• CELLMED
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.8.1-8.5
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• 2018

Nitric oxide (NO) is a small diffusible molecule which plays an important role in various physiological activities. NO is a notable molecule, functioning as a cytotoxic agent and cellular messenger. There has been considerable interest in NO production by activated macrophages because this gaseous metabolite plays a fundamental role in the cytotoxic and cytostatic effects of macrophages towards invasive micro-organisms and tumour cells. No is a bioactive free radical that has been implicated in many physiological functions, plays a critical role during inflammation and therefore constitutes a potential target for developing therapeutics for inflammatory diseases. The use of medicinal plants by the population has been an important alternative the resource in the treatment of various diseases. Its growing acceptance in the medical community has been due to the fact that several plants with biological activities have been scientifically investigated and their efficacy and safety have been proven. In this review, discussed suppressive effects of No production by traditional medicines in RAW 264.7 and THP-1 macrophages.

• BMB Reports
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.506-510
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• 1999

The newly-found thiol peroxidases (TPx) with a conserved cysteine as the primary site of catalysis are capable of catalyzing the thiol-dependent reduction of peroxides. However, the cellular distributions of the isoforms remain poorly understood. As a first step in understanding the physiological functions of the TPx isoforms, we examined the cellular and tissue distribution of the isoenzymes in various bovine tissues. The tissue distributions of TPx isoenzymes indicate that two types of TPx are widely distributed throughout all of the tested tissues. These two forms are the predominant proteins, with levels of the proteins being quite different from each other. The level of predominant TPx proteins, named type II (TPx II) and type V (TPx V), appeared to be very different with respect to tissue type. The cellular distribution and level of TPx isoenzymes also varied with the types of cells. Immunoblot analysis of the mitochondrial and cytosol fractions from various tissues indicates that TPx III is a unique mitochondrial form. Based on the different tissue and cellular distribution of TPx isoenzymes, we discuss the physiological function of TPx isoenzymes, especially the ubiquitous TPx II.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics D
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• v.35D no.7
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• pp.40-47
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• 1998

This paper presents the physiological signal processing CMOS one chip for transmitting human bodys small electrical signals such as electrocardiogram(EKG) or electromyogram(EMG) and the external system for receiving signals was implemented by the commercial ICs. For simultaneous four-subject four-channel telemetry, a new enfored synchronization techniqeu using infrared bi-directional communication has been proposed. The telemeter IC with the size of 5.1*5.1mm$^{2}$ has the following functions: receiving of command signal, initialization of internal state of all functional blocks, decoding of subject-selection signal, time multiplexing of 4-channel modulated physiological signals, transmitting of telemetry signal to external system and auto power down control. The newly designed synchronized oscillator with low supply voltage dependence in the telemeter IC operates at a supply voltage from 4.6~6.0V and the nonlinearity error of PIM modulator was less than 1.2%F.S(full scale). The power saving block operates at the period of 2.5ms even if the telemetry IC does not receive command signal from external system for a constant time.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.16-22
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• 1994

Using 2 to 4 day-old postnatal rats, primary brain cell cultures were made from various brain regions (substantia nigra, hippocampus, striatum, and nucleus accumbens). Whole-cell patch clamp technique was used for electrophysiological studies. Neurons cultured from substantia nigra were characterized more in detail to test whether these cultured neurons were appropriate for physiological studies. Immunocytochemical and electrophysiological properties of these cultured neurons agreed with those from other in vivo or in vitro studies suggesting that cultured neurons maintained normal cytological and physiological conditions. Modulation of ionic channels through dopamine receptors were studied from brain areas where dopamine plays important roles on brain functions. When neurons were clamped near resting membrane potential (-74mV), R(+), R(+)-SKF 38393, a specific D$_1$receptor agonist, activated cultured striatal neurons, and dopamine itself produced biphasic responses. Responses of cultured hippocampal neurons to dopamine agonists were kinds of mirror images to those from striatal neurons; D$_1$receptor agonists inhibited hippocampal neurons but quinpirole, a D$_2$receptor agonist, activated them. Neurons cultured from nucleus accumbens were inhibited by dopamine.

• BMB Reports
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.314-319
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• 2005

Adenosine, as a ubiquitous metabolite, mediates many physiological functions via activation of plasma membrane receptors. Mechanisms of most of its physiological roles have been studied extensively, but research on adenosine-induced apoptosis (AIA) has only started recently. In this study we demonstrate that adenosine dose-dependently triggered apoptosis of cultured baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells. Adenosine-induced apoptotic cell death was characterized by DNA laddering, changes in nuclear chromatin morphology and phosphatidylserine staining. Apoptosis was also quantified by flow cytometry. Results suggest the involvement of adenosine $A_1$ and $A_3$ receptors as well as equilibrative nucleoside transporters in apoptosis induced by adenosine. These results indicate a receptor-transporter co-signaling mechanism in AIA in BHK cells. The involvement of $A_1$ and $A_3$ receptors also implies a possible apoptotic pathway mediated by G protein-coupled receptors.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.104-109
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• 2003

The present paper reviews the notion and comparison of the Korea Food and Drug Administration(KFDA) general pharmacology and the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) safety pharmacology. General pharmacology or safety pharmacology is termed the study to determine the potential of a compound to induce adverse pharmacological effects. KFDA general pharmacology studies have been considered an important component in drug safety assessment and these were originally referred to those designed to examine effects other than the primary therapeutics effect of a drug candidate. The KFDA notified the Guideline for General Pharmacology in 1997. Safety pharmacology studies were focused on identifying adverse effects on physiological functions. In the ICH came into place S7A Safety Pharmacology Studies for Human Pharmaceuticals in 2001. A new chemical entity should be assessed for its side effects, initially in those physiological systems which are generally agreed to be the key systems that are essential for life; these "core system" include the central nervous system, cardiovascular system and respiratory system in safety pharmacology studies. These studies should be performed in compliance with Good Laboratory Practice (GLP).

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Fisheries Technology Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.146-147
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• 2001

Lectins or carbohydrate-binding proteins are proteins of non-immune origin, which is able to agglutinate cells, and precipitate polysaccharides and glycoconjugates (Goldstein et al., 1980). Lectins with diverse physiological roles are widely distributed to the various plant, microorganisms, invertebrates and vertebrates. The ubiquitous occurrence of lectins in nature and their ability to recognize complementary sugars provided a stimulus for the continuous research for their biochemical properties and physiological functions (Raz and Lotan, 1987). (omitted)

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.87.1-87.1
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• 2003

With the issuance of the ICH “Guidance for industry S7A Safety Pharmacology Studies For Human Pharmaceuticals” in July 2001 came the preference for the use of unanesthetized animals when evaluation the safety profile of new pharmaceutical agents. Telemetry provides a means of obtaining measurements of physiological functions in conscious animals without the problems associated with classical cardiovascular measuring methods. The Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT) established the telemetric measurement of cardiovascular parameters, such as Blood pressure, Heart rate, ECG (PR, RR, QRS, QT and QTcB interval) under GLP conditions. (omitted)

• BMB Reports
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.259-266
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• 2022

Recent studies have revealed that the immune system plays a critical role in various physiological processes beyond its classical pathogen control activity. Even under a sterile condition, various cells and tissues can utilize the immune system to meet a specific demand for proper physiological functions. Particularly, a strong link between immunity and metabolism has been identified. Studies have identified the reciprocal regulation between these two systems. For example, immune signals can regulate metabolism, and metabolism (cellular or systemic) can regulate immunity. In this review, we will summarize recent findings on this reciprocal regulation between immunity and metabolism, and discuss potential biological rules behind this interaction with integrative perspectives.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.69-77
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• 2003

This study reviewed antioxidants and various enzymic physiological functions of Korean ash tree extractives that contains coumarine and ester component in order to examine the practical possibility of those materials as pharmaceutical and cosmetic additive applications. first, in the experiment of enzymic physiological activity, the electron donating ability showed 62.00% at 1ppm and over 90% at 10ppm or higher concentration, and the pseudo SOD ability showed 39% at the concentration of 2000ppm and 84.73% at the concentration of 5000ppm. Second, the inhibition activity of xanthine oxidase showed a relatively low inhibition effect of 45.57% at 200ppm, and the inhibition effect of tyrosinase showed 57.51% at 2000ppm. However, it showed a very low inhibition effect at the concentration of 500ppm or less. Third, the lipid oxidation, when Cu$\^$2＋/ion was used as an oxidation accelerator, showed the inhibition effect of 82% at the concentration of 10ppm, and when Fe$\^$2＋/ion was used also as the oxidation accelerator, it showed a very outstanding effect of 60% and more at 100ppm. Conclusively it is clear that the extracts of Korean ash tree bark can be used as cosmetic and pharmaceutical additive agents due to their excellent activities as antioxidant and enzymic physiological functions of it.