• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.24 no.1 s.61
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• pp.7-18
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• 2006

Samples were collected from five stations monthly from October 2003 to September 2004 to investigate seasonal variation of size structure of phytoplankton and relationship between size-fractionated phytoplankton and environmental factors in the Asan Bay. The contribution of large cells (microphytoplankton, $>20\;{\mu}m$) to total concentrations of chlorophyll $\alpha$ was higher than small cells (nanophytoplankton, $3\sim20\;{\mu}m$; picophytoplankton, $<3\;{\mu}m$) during the sampling period. Especially, large cells contributed 80% to the total chlorophyll a from February, 2004 to April 2004 when chlorophyll $\alpha$ concentrations were high. The size structure of phytoplankton shifted from micro-size class to nano-size class and picophytoplankton rapidly increased when phytoplankton biomass decreased in May 2004. Microphytoplankton exhibited a high biomass in the upper region during winter-spring season whereas nano- and picophytoplankton showed two peaks in the middle-lower regions (Station 3,5) during spring and summer. Microphytoplankton are most likely controlled by water temperature and nutrient supply during the cold season whereas nano- and picophytoplankton may be affected by stratification, light exposure during the warm season.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.194-205
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• 1989

In order to study the biomass of primary producer, phytoplankton is collected monthly September 1985 to August 1986 in Ch$\check{o}$nsu Bay. Phytoplankton carbon contents which are calculated from phytoplankton volume were ranged from $26.7{\mu}gC/l$ to $960.7{\mu}gC/l$, and average carbon contents of each month lie in the range of $58.6-684.7{\mu}gC/l$(annual mean $208.5{\mu}gC/l$). For net plankton analysis with the carbon contents, cell numbers, and chlorophyll concentrations show a close correlation, while for nanoplankton the correlation was low, indicating that nano-fraction includes a significant portion of picoplankton. Also, the multiple regression analysis with carbon content, cell number, and chlorophyll concentration to size fraction well illustrate the prime importance of the net-fraction in phytoplankton group. C/Chl-a ratios ranged from 9.1 to 100.5, average rations of net- and nanoplankton are 111 and 6.4, respectively. The greater net plankton faction is, the higher C/Chl-a ratio is, however in case of high nanoplankton portion C/Chl-a ratio show low level. These results indicate that the difference of C/Chl-a ratio per phytoplankton cell size be main factor for the variation of C/Chl-a ratio in Ch$\check{o}$nsu Bay. As C/Chl-a ratio fluctuates greatly in coastal ecosystem, that use of a direct conversion of convert chlorophyll to organic carbon may lead erronous estimation.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.77-87
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• 2017

Picophytoplankton, an important primary producer especially at the oligotrophic region, is known to contribute a significant portion of the total phytoplankton biomass in the East Sea of Korea. During autumn in the southwestern East Sea, frequent upwellings and oligotrophic conditions occur and annual variation of primary productivity is known to be significant. Moreover sea surface temperature (SST) of the East Sea is steeply increasing compared to global average increase, so various changes in marine ecosystem related with increase of SST are reported. Taking such circumstances into consideration, we measured the contribution from picophytoplankton fraction to total phytoplankton composition by size fraction of phytoplankton biomass during the autumn seasons from 2011, 2013 and 2015 and examined the variation of the phytoplankton composition. As a result of size fraction analyses, we found that the variation of contribution from picophytoplankton(<$3{\mu}m$) to total community of phytoplankton was high and the average fractions of picophytoplankton were measured as 38% (2011), 59% (2013), 7% (2015), respectively. The difference between measured SST and annual mean SST (${\Delta}T$) was highest ($+1.6^{\circ}C$) in autumn of 2013 and lowest ($-0.9^{\circ}C$) in autumn of 2015. The close positive correlation between ${\Delta}SST$ and fraction of picophytoplankton was confirmed($R^2$ > 0.9). The increase in SST at the southern East Sea was confirmed as one of the main environmental factors in the increase in the increase of the contribution from picophytoplankton. Monitoring of changes in the community structure of primary producers and the influences of the environmental factors including SST in the East Sea is necessary to understand the interactions of ecosystem of the East Sea and the climate change in the near future.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.37 no.1 s.106
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• pp.47-56
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• 2004

To understand the effect of nutrient deficiency on the plankton community in three stations with different water qualities in Pal'tang Reservoir, Korea, phytoplanktons(> 10 ${\mu}m$) were cultured in nutrient enrichment Allen's media (AM) and nutrient-deficient Allen's media. A distinct shift in the species composition and biomass of phytoplankton (as chlorophyll- a) showed in all treatments. In particular, it was very interesting that the new development of cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa occurred by the Fe-deficient AM. Except for Si, a community growth (as chlorophyll- a) was inhibited in all nutrient deficient treatments. Species diversity after nutrient deficiency was changed to below 2.0; slightly increased in N and P-deficiency, while decreased in Si and Fe, respectively. As suggested, dominance was entirely opposite to diversity. Therefore, the nutrient deficient effectively induced the succession of species and biomass, phytoplankton community, suggesting a possibility as a reliable tool to control the algal bloom in eutrophic lakes and reservoirs.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.10-17
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• 2012

The middle and lower reaches of the Kum River system become stagnant in dry seasons with florishing of phytoplankton. In this study primary productivity of phytoplankton were measured by the C-14 uptake method and the P-I model method at seven main stream sites of the Kum River from the Daechung Dam outet to the river mouth. Nutrients (TN, TP, DIP, TIN) concentrations were measured in the mainstream and tributaries and compared with the variation of assimilation number. The range of primary productivity was $40{\sim}4,558mgC{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}day^{-1}$ and it was higher than those of lentic ecosystems in Korea. Average TN and TP were $4.1mgN{\cdot}L^{-1}$, $70.6mgP{\cdot}m^{-3}$, respectively. Tributaries showed higher nutrient concentrations than the main stream. After two major tributaries merged with the discharging water of the Daechung Dam phyotplankton biomass and productivity increased drastically and remained at the similar eutrophic level through the downstream reach to the river mouth. Both dissolved phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations showed positive correlation with assimilation number of phytoplankton. In conclusion phytoplankton productivity is at the level of eutrophic water and it was higher than usual lentic habitats. Nutrient concentrations are critical factors in controlling productivity in the lower reach of the Kum River.

• ALGAE
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.333-343
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• 2005

Spatial and temporal variations of environmental factors and phytoplankton community were investigated in the three stations of Andong Reservoir in 1997 and 2003. The changes of physico-chemical water quality and phytoplanktonic biomass were higher in 2003 than that of 1997, due to rainfall difference. The concentration of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in the reservoir decreased, but total nitrogen fell relatively more between them. TN/TP ratio decreased from 109 to 90 showing no change at the downstream but a big decrease at the midand upstream. Predominant phylum of phytoplankton in Andong Reservoir were six genus that composed to Anabaena, Aphanizomenon and Microcystis of Cyanophyceae, Cosmarium and Scenedesmus of Chlorophyceae and Synedra of Bacillariophyceae, respectively. Among the observed phytoplankton, diatom Synedra occured as the maximum amount of 3,400 cells mL$^{-1}$ even at the above 30°C. Green algae Scenedesmus observed along with Microcystis. It seemed to be compete with Microcystis during the high water temperature period. Although trophic state of Andong Reservoir was decreased, the standing crops of phytoplankton were increased. Moreover bluegreen algae, Aphanizomenon and Microcystis in the region of upstream to midstream and diatom, Synedra in the region of midstream to downstream were increased until to reach the algal bloom, respectively. It seemed necessary to attention the changes of blue-green algae Aphanizomenon, that has an ability of nitrogen fixation.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.301-307
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• 2018

This study investigated the effects of sediment removal on water quality and phytoplankton development by setting up mesocosms at Uiam Lake, South Korea, and analyzing the environmental parameters and phytoplankton communities between June and October 2015. The comparison between testbed without sediment removal (TB-1) and testbed after sediment removal (TB-2) gave similar values for water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and electrical conductivity. Nevertheless, the average electrical conductivities of the two testbeds were $139{\mu}S/cm$ and $135{\mu}S/cm$, which were lower than the value obtained from the external control point (TB-con; $154{\mu}S/cm$). The small difference in total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) concentrations between the two testbeds implied that sediment removal did not greatly reduce nutrients; however, the phytoplankton cell count had decreased by approximately 37 % in TB-2 (average 1,663 cells/mL) compared to TB-1 (average 2,625 cells/mL). Compared to TB-con, the phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations of the two testbeds had decreased by 39 % and 30 %, respectively, whereas the phytoplankton abundance had decreased by up to 73 %, perhaps because of the blocked inflow of nutrients and the stabilized body of water caused by the installation of the mesocosm. The concentration of geosmin was lower in testbeds than in the external point, because installation of the structures had reduced the cyanobacteria biomass.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.31-42
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• 1985

Multivariate analyses has been performed on both qualitative and quantitative data of phytoplankton samples collected off the coast of Kunsan in October, 1980, and in March, 1981. The result shows that structure of the phytoplankton cmmunity largely depended on hydrological conditions. Thus the study area can be divided into three phyto-hydrographic zones; the waters under influence of the proper water of the Yellow Sea, the waters where mixing with fresh water occurred, the waters from the south. Biomass was estimated of plasma volume and cell carbon content. The mean value of cell carbon was 30.0$\mu\textrm{g}$/$\ell$ in October and 26.6$\mu\textrm{g}$/$\ell$ in March. Relatively low value of biomass seems to be related to great turbidity of the area. Microflagellates of about 5$\mu\textrm{m}$ were abundant with a density of million cells per liter. Their abundance showed on considerable seasonal variation.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.205-214
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• 2013

In Yeongsan River estuary, located in the southern West Coast, a dike was constructed in December 1981. After the construction of a dike, discharge mechanism of fresh water has been changed, the water quality and chlorophyll-a are expected to be influenced by fresh water discharge. We investigated temporal and spatial variations and long-term trend of phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll-a) and environmental factors. The concentrations of nutrient and chlorophyll-a were generally high in summer and the concentrations were increased toward downstream. Surface/bottom salinity difference was negatively correlated with salinity in surface water but positively with nutrient and chlorophyll-a. TN, TP and DIN concentrations were generally increased over 10 years. This study can provide information for better management of water quality for Youngsan River estuary.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.36 no.3 s.104
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• pp.286-294
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• 2003

This study was attempted to understand seasonal dynamics of phyto- and zooplankton communities in shallow, eutrophic Lake llgam and to compare them with the PEG (Plankton Ecology Group) model. Seasonal succession pattern of phytoplankton community was similar to PEG model as Chlorophyceae and Baciliphyceae increase during spring and autumn fellowed by increase of Cyanophyceae. However, based on the cell density and biomass, a dominant phytoplankton community differed with PEG model: Cyanophyceae had been a dominant community throughout a year, except for ice-cover period during which Chlorophyceae was a dominant group. In spring, when ice melted and dissolved nutrients in water column increased, the increase of Chlorophyceae occurred: when nutrients (DIN and DIP) rapidly decreased, Cyanophyceae increase occurred. Microcystis, Oscillatoria, Lyngbya, Merismopedia were maior dominant species of Cyanophyceae and their cell density and/or biomass was the highest in October 2000 (12.9${\pm}$5.8${\times}10^5$ cells/ml, 3.5${\pm}$0.9${\times}10^3{\mu}gC/l$). Cyanophyceae biomass showed positive relationship with chlorophyll a ($r^2$ = 0.71,P< 0.001) and TP concentration ($r^2$ = 0.62, P< 0.001). Small-sized rotifers such as Keratella cochlearis, increased between March and May when Chlorophyceae increased. Both high standing crop of copepods and cladocerans, such as Diaphanosoma brachyrum and Bosmina longirostris occurred between June and September accompanied with the increase of Dinophyceae and Bacillariophyceae. There was no evidence that clear-water phase was caused by zooplankton grazing. The diversity and evenness index of phyto- and/or zooplankton increased with chlorophyll a concentration. These results suggest zooplankton grazing and limiting nutrient deficiency could lead to change of phytoplankton biomass, but not the phytoplankton community in Lake llgam.