈 후기사료 급여비율 및 비육돈사 형태에 따라 도체등급과 PSE 발생율, 도체 근간지방 점수, 근내지방 점수, 피하지방 점수 및 육탄력성 점수에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과이며 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 양돈장 경영규모는 도체등급에 영향을 미치며, 경영규모가 커질수록 좋은 등급을 나타내었으나, PSE 출현율은 경영규모에 따른 차이가 인정되지 않았다. 도체 근간지방 점수, 근내지방 점수, 피하지방 점수 및 육탄력성 점수는 양돈장 경영규모에 따라 일정한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 2. 육성비육돈사 사육밀도는 도체등급에 영향을 미치며, 중간 밀도에서 좋은 등급을 나타내었으나, PSE 발생율은 낮은 밀도에서 오히려 높게 나타났다. 도체 근간지방 점수와 근내지방 점수 및 육탄력성 점수는 중간 밀도에서 우수하게 나타났으나 피하지방 점수는 사육밀도에 의한 차이가 없었다. 3. 출하돈의 수송시간에 의한 도체등급 차이는 인정되지 않았으며, PSE 발생율 역시 수송시간에 의한 차이는 없었다. 그러나 수송시간은 도체 육질점수에 영향을 미치며, 1시간을 초과한 수송이 근간지방 점수와 근내지방 점수, 피하지방 점수 및 육탄력성 점수 모두 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 4. 출하시점은 출하후 계류를 통한 도축전 휴식과 관련되는데, 출하시점은 도체등급과 PSE 발생율에 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 도체 근간지방 점수, 근내지방 점수 및 육탄력성 점수는 오전 10시 이전 출하가 우수한 것으로 나타났으나, 피하지방 점수는 차이가 없었다. 5. 비육돈 후기사료 급여비율 차이에 의한 도체등급 차이는 인정되지 않았으나, PSE 발생율은 후기사료 21% 이상 급여가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 도체 근간지방 점수와 근내지방 점수는 후기사료를 21% 이상 급여한 경우가 우수하게 나타났으며, 피하지방 점수는 후기사료를 20% 이내 급여가 우수하였으나, 육탄력성 점수는 비육후기사료 급여비율에 의한 차이는 인정되지 않았다. 6. 비육돈사 형태에 따른 도체등급의 차이는 무창돈사가 우수하게 나타났으나, PSE 발생율 또한 무창돈사가 높았다. 도체 근간지방 점수와 근내지방 점수는 비육돈사 형태에 의한 차이는 없었으나, 피하지방 점수와 육탄력성 점수는 개방돈사가 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 보면, 양돈장 관리시스템 및 도축전 취급이 출하돈의 도체등급과 육질점수에 영향을 미치는 구체적인 내용들을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 양돈장 관리시스템과 관련된 각종 환경요인과 관리요인 및 도축전 취급과 관련된 인자들에 대한 세심한 관리를 통하여 스트레스 최소화와 동물복지 향상으로 도체품질 개선과 소비자를 위한 품질인증 시스템을 구축하여야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.129-138
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• 2008

본 연구는 고수분 돈분뇨슬러리를 재료로 하여 톱밥여과 호기성 퇴비화 현장시설의 환경요인과 효율을 구명하기 위하여 퇴비화 과정중 온도, 수분함량, 물질수지, 수분증발량, 침출수 발생량, 퇴비 품질을 조사하였다. 분뇨투입은 퇴비화 초기에는 매일 분뇨를 투입하고 $2{\sim}3$주 이후에는 1주일에 2회씩 투입하여 처리하게 설계하였다. 본 시험에서는 발효조에 톱밥을 채우고 6개월간 지속적으로 분뇨를 발효장에 살포하고 교반하여 연속 호기성 발효 처리하는 퇴비화 방식의 농가에서 시험이 수행되었다. 1. 퇴비발효상의 온도는 상층부 $57.7^{\circ}C$, 중간부 $50.9^{\circ}C$, 하층부 $44.4^{\circ}C$를 나타내어 상층부가 가장 높고 하층부가 가장 낮았다. 교반 후 $3{\sim}5$시간 후부터 온도가 $36{\sim}50^{\circ}C$로 저하되었으며 교반 8시간 후부터 온도가 $64.5^{\circ}C$로 상승하여 정상온도를 유지하였다. 퇴비발효상 내부 온도의 일중 변화는 크지 않는 $20{\sim}30^{\circ}C$ 범위에 있었으나 상대습도는 $50{\sim}99%$로서 변화가 매우 컸다. 2. 퇴비발효상의 수분수지를 산출한 결과 총 투입수분량의 10.3%가 침출수로 배출되었고, 78.4%는 증발량으로 배출되었다. 본 호기성 퇴비화 시설은 수분 증발량이 높아 침출수 배출량을 제외하고 톱밥 $1m^3$당 $3.16m^3$의 슬러리 처리가 가능하여 수분조절제인 톱밥의 절감효과가 있었다. 3. 퇴비발효상 여과 침출액의 수질은 투입 슬러리 대비 BOD는 89.5%, CODcr는 81.2%, SS는 97.5% 저감되었다. 4. 최종 퇴비의 품질은 유기물은 29.1%, OM/N의 비율은 46.9%이었으며 중금속 함량은 비료공정규격 기준에 적합하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.96-101
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• 2005

There were two trials involved in the experiment. Trial 1: the trial was conducted on two Taiwan Sugar Corporation (TSC) pig farms. One was located in the north of Taiwan and the other was located in the south. Both farms had wet pad and forced ventilation (WPFV) and conventional open design (COD) boar and sow houses. There were 12 Duroc boars, age ranging from 12-24 months. Half of them (6 boars) were raised in a WPFV pig house, and the other half were kept in a COD house. Semen was collected at 5-day intervals from May $1^{st}$ to the end of October. Sixteen sows (2-8 parity) were served by artificial insemination each week from the beginning of May to the end of Oct. These sows were checked for heat from 18 days to 25 days after insemination. Trial 2: there were four MPFV boar houses involved in the test. Two houses were located in the north of Taiwan, and the other two houses were located in the south. The test was conducted from January 2000 to December 2001. The total number of serviced sows by MPFV-housed boars was 35,105 head and for COD-housed boars 103,065 head. The results showed that the total semen volume, density of sperm, total sperm per ejaculate, sperm motility and morphological abnormality were significantly better (p<0.01) for boar raised in WPFV house than for COD houses. Average sperm motility in June and July was lower than for the other months. Morphological abnormality was higher during May, June and July. Although the results did not reach a significant level, the average value showed that the total volume of boar semen was higher in the north than for the south. The total semen volume production of boar raised in WPFV was higher than for boars raised in COD house, reaching a significant level only in summer. Boars kept in WPFV house had higher total sperm number than boars kept in COD house, reaching a significant level in spring (p<0.05), summer (p<0.01), and fall (p<0.05) but not in winter (p>0.05). Boars raised in WPFV house had significantly higher sperm motility than boars in COD house during spring (p<0.001), summer (p<0.001), fall (p<0.01) and winter (p<0.05). The average farrowing rate and piglets born alive were higher for boars in WPFV house than for boars in COD house, but neither reached a significant level (p>0.05). The present experiment shows that WPFV house can improve the reproduction performance of boars.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.125-135
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• 1988

Attempts of these studies were made to investigate the nonspecific congenital focal accumulation of ectodermal glial cells in the brain of normal piglets. The brain samples were taken from 1-,10-,20-,35-,45- and 70-day-old piglets from a SPF-pig farm and three model pig farms. Occurrences of neuroglial cell foci (NCF) on the brain were observed with light microscope. Appearance degrees of the congenital NCF on 10 to 16 cross section slides per a piglets brain were tentatively designed on a scale from degree+ to ⧻by NCF number: +, less than 20 of NCF number; ⧺, 21-40 of NCF number: ⧻, more than 41 of NCF number. The results obtained were as follows: 1. NCF in the brain were observed mainly on the cerebrum. Regions of higher frequencies on the cerebrum were ordered as subependymal layers of the lateral ventricles, peripheral regions of lateral ventricles in the white matter and some neuron layers under the molecular layer of the gray matter. But NCF were not observed in the cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata and spinal cords. 2. On the subependymal layers of the lateral ventricles, NCF were observed in 100% of 27 piglets, and appearance degree of ⧻ was observed in 10 piglets(37.0%), ⧺ in 10 piglets(37.0%) and + in 7 Piglets(26.0%) of 27 piglets, respectively. 3. On the white matter of the cerebrum, NCF were observed in 25 piglets(92.6%) of 27 piglets, and appearance degree of ⧻ was observed in 3 piglets(11.1%), ⧺ in 13 piglets(48.2%), + in 9 piglets(33.3%) and - in 2 piglets(7.4%) of 27 piglets, respectively. 4. On the gray matter of the cerebrum, NCF were observed in 21 piglets(77.8%) of 27 piglets, and appearance degree of ⧻ was not observed, appearance degree of ⧺ was observed in 6 piglets(22.2%), + in 15 Piglets(55.6%) and - in 6 piglets(22.2%) of 27 Piglets, respectively. 5. NCF tended to be converged appearance on some regions and tended to be decreased markedly from 35th day after birth, and the shapes of NCF were: global or oval forms crowded by analogous shaped and stained cells in the empty spaces of the brain substrate or on one side of the blood vessels.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권10호
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• pp.1388-1393
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• 2015

Genetic parameters of Berkshire pigs for reproduction, carcass and meat quality traits were estimated using the records from a breeding farm in Korea. For reproduction traits, 2,457 records of the total number of piglets born (TNB) and the number of piglets born alive (NBA) from 781 sows and 53 sires were used. For two carcass traits which are carcass weight (CW) and backfat thickness (BF) and for 10 meat quality traits which are pH value after 45 minutes (pH45m), pH value after 24 hours (pH24h), lightness in meat color (LMC), redness in meat color (RMC), yellowness in meat color (YMC), moisture holding capacity (MHC), drip loss (DL), cooking loss (CL), fat content (FC), and shear force value (SH), 1,942 pig records were used to estimate genetic parameters. The genetic parameters for each trait were estimated using VCE program with animal model. Heritability estimates for reproduction traits TNB and NBA were 0.07 and 0.06, respectively, for carcass traits CW and BF were 0.37 and 0.57, respectively and for meat traits pH45m, pH24h, LMC, RMC, YMC, MHC, DL, CL, FC, and SH were 0.48, 0.15, 0.19, 0.36, 0.28, 0.21, 0.33, 0.45, 0.43, and 0.39, respectively. The estimate for genetic correlation coefficient between CW and BF was 0.27. The Genetic correlation between pH24h and meat color traits were in the range of -0.51 to -0.33 and between pH24h and DL and SH were -0.41 and -0.32, respectively. The estimates for genetic correlation coefficients between reproductive and meat quality traits were very low or zero. However, the estimates for genetic correlation coefficients between reproductive traits and drip and cooking loss were in the range of 0.12 to 0.17 and -0.14 to -0.12, respectively. As the estimated heritability of meat quality traits showed medium to high heritability, these traits may be applicable for the genetic improvement by continuous measurement. However, since some of the meat quality traits showed negative genetic correlations with carcass traits, an appropriate breeding scheme is required that carefully considers the complexity of genetic parameters and applicability of data.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제58권10호
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• pp.37.1-37.10
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• 2016

Background: Providing of insufficient nutrients limits the potential growth of pig, while feeding of excessive nutrients increases the economic loss and causes environment pollution. For these reasons, phase feeding had been introduced in swine farm for improving animal production. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary energy levels and phase feeding by protein levels on growth performance, blood profiles and carcass characteristics in growing-finishing pigs. Methods: A total of 128 growing pigs ([Yorkshire ${\times}$ Landrace] ${\times}$ Duroc), averaging $26.62{\pm}3.07kg$ body weight, were assigned in a $2{\times}4$ factorial arrangement with 4 pigs per pen. The first factor was two dietary energy level (3,265 kcal of ME/kg or 3,365 kcal of ME/kg), and the second factor was four different levels of dietary protein by phase feeding (1growing(G)-2finishing(F) phases, 2G-2F phases, 2G-3F phases and 2G-3F phases with low CP requirement). Results: In feeding trial, there was no significant difference in growth performance. The BUN concentration was decreased as dietary protein level decreased in 6 week and blood creatinine was increased in 13 week when pigs were fed diets with different dietary energy level. The digestibility of crude fat was improved as dietary energy levels increased and excretion of urinary nitrogen was reduced when low protein diet was provided. Chemical compositions of longissimus muscle were not affected by dietary treatments. In backfat thickness ($P_2$) at 13 week, pigs fed high energy diet had thicker backfat thickness (P = 0.06) and pigs fed low protein diet showed the trend of backfat thinness reduction (P = 0.09). In addition, water holding capacity was decreased (P = 0.01) and cooking loss was increased (P = 0.07) as dietary protein level reduced. When pigs were fed high energy diet with low subdivision of phase feeding, days to 120 kg market weight was reached earlier compared to other treatments. Conclusion: Feeding the low energy diet and subdivision of growing-finishing phase by dietary protein levels had no significant effect on growth performance and carcass characteristics. Also, phase feeding with low energy and low protein diet had no negative effects on growth performance, carcass characteristics but economical profits was improved.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.245-251
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• 2018

Objective: This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary maifanite supplementation and fecal collection method on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) and blood parameters in growing pigs. Methods: Thirty-six growing barrows (Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire; $27.0{\pm}2.6kg$) were allotted to six dietary treatments with 6 pigs per treatment according to body weight in a completely randomized design. The experimental treatments were: i) Low Ca+cornstarch (2.25%), ii) Low Ca+maifanite (2.25%), iii) Medium Ca+cornstarch (1.42%), iv) Medium Ca+maifanite (1.42%), v) High Ca+cornstarch (0.64%), and vi) High Ca+maifanite (0.64%). Feces were collected by the total collection (TC) and indicator method (IM). At the beginning and the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected from each pig. Results: For the TC method, there were no difference in Ca intake, fecal Ca output, Ca retention and the ATTD of Ca between cornstarch and maifanite diets at the same dietary Ca level. However, urinary Ca excretion was lower (p = 0.01) in pigs fed low Ca diets without maifanite supplementation compared with other dietary treatments. Dietary maifanite supplementation had no effect on the P metabolism in growing pigs. For the IM method, there was no difference in Ca digestibility between cornstarch and maifanite diets at the same dietary Ca level. The ATTD of P was greater (p<0.01) in pigs fed the high Ca diet with maifanite supplementation compared with the high Ca diet with cornstarch treatment. Dietary inclusion of maifanite had no effect on blood parameters in growing pigs. Conclusion: Dietary maifanite supplementation had no effect on the ATTD of Ca and P and serum parameters in growing pigs. The IM resulted in lower digestibility values than the TC method.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.201-207
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• 2009

Porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and rotaviruses are considered as the most important causative agents of diarrhea in piglets. The study established 3 method vaccination programs to prevent PEDV. A (LL)group inoculated twice vaccinations on 2-weeks-interval during the late term of pregnant sows with PEDV live vaccine. The B (LKK) group was applied that one time single PEDV live vaccine at the pre-mate followed by the TGEV PEDV combined inactivated vaccine (twice vaccination on 2-weeks interval at the third-trimester). C (KK) group was applied to sow which inoculated twice vaccination on 2-weeks-interval during the late term of pregnant sows with by the TGEV, PEDV combined inactivated vaccine. As the result of SN test on sows in the pig farm before vaccination, antibody titers was showed 9/45 (20.0%). By comparison with the serum neutralizing antibody titers against PEDV of the vaccination programs after PEDV of the vaccination, A group and B group vaccination method was higher than those of C group in sows. In the piglets up to 2 weeks of age, A group was showed antibody titers of 17/22 (81.8%) that showed 2-128, and B group was showed antibody titers of 30/37 (81.1%) that showed 2-512, and C group was showed antibody titers of 14/28 (50.0%) that showed 2-32. On the other hand, PEDV antibody titers were tested for the survey. As the results of SN test, Aujeszky's disease survey in 54 pig farms from november 2005 to august 2006, antibody titers of 47/286 (16.4%) showed above 2. Five breeding farms were antibody titers of 38/77 (49.4%), Wanggung zone farms antibody titers of 59/85 (69.4%). In pigs farms vaccinated the first of twice PEDV live vaccine, and after 6 month, the second of twice TGEV PEDV combined inactivated vaccine (LLKK, 256-1024 titer) method was higher than those of vaccinated twice the early term of pregnant, and twice the late term of pregnant sows of PEDV live vaccine (LLLL, 32 titer).