• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.23.1-23.15
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• 2024

The widespread use of antimicrobials causes antibiotic resistance in bacteria. The use of butyric acid and its derivatives is an alternative tactic. This review summarizes the literature on the role of butyric acid in the body and provides further prospects for the clinical use of its derivatives and delivery methods to the animal body. Thus far, there is evidence confirming the vital role of butyric acid in the body and the effectiveness of its derivatives when used as animal medicines and growth stimulants. Butyric acid salts stimulate immunomodulatory activity by reducing microbial colonization of the intestine and suppressing inflammation. Extraintestinal effects occur against the background of hemoglobinopathy, hypercholesterolemia, insulin resistance, and cerebral ischemia. Butyric acid derivatives inhibit histone deacetylase. Aberrant histone deacetylase activity is associated with the development of certain types of cancer in humans. Feed additives containing butyric acid salts or tributyrin are used widely in animal husbandry. They improve the functional status of the intestine and accelerate animal growth and development. On the other hand, high concentrations of butyric acid stimulate the apoptosis of epithelial cells and disrupt the intestinal barrier function. This review highlights the biological activity and the mechanism of action of butyric acid, its salts, and esters, revealing their role in the treatment of various animal and human diseases. This paper also discussed the possibility of using butyric acid and its derivatives as surface modifiers of enterosorbents to obtain new drugs with bifunctional action.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.110-119
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• 2004

The combination of biological and physical/chemical technologies is a promising technique to reduce highly concentrated pollutants in livestock wastewater. It is suggested to treat livestock wastewater efficiently as follows: firstly, biodegradable organic matters, nitrogen and some of phosphorus should be removed by a biological treatment process and then residual non-biodegradable organic matters, color and phosphorus be eliminated by physicochemical technologies. In this study, therefore, the integrations of chemical coagulation, activated carbon adsorption, Fenton oxidation and ozonation were evaluated to provide appropriate post-treatment processes for biologically pre-treated livestock wastewater. After chemical coagulation followed by ozonation or Fenton oxidation process, the quality of treated wastewater could meet the discharge limit in Korea. However, a yellowish brown color still remained in the treated wastewater after a single method such as coagulation and Fenton oxidation was applied. The ozonation was found to be the most effective technology for the decolorization. Neither simple biological nor physicochemical treatment provides adequate decolorization and sufficient depletion of organics in livestock wastewater so far. Consequently, the integration of Fenton oxidation and ozonation with a biological treatment process is recommended to treat livestock wastewater in terms of removal efficiency.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.45-52
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• 2004

To search a new porcine pheromonal odorants, this research for biostimulation and role of pheromone was augmented by means of "control system technologies" to offer a potentially useful and practical way to improve reproductive efficiency in livestock species. Therefore the 13 physicochemical parameters such as similarity indice (S), hydrophobicity (logP) and van der Waals molecule volume (MV) etc. of 54 steroid analogues, which are analogous of substrate molecules, 5$\alpha$-androst-16-en-3-one (P1) and 5$\alpha$-androst-16-en-3-ol (P2) of lipocalin as receptor of pig pheromones were calculated and discussed. The physicochemical properties of these steroid analogues were mainly followed by steric dissimilar of A and D ring in steroid nucleus. And we found that from correlation with S values and MV constants of molecules, the more MV constants are small, the more S values tend to approach 1. Based on this results, the S-values of 4-androsten-3,17-dione (P1-1) and 5 $\alpha$ -androstan-3-one (P2-1) were 1.0, respectively. The two compounds of them were chosen because they showed the same value each other at a side of hydrophobicity, molar refractivity and molecular volume. It is expected that the new two compounds will be able to substitute for P1 and P2, porcine pheromonal odorants.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.156-163
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• 2015

The effects of low molecular-weight collagen peptides derived from porcine skin were investigated on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of chocolate ice cream. Collagen peptides less than 1 kDa in weight were obtained by sub-critical water hydrolysis at a temperature of $300^{\circ}C$ and a pressure of 80 bar. Ice cream was then prepared with gelatin powder and porcine skin hydrolysate (PSH) stabilizers mixed at seven different ratios (for a total of 0.5 wt%). There was no significant difference in color between the resulting ice cream mixtures. The increase in apparent viscosity and shear thinning of the ice cream was more moderate with PSH added than with gelatin. Moreover, the samples containing more than 0.2 wt% PSH had enhanced melting resistance, while the mixture with 0.2 wt% PSH had the lowest storage modulus at $-20^{\circ}C$ and the second highest loss modulus at 10℃, indicating that this combination of hydrocolloids leads to relatively softer and creamier chocolate ice cream. Among the seven types of ice creams tested, the mixture with 0.2 wt% PSH and 0.3 wt% gelatin had the best physicochemical properties. However, in sensory evaluations, the samples containing PSH had lower chocolate flavor scores and higher off-flavor scores than the sample prepared with just 0.5 wt% gelatin due to the strong off-flavor of PSH.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.697-697
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• 2016

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.35-40
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• 2015

Super- and sub-critical water treatments have been of interest as novel methods for protein hydrolysis. In the present study, we studied the effect of sub-critical water (Sub-$H_2O$, $300^{\circ}C$, 80 bar) treatment as well as super-critical water (Super-$H_2O$, $400^{\circ}C$, 280 bar) treatment on the physicochemical properties of porcine skin (PS), which has abundant collagen. Porcine skin was subjected to pre-thermal treatment by immersion in water at $70^{\circ}C$, and then treated with sub- or super-critical water. Physicochemical properties of the hydrolysates, such as molecular weight distribution, free amino acid content, amino acid profile, pH, color, and water content were determined. For the molecular weight distribution analysis, 1 kDa hydrolyzed porcine skin (H-PS) was produced by Super-$H_2O$ or Sub-$H_2O$ treatment. The free amino acid content was 57.18 mM and 30.13 mM after Sub-$H_2O$ and Super-$H_2O$ treatment, respectively. Determination of amino acid profile revealed that the content of Glu (22.5%) and Pro (30%) was higher after Super-$H_2O$ treatment than after Sub-$H_2O$ treatment, whereas the content of Gly (28%) and Ala (13.1%) was higher after Sub-$H_2O$ treatment. Super-$H_2O$ or Sub-$H_2O$ treatment affected the pH of PS, which changed from 7.29 (Raw) to 9.22 (after Sub-$H_2O$ treatment) and 9.49 (after Super-$H_2O$ treatment). Taken together, these results showed that Sub-$H_2O$ treatment was slightly more effective for hydrolysis than Super-$H_2O$ was. However, both Sub-$H_2O$ and Super-$H_2O$ treatments were effective processing methods for hydrolysis of PS collagen in a short time and can be regarded as a green chemistry technology.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.758-778
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• 2024

This study assessed previous research aimed at mitigating the adverse effects of freeze-thawing on meat quality. Specifically, it focuses on assessing the physicochemical alterations in meat resulting from freezing, freeze-thawing, or technologies to minimize these alterations. Recent studies have focused on conventional freeze-thaw technology applicable across various livestock species and muscle types. However, recent research has indicated the necessity for developing freeze-thaw technology considering the unique characteristics of individual muscles. In this review, we summarize previous studies that have compared alterations in the physicochemical properties of primary muscles owing to freezing or freeze-thawing. Despite the introduction of various technologies to significantly reduce the adverse effects on meat quality resulting from freeze-thawing, it is essential to consider the unique characteristics (proximate composition, pH, and muscle fiber characteristics) of individual muscles or cuts to develop enhanced the freeze-thaw processing technology.

• Ceramist
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.7-14
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• 2011

This paper has investigated physicochemical properties and conventional and environmental-friendly treatment methods of paper mill sludge to emphasize the importance and necessity of the sludge recycling. The paper mill sludge generally shows high contents of calcium and water, and is mostly discharged by landfill after incineration process rather than being recycled due to technical or economical problems. In recent years, however, several possible methods for recycling the paper mill sludge have been suggested for its sustainable process as follows; compost, raw material for the construction and paper industry, new energy source for reducing fossil fuel use and raw material of activated carbon for treating paper mill wastewater. Thus the authors suggest that practical recycling technologies of the paper mill sludge must be developed for substantiality in the paper industry through comprehending physicochemical compositions and generation status of the sludge and actively performing various related studies. Furthermore, this investigation could be used as preliminary information for the study on recycled paper development using paper mill sludge incineration ash.

• Vacuum Magazine
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.16-26
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• 2015

Carbon nanomaterials including nanocrystalline diamond and graphene films are expected to play a core role in $21^{st}$ century industries due to their amazing physicochemical properties. To achieve their practical utilization and industrialization, the development of their mass production technologies is strongly required. Recently, a surface wave excited plasma (SWP) which is produced using microwaves has been attracting special attentions as a candidate for the mass production technology of carbon nanomaterials. SWP can allow a low-temperature large-area plasma chemical vapor deposition (CVD) system. Here, this article introduces the promising SWP-CVD technology. Plasma characteristics in a SWP will be introduced in detail to help understanding how to use and control a SWP as a plasma source for CVD applications.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.22-36
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• 2022

Cadmium is a class 1 carcinogen classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and has a high potential for leaching into groundwater. Therefore, it is necessary to address cadmium contamination by employing adequate treatment methodologies. Although various methods have been suggested to reduce cadmium in groundwater, their applications often suffer from various limitation arising from heterogeneous field conditions and technical difficulties. In this work, several in-situ technologies to treat cadmium contaminated groundwater were reviewed and discussed by separately addressing physicochemical, chemical and biological methods. In particular, the optimum cadmium remediation strategies that involve physical removal of source area → physicochemical and chemical remediation → biological remediation were proposed by considering reduction efficiency, adsorption rate, economic feasibility and ease of field application in groundwater.