• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.225-233
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• 2014

In this study, we investigated the changes in the physiological and histological traits of a sea squirt (Halocynthia roretzi) with the emergence of the soft tunic syndrome induced by the water temperature control (6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24 and $27^{\circ}C$). It was observed that the induction rate of the soft tunic syndrome was highest at $15^{\circ}C$, but lowest at $24^{\circ}C$. Based on the tunic color condition and contraction strength, the whole process were classified into 4 stages as S0, S1, S2 and S3. Interestingly, there were significant differences in oxygen consumption and filtration rate were observed during S0-S3. The most distinctive aspects were change of blood cell composition at stage S3, whereas multi-vacuole cell ratio was decreased by 1/2 and morula cell ratio expanded about 10 times during S0-S3. Further, change of organ structure started following the syndrome such as degeneration of epithelial cells, microfilaments, increment in hemocytes and damage in muscle fiber have been detected in tunic, siphon, branchial sac, body wall musculature and pyloric gland. Briefly, our study results indicated that the normal physiological functions of the sea squirt can be affected due to the soft tunic syndrome induced by water temperature.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.826-833
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• 2017

The rising concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide is causing ocean acidification and global warming. The seahorse is an important species in marine ecosystems and fishery markets, however, their populations have recently decreased due to ocean acidification. As a result, we examined changes in the physiological responses of the spotted seahorse Hippocampus kuda when it was exposed to acidic sea water (pH 6.0, 6.5, and 7.0) and normal seawater (pH 8.0 as the control) over a period of 15 days. As the pH decreased, the seahorses' body weight and length also decreased. Components in body of ash, the crude lipids and crude proteins also differed significantly with changes in pH, due to stress caused by the seahorses' exposure to the acidic water conditions. The superoxide dismutase levels were significantly lower in the pH 6.0 and 6.5 groups than they were in the pH 7.0 and pH 8.0 groups. However, the catalase and glutathione levels were significantly higher in the acidic sea water groups. We suggest that decreasing the pH level of rearing water induces a stress response in H. kuda, damaging their ability to maintain their homeostasis and energy metabolism. Antioxidant enzymes are generally sensitive to acidic stress; in this study, the antioxidant activity was significantly affected by the pH level of the rearing water. These results indicate that physiological stress, induced by exposure to acidification, induces an antioxidant reaction, which can reduce general components in the body and the growth of H. kuda.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.1-7
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• 2005

Objectives : In this study, Folium Perillae were examined the possibility to apply as the cosmetics natural materials. Methods : Normal skin softener containing Folium Perillae extracts was manufactured and then its physiological activities function was experimented on. And emollient lotion containing Folium Perillae extracts was manufactured and then it was left under the condition of $-10^{\circ}C,\;0^{\circ}C$, room temperature and $37^{\circ}C$ for a month. Then its stability and safety were tested. Results : The physiological activities function of the normal skin softener was almost same with the electron donating ability, SOD like activity and xanthine oxidase inhibitory effect of Folium Perillae extracts. To find the changes of emollient lotion containing Folium Perillae extracts, the emollient lotion was left under the condition of $-10^{\circ}C,\;0^{\circ}C$, room temperature and $37^{\circ}C$ for a month. Then, when the emollient lotion was observed with the naked eye, pH, viscosity and particle diameter were measured, its changes were not nearly found. Futhermore, as a result of doing patch test to identify the safety of emollient lotion containing Folium Perillae extracts, there was no stimulus on skin. Conclusions : From the above results, it was expected that the physiological activities of Folium Perillae extracts can be maintained when cosmetics containing Folium Perillae extracts are manufactured. And it was proved that Folium Perillae extracts didn't affect the change of cosmetic when they were applied to cosmetic materials. And it was concluded that emollient lotion containing Folium Perillae extracts was safe for skin.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.113 no.2
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• pp.198-209
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• 2024

This study aimed to investigate the impact of light intensity, manipulated through different shading levels, on the growth and physiological responses of Thermopsis lupinoides. To assess the effects of shading treatments, we examined leaf mass per area, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence response, and photosynthetic characteristics. T. lupinoidesexhibited adaptive responses under low light conditions (50% shading), showing increased leaf area and decreased leaf mass per area as shading levels increased. These changes indicate morpho-physiological adaptations to reduced light availability. At 50% shading, the physiological and ecological responses were favorable, with optimal photosynthetic functions including chlorophyll content, photosynthesis saturation point, photosynthetic rate, carbon fixation efficiency, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and water use efficiency. However, at 95% shading, the essential light conditions for growth were not met, significantly impairing photosynthetic functions. Consequently, 50% shading was determined to be the most optimal condition for T. lupinoides growth. These findings provide valuable insights for effective ex-situconservation practices and site selection for T. lupinoides, serving as foundational data for habitat restoration efforts.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.49-67
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• 2014

Subject : The Association between Extraordinary Organs(奇恒之腑) and Eight Extra Meridians(奇經 八脈). Objectives : This study research some special aspects of Extraordinary Organs and Eight Extra Meridians which differentiated from ordinary Organs and Meridians, and the association between Extraordinary Organs and Eight Extra Meridians. Methods : First, researched classification standard and physiological characteristics of Extraordinary Organs through studying various chapters of HuangdiNeijing. Second, researched The Association between Extraordinary Organs and Eight Extra Meridians through studying on the origin of Eight Extra Meridians in HuangdiNeijing. Third, from accompanying researching the subject of Cheon-gye(天癸) and human body shape, draw synthetic hypothesis on the relationship among ordinary Meridians and Organs, muscles and skins of body shape, Extraordinary Organs and Eight Extra Meridians. Results & Conclusions : The following conclusions could be drawn. 1. Extraordinary Organs afford background for shaping human body. This is same as the properties of the earth which afford background for shaping all creations. The physiological characteristics of Extraordinary Organs is intermediation and regulation between Ki(氣) of Five Viscera & six Bowels and shape of muscles & skins in human body. 2. The origin of Eight Extra Meridians could be found in HuangdiNeijing. The collateral Meridians of the Uterus and Epiglottis Meridian are specifically formulated to supplying for the Uterus or Epiglottis. From this we can draw The Association between Extraordinary Organs and Eight Extra Meridians, that is Eight Extra Meridians are specifically formulated to supplying for Extraordinary Organs. 3. The Cheon-gye(天癸) is doing significant function in Eight Extra Meridians supplying for Extraordinary Organs. Cheon-gye concerned to growth, secondary sexual characters, generative function, aging process. Theses are all concerned with the changing of human body shape. Cheon-gye urge to change the body shape with following the human life cycle. 4. Human body has vertical symmetry because preserve its shape from the gravitational force. Eight Extra Meridians place at the middle or flank axis of human body, thus do physiological function that assistant human body have vertical symmetry shape. The purpose of shaping vertical symmetry is securing space what the inner Twelve Regular Meridians and Five Viscera & six Bowels create there own physical changes. On the other hand the inner changes need deviation between left and right because of mobility and circulation of force. But human body change the shape in the process of growth, reproduction, aging. Eight Extra Meridians play role at time of these processing, thus they deeply concerned to human's life cycle and reproduction. 5. Eight Extra Meridians and Extraordinary Organs were named 'Extra' because of some special aspects which differentiated from ordinary Meridians and Organs. All they play role to have vertical symmetry shape of human body and maintain the shape, thus they deeply concerned to the change of human life cycle. These shaping maintaining and the change of human life cycle are very special aspects of human body. So they needed to differently cognize separate to the ordinary changes of Five Viscera & six Bowels and Twelve Meridians at inner space.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.1100-1105
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• 2002

This thesis aims to provide an analytical basis for existing or new prescriptions based on the theory for properties and tastes of Korean oriental herbal medicines. To this end, prescriptions presented in 「the Various Changes in the Dominations of the Six Energies and their Relations with the Diseases」 of 『Plain Questions』 were analyzed based on the theory for properties and tastes of Korean oriental herbal medicines in 『Yellow Emperor's Canon Internal Medicine』. This thesis focused on symptoms and prescriptions based on the theory for properties and tastes of Korean oriental herbal medicines, which were described in 「the Various Changes in the Dominations of the Six Energies and their Relations with the Diseases」 of 『Plain Questions』 with regard to the year when Kweoleum is affecting the earth energy and the wind energy is partially over-abundant. Those symptoms and prescriptions originate from the theory of the five elements and six climates. The symptoms were analyzed from the perspective of physiology. The prescriptions were first analyzed based on the theory for properties and tastes of Korean oriental herbal medicines in 『Yellow Emperor's Canon Internal Medicine』. Then, a mix formula of oriental medicines pursuant to those prescriptions was studied. Lastly, proper prescriptions from 『Treatise of Cold-Induced Diseases』, which were in conformity with the above prescriptions, were selected. From the physiological point of view, symptoms with regard to the year when Kweoleum is affecting the earth energy and the wind energy is partially over-abundant can be, based on the theory of the five elements and six climates, diagnosed as the symptoms from impaired spleen and stomach due to excessive wind energy. Prescriptions from 『Treatise of Cold-Induced Diseases』pursuant to prescriptions based on the theory for properties and tastes of Korean oriental herbal medicines can be broken down into the following: pinellia decoction for reducing stomach-fire(Banhasasimtang); ginger decoction for reducing stomach-fire(Saenggangsasimtang); liquorice root decoction for reducing stomach-fire(Gamchosasimtang); and Chinese goldthread decoction(Hwangryentang). Therefore, symptoms of six kinds of weather presented in 「the Various Changes in the Dominations of the Six Energies and their Relations with the Diseases」 of 『Plain Questions』 can be analyzed from the physiological point of view. As a result, in addition to the methodology that analyzes existing prescriptions within the boundary of the theory for properties and tastes of Korean oriental herbal medicines in 『Yellow Emperor's Canon Internal Medicine』, it is expected that a theoretical basis for new prescriptions can be provided by analyzing prescriptions from 『Treatise of Cold-Induced Diseases』, based on prescriptions from the theory for properties and tastes of Korean oriental herbal medicines.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.171-175
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• 1994

Physiological changes in Eleocharis kuroguwai Ohwi as affected by bensulfuron-methyl {Methyl 2-[[[[[(4, 6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)amino]carbonyl]amino] sulfonyl]methyl]benzoate} was determined to relate the characteristics with regrowth behavior. There were no changes in relative growth rate(RGR) during the period of growth cessation after application of bensulfuron-methyl. RGR's of the growth ceseased plants caused at 39 and 51 g/ha began to increase in between 25 and 30 days after application (DAA) and between 30 and 35 DAA, respectively. In untreated plant tuber carbohydrate rapidly decreased right after emergence and almost consumed within 40 days. There was no carbohydrate consumption during the period of growth cessation in bensulfuron-methyl-applied plant, but the content started to rapidly decrease with regrowth. Tuber viability lasted for 30 days in untreated plant, while tubers were viable for 60 and 70 days after application of bensulfuron-methyl at 39 and 51 g/ha, respectively. During the period of growth cessation the plants kept minimum respiration and photosynthesis, but with regrowth respiration and photosynthesis were resumed and rapidly increased.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.342-346
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• 2001

The physiological changes in sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.) leaves infected with Drechslera sorghicola were investigated through five recognizable stages of disease development. Water-soaked yellowish brown spots developed two days after inoculation, turned brown with yellow halo, enlarged and coalesced at later stages of disease development. Healthy and infected leaves were analyzed for different biochemical constituents. The chlorophyll contents were decreased significantly with the progress of infection. The levels of reducing and total sugars increased while non-reducing sugars decreased to a significant extent with the progress of disease. The concentration of total phenolics, orthodihydroxy phenols, free and glycosidic phenols showed significant changes due to infection, whereas basic and acid phenols showed little or no change with disease development. Levels of phenolic compounds increased four days after inoculation and decrease thereafter, but the concentration was higher at every stage of disease development relative to healthy tissues. Polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase enzyme activities increased to varying degrees at different stages of infection. Analysis of protein fractions showed a significant increase with the progress of disease.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.83-89
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• 1977

Changes in the alcohol-soluble free amino acids during germination of a spring grain, Wanju and two winter grains, Sedohadaka and Nonsankwa No.1-6 which are differing in their degree of spring (winter) habits, were investigated by thin layer chromatography. The results obtained are as follows. 1. Throughout the germination period, 25 ninhydrin positive components; 22 amino acids including two amides and 3 unknown spots were detected. It is interesting to note that identification of histidine was confined to Wanju and Sedohadaka but Nonsankwa No.1-6, which has the lower degree of spring habit. 2. Except the quiescent seeds, the major components were generally composed of the acidic and neutral amino acids together with glutamine and asparagine. 3. Proline was contained in higher quantity except from the stage of quiescent seeds, but the outstanding difference among the varieties was not recognized. Whether this component is related to the mechanism of spring habit in barley or not is a problem to be studied more. 4. In all the varieties, most of the changes in amino acid levels during germination were usually in the same direction and of the same pattern under the temperature controlled not to be varnalized. In view of the results above, the changes in the amino acid levels seem to be more affected by the changes of growing circumstances and the subsequent metabolic activities of certain enzymes than by the characteristics of varieties themselves.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.2 no.1 s.2
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• pp.99-109
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• 1966

It has been known that the pronounced hypotension resulting from hemorrhage gives rise to compensatory stimulation of the adrenosympathetic system, which leads to an increase of liberation of catecholamines from sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla. It is obvious, therefore, that numerous physiological and biochemical changes during the hemorrhagic hypotention might be mediated through the increased liberation of catecholamines. Although an extensive studies have been reported on changes of protein and carbohydrate metabolism in hemorrhagic shock a few studies on the changes of lipid metabolism have been reported. Levenson(1961) observed a marked increase of serum lipids content during hemorrhagic shock and also noticed a marked elevation of serum free fatty acids. He suggested that these effects were due to mobilization and accelerated metabolic breakdown of lipids which might be resulted by sympathetic stimulation as a cause. To elucidate the mechanism of this, author studied the change of serum free fatty acids and blood sugar with relation to catecholamines during experimentally induced hemorrhagic shock in dog. Healthy male mongrel dogs weighing approximately 15kg were used. Under the general anesthesia with pentobarbital, rapid hemorrhage was produced from the femoral artery maintaining blood pressure level of 40 mmHg measured by the manometer connected with the opposite femoral artery throughout the experiment. Serum free fatty acids(FFA) and blood sugar were measured by the methods of Dole(1956) and Folin-wu,(1920) respectively. Tissue catecholamine was measured by Shore and Olin method(1958) using Aminco-Bowman spectrophotofluorometer.