• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.11-18
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• 2007

Mechanisms of insecticide resistance found in insects may include three general categories. Modified behavioral mechanisms can let the insects avoid the exposure to toxic compounds. The second category is physiological mechanisms such as altered penetration, rapid excretion, lower rate transportation, or increased storage of insecticides by insects. The third category relies on biochemical mechanisms including the insensitivity of target sites to insecticides and enhanced detoxification rate by several detoxifying mechanisms. Insecticides metabolism usually results in the formation of more water-soluble and therefore more readily eliminated, and generally less toxic products to the host insects rather than the parent compounds. The representative detoxifying enzymes are general esterases and monooxygenases that catalyze the toxic compounds to be more water-soluble forms and then secondary metabolism is followed by conjugation reactions including those catalyzed by glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). However, a change in the resistant species is not easily determined and the levels of mRNAs do not necessarily predict the levels of the corresponding proteins in a cell. As genomics understands the expression of most of the genes in an organism after being stressed by toxic compounds, proteomics can determine the global protein changes in a cell. In this present review, it is suggested that the environmental proteomic application may be a good approach to understand the biochemical mechanisms of insecticide resistance in insects and to predict metabolomic changes leading to physiological changes of the resistant species.

• BMB Reports
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.533-537
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• 2004

Previously published kinetic data on the interactions of seventeen different enzymes with their physiological substrates are re-examined in order to understand the connection between ground state binding energy and transition state stabilization of the enzyme-catalyzed reactions. When the substrate ground state binding energies are normalized by the substrate molar volumes, binding of the substrate to the enzyme active site may be thought of as an energy concentration interaction; that is, binding of the substrate ground state brings in a certain concentration of energy. When kinetic data of the enzyme/substrate interactions are analyzed from this point of view, the following relationships are discovered: 1) smaller substrates possess more binding energy concentrations than do larger substrates with the effect dropping off exponentially, 2) larger enzymes (relative to substrate size) bind both the ground and transition states more tightly than smaller enzymes, and 3) high substrate ground state binding energy concentration is associated with greater reaction transition state stabilization. It is proposed that these observations are inconsistent with the conventional (Haldane) view of enzyme catalysis and are better reconciled with the shifting specificity model for enzyme catalysis.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.1379-1385
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• 2005

Gamisaenghyeolyunbueum (GSYE) is a traditional Oriental herbal medicine prescription, which has been used for the treatment of various allergic disorders, atopic dermatitis, extravasated bleeding from skin, especially skin related disease. The author investigated the effects of GSYE on mast cell-mediated allergic inflammatory reactions. GSYE dose-dependently (0.01-1 g/kg) inhibited compound 48180-induced systemic anaphylactic shock and ear swelling response. The inhibitory effect of GSYE on the histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells induced by compound 48f80 reveals significantly (p<0.05) at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 1 mg/ml in a dose-dependent manner. GSYE also inhibited the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis(PCA) by oral administration at 1 g/kg. In addition, GSYE dose-dependently (0.01-1 g/kg) inhibited the phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate(PMA) and A23187-induced tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ secretion from human mast cell line HMC-1 cells. These results indicate that GSYE may be a beneficial applicability in the allergic-related diseases.

• Proceedings of the Acoustical Society of Korea Conference
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• spring
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• pp.269-273
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• 1999

Combination of mental stress task with noise background is a traditional tool employed in psychophysiology. However, intensity of background noise is a factor affecting both performance on test and psychophysiological responses associated with stress evoked by mental load in noisy environment. In the current study on 7 subjects we analyzed the influence of white noise (WN) intensity (55, 70, and 85 dB[A] ) on psychophysiological responses during word recognition test performed on noise background. There were recorded following physiological variables: electrodermal activity (EDA) , namely, skin conductance level (SCL), skin conductance response (SCR) amplitude (SCR-A), rise time and total number of SCRs (N-SCR); cardiovascular activity, e.g., heart rate (HR), respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) index, pulse transit time (PTT), finger pulse volume (PV), skin temperature (SKT) and respiratory activity, such as respiration rate (RESP-R) and inspiration wane amplitude (RESP-A) during baseline resting state and 40 s long performance on 3 similar Korean word recognition tests with different WN intensity (55, 70, and 85 dB). Electrodermal responses (SCR-A, SCL, N-SCR) demonstrated gradual increment with increased intensity of noise, and this increase of response magnitude with higher intensity of noise was typical also for r skin temperature (phasic SKT decrease) and pulse volume (phasic and tonic PV decrease). However, some cardiovascular and respiratory responses did not exhibit same tendency of gradual increase of reactivity , namely HR, as well as RESP-R and RESP-A showed decrement of response magnitudes. Important finding in terms of cardiovascular reactivity was that 55 and 70dB evoked similar profiles, while 85dB WN resulted in significantly different profile of reactions, suggesting that there exists a threshold level after which intensive auditory stimulation elicits psychophyslological responses pattern of different quality. There are discussed potential autonomic mechanism involved in mediation of observed physiological responses.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.1-12
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• 2015

This study analyzes the physiological healing effects on users according to forest types. Forest types are classified into Chamaecyparis obtusa, Quercus serrata and Pinus densiflora and the subjects of this study, 64 hypertensives, 59 diabetics and 59 ordinary people, were tested to observe their physiological effects. The index of physiological reaction comprises electroencephalogram(EEG), heart rate variability(HRV), blood pressure and cortisol level. An analysis of the stress-buffering effect from the physiological reactions of the overall subjects indicates that Quercus serrata forests have a higher stress-buffering effect than others in terms of central nervous, endocrine and autonomic nervous systems. Chamaecyparis obtusa forests are contributory to soothing stress in the central nervous and endocrine systems. Pinus densiflora forests contribute in some indexes of the endocrine and autonomic nervous systems. In contrast, Pinus densiflora forests are less influential on a stress-buffering effect than the other two. In the level of the effect for lowering blood pressure, Chamaecyparis obtusa and Quercus serrata forests are more effective than Pinus densiflora forests. Therefore, staying in the first two forests can heighten the healing effect of the lowering of blood pressure for hypertensive patients. Every forest is efficacious to lowering diabetic blood glucose levels. Spending time in Quercus serrata forests is more effective for hypoglycemic.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.533-538
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• 2018

Nitric oxide (NO) mediates various physiological and pathological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and inflammation. Protein S-nitrosylation (SNO), a NO-mediated reversible protein modification, leads to changes in the activity and function of target proteins. Recent findings on protein-protein transnitrosylation reactions (transfer of an NO group from one protein to another) have unveiled the mechanism of NO modulation of specific signaling pathways. The intracellular level of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), a major reactive NO species, is controlled by GSNO reductase (GSNOR), a major regulator of NO/SNO signaling. Increasing number of GSNOR-related studies have shown the important role that denitrosylation plays in cellular NO/SNO homeostasis and human pathophysiology. This review introduces recent evidence of GSNO-mediated NO/SNO signaling depending on GSNOR expression or activity. In addition, the applicability of GSNOR as a target for drug therapy will be discussed in this review.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.478-483
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• 1997

Six adult female Murrah buffaloes of about 12 years were exposed to solar radiation during summer when minimum and maximum ambient temperatures were 27.1 and $44.1^{\circ}C$, respectively. The skin surface temperature at forehead, middle pinna, neck, rump, foreleg, hind legs were recorded using non-contact temperature measuring instrument and respiration rate and rectal temperature were measured throughout the 24 hours starting from 6:30 AM. The diurnal fluctuations and temperature gradients have been reported for buffaloes. During summer when ambient temperature and solar radiation was maximum, adult buffaloes were not able to maintain their thermal balance even after increasing the pulmonary frequency 5 - 6 times. The changes in skin temperature at various sites indicate that the temperature of skin surface not only varies in relation to exposure but also due to water diffusion and evaporation.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.973-976
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• 2005

The purpose of this research is to examine the effects of Scutellariae Radix(SR) extract on cytokines in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthmatic mice. In vivo, C57BL/6 mice were sensitized and handicapped by OVA for 12 weeks. During this experiment, the one group was then treated with SR extract for the later 8 weeks (3 times per week) and analyzed by ELISA. There were significant decreases in IL-4(p<0.05), IL-5(p<0.05), IL-13(p<0.01), histamine(p<0.05) in serum of SR group. IgE also decreased, but was not significant compared with that of control group. The results of this study support a role for SR as an effective treatment for asthma in its experimental success in significantly decreasing inflammation and asthma reactions.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.02a
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• pp.174-174
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• 2012

The nature of feed gas is essential for the active species formed in the nonthermal plasma jets, which would induce various biological phenomena. We investigated the different physiological effects of atmospheric pressure soft-plasma jets on Esherichia coli and blood cells according to the feed gas. Cell death rate, growth curve, membrane molecular changes and induced genes were examined. The relationship between cellular reactions and active species generated by discharge will be discussed.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.193-210
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• 1971

Reviewed biosynthetic pathways in green leaves of thiamine, riboflavin and folate as disclosed by the authors, and the regulatory systems operating on their biosynthesis and biodegradation as revealed since a potent inhibitory activity of ATP was found for the phosphatase reactions in 1965. Physiological roles of ascorbic acid in plant were evidenced by its higher content in green and flower leaves; the content in persimmon leaves for example was found ten or more times of that in citrus fruits. A close relationship existing between basic and development researches was illustrated by examples chosen from the author's researches. Examples cited were as follows; basic researches on vitamins were extended to the creation of thiamine enriched rice, to the growth promotion of rice plant by foliar application of thiamine, and to the use of ascorbic acid to prevent the appearance of beer cloudness; histological and biochemical studies on protein bodies in rice endosperm turned out amino acid enriched rice; techniques acquired in the studies on catalase were successfully employed for the utilization of single cell protein (MIPRON) for human food; conception of hybernation was led up to under-water or under-ground storage of cereal grains.