• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.119-123
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the intra- and inter-rater reliability of muscle thickness (MT) measurements of the abductor hallucis (AbdH) in subjects with hallux valgus (HV), using ultrasonography performed at different inward pressures of approximately 0.5 kg, 1.0 kg, 1.5 kg, and 2.0 kg, with no pressure control. Methods: Thirty-two subjects with HV were recruited. The thicknesses of both sides of the AbdH were measured randomly by two different examiners for assessment of the intra- and inter-rater reliability. The measurement values were analyzed using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). ICC (2,1) was used to determine the inter-rater reliability of MT measurements of the AbdH, while ICC (3,1) was used to assess the intra-rater reliability. Results: The results showed higher ICC values for intra-rater reliability compared to inter-rater reliability, and the value for inter-rater reliability with no pressure control (ICC=0.74 [95%CI=0.53-0.87]) was smaller compared to pressures of 0.5 kg, 1.0 kg, 1.5 kg, and 2.0 kg. Other inward pressures for intra- and inter-rater reliability also showed excellent values (ICC=0.86-0.96). Conclusion: The findings showed that maintaining consistent inward pressure is essential for reliable results in measurement of the MT of the AbdH by different examiners in a clinical setting.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.54-58
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• 2004

Effects of texture on the electrochemical behaviors of single grains in polycrystalline zinc were investigated using a capillary-based micro-droplet cell. Pontiodynamic sweeps and capacity measurements were carried out in pH 9 borate buffer solution. The cyclic voltammograms and the capacity measurements on single grains with different crystallographic orientations in polycrystalline Zn showed a strong dependence of oxide growth on crystallographic grain orientation. The total charge consumed for oxide formation and the inverse capacity increased with an increase of surface packing density of grain. suggesting the oxide formation was greater on grains with higher surface packing density.

• Proceedings of the Polymer Society of Korea Conference
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• 2006.10a
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• pp.354-354
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• 2006

Alginic acid-silica hydrogel films was prepared for testing as protective coating materials for PTFE OD membranes. Unprotected hydrophobic membranes are subject to wet-out when contacted by surface-active agents. Films were characterised using SEM, XRD, DSC, mechanical strength measurements, and water-swelling measurements. In OD trials using coated membranes, no wet-out occurred over the 15 h duration of three consecutive 5 h OD trials using orange oil-water mixtures. In the case of detergent solutions, the coating afforded protection to the membrane for 4-5 h. In a separate trial, no wet-out occurred when the coated side of the membrane was placed in contact with 1.2 wt % orange oil for 72 hours.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.203-206
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• 2001

The mathematical processing (unfolding) of pulse height spectra from a scintillation detector helps to calculate the photon fluence rate energy distribution in a measured photon field. The data processing is based on the knowledge of detection system response function and directional dependence respectively. The experimental results of the photon fields measurements in the vicinity of the spent fuel temporary storage and inside the storage hall are presented. The containers Castor 440 are used for temporary storing of the burnt up fuel assemblies in the Czech nuclear power plant Dukovany. A set of periodical measurements was performed in order to get basic information on the time dependence of the photon fields spatial distributions and spectral characteristics in the temporary storage hall and its vicinity. The photon fields were measured by the scintillation system. The obtained photon fields spatial distributions and spectral characteristics present the information on the radiation hazard in the storage.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.55-59
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• 2010

Purpose: This study was designed to investigate the effect of a water exercise program on the pennation angle of the lower-limb muscle in women in their 20s. Methods: Ten female subjects were randomly divided into two groups, with 5 subjects exercising in water 0.7 m deep and 5 subjects exercising in water 1.4 m deep. They did the water exercising program for 40 minute per day, 3 days per week, for total 6 weeks. We measured the pennation angle of lower-limb muscle using ultrasonography. All measurements for each group were performed at pre-training and after 6 weeks of training. Results: The pennation angle was compared before and after the water exercise period for each group, and statistically significant changes within each group in measurements of the rectus femoris and tibialis anterior (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in muscle architecture by water depth (p>0.05) between the two groups. Conclusion: These results show that the pennation angle of the lower-limb muscle of women in their 20s changed after 6 weeks of participating in a water exercise program, but these changes were not dependent on the depth of the water in which the exercises were performed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.59-62
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• 2005

Small force measurements ranging from 1 pN to $100{\mu}N$, we call it Nano Force, become the questions of common interests of biomechanics, nanomechanics, material researches, and so on. However, unfortunately, quantitative and accurate force measurements have not been taken so far. This is because there ,are no traceable force standards and a calibration scheme. This paper introduces a quantitative force metrology, which provides traceable link to SI (International Systems of Units). We realize SI traceable force ranging from 1 nN to $100{\mu}N$ using an electrostatic balance and disseminate it through transfer standards, which are self-sensing cantilevers that have integrated piezoresistive strain gages. We have been built a prototype electrostatic balance and Nano Force Calibrator (NFC), which is an AFM cantilever calibration system. As a first experiment, we calibrated normal spring constants of commercial AFM cantilevers using NFC. Calibration results show that the spring constants of them are quite differ from each other and nominal values provided by a manufacturer (up to 240% deviation).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.177-196
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• 1993

By cluster sampling measurements, passing months of pregnancy according to changes of pregnant women body forms. On the basis of the above mentioned data, sizes of pregnant women clothes were decided. The results are as follows. 1. By cluster sampling measurements, sixty-nine items of apparel were obtained during the three different periods of pregnancy. They included the mean and standard deviation of body form measurement and the minimum and maximum values (Chart 3-4). The results of these surveys made it possible to notice the changes of pregnant womens' physical characteristics, i. e., the increased physical proportions: frontal waist area, umbilicus width, abdominal girth, crotch length, the length of the nipple, and body weight and the decreased proportions: omphalos height, perineum dimension. There was little change in the rear parts of the body. 2. The analized results of principle factors for body form measurements by cluster measurements produced seven major factors for which the proper values were over 1.0. They were: form factor, pregnancy factor, posture factor, breast formation factor, rear body formation factor, and nipple to nipple breadth. 3. In deciding garment sizes of pregnant women, four different sizes were established; small, medium, large, and extra-large according to the third, fifth, eighth, and tenth month of pregnancy. The measurement value of each item was produced by estimate.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.41-47
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to determine the intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of various forward head posture measurements. Ten healthy adults (age, $20.4{\pm}2.2$ yrs; height, $164.0{\pm}5.5$ cm; weight, $58.7{\pm}7.3$ kg) participated in the study. They were free of injury and neurologic deficits in the upper extremities and neck at the time of testing. The subjects were asked to perform head forward posture by under the guidance of physical therapists. Markers were placed on the C7 spinous process, mastoid process, tragus of the ear, outer canthus, and forehead. Measurement 1 for forward head posture assessment was measured as the angle between the horizontal line through C7 and the line connecting the C7 spinous process with the tragus of the ear. Measurement 2 was measured as the angle between the C7 spinous process, the mastoid process and the outer canthus. Measurement 3 was measured as two kinds of angles the HT (head tilt) angle is between the line from the midpoint of forehead to the tragus line and Y-axis at the tragus point. The NF (neck flexion) angle is between the line from the tragus to the C7 line and the Y-axis at the C7. Intra-rater, inter-rater reliability and coefficient of variation was assessed by comparing the measured values from three kinds of measurements of forward head posture. The intra-rater reliability was indicated by intraclass correlation coefficients [ICC(1,1)] and inter-rater reliability was shown by intraclass correlation coefficients [ICC(3,k)]. The results of study were as follows: ICC(1,1) values for intra-rater reliability of three measurements were in the 'excellent' category. ICC(3,k) values for inter-rater reliability of three measurements were also in the 'excellent' category. The coefficient of variation of method 2 had a lower value than method 1 and method 3. This data means that the measured value of method 2 was less scattered. Further research is needed to determine whether the validity of all measurements is revealed in the 'excellent' category.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.182-188
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• 2017

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare ankle function between adults with and without Down syndrome (DS). Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Ten adults with DS and 18 without participated in this study and underwent manual muscle test (MMT), range of motion (ROM) assessment, star excursion balance test (SEBT), and functional movement screen (FMS). The tests were demonstrated to increase their accuracy and the actual measurements were assessed after one or two demonstrations. To minimize the standby time and fatigue, the travelled distance and measuring order were adjusted. To remove the influence of shoes on the measurements, the shoes were taken off and only socks were worn. Results: Dorsal and plantar flexion MMTs of both ankles were significantly weaker and plantar flexion ROM of both ankles were significantly lower in adults with DS compared with those without (p<0.05). However, dorsal flexion ROM of both ankles were not significantly different between them. There were significant differences in distances measured in all the directions (anterior, anterolateral, lateral, posterolateral, posterior, posteromedial, medial, and anteromedial directions) of SEBT (p<0.05). Significant differences were also demonstrated in the scores of hurdle step, inline lunge, shoulder mobility, and rotary stability among the seven items of FMS (p<0.05). Conclusions: To enhance the dynamic stability of adults with DS, it is necessary to improve ankle stability by strengthening the ankle dorsal and plantar flexors.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 2017

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of rehabilitative ultrasound imaging (RUSI) for measurement of muscle thickness with changes in angles of the gluteus maximus (GM) at rest and during contraction. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Twenty-two healthy men volunteered for this study. GM muscle images were obtained in the resting position and during prone hip extension with knee flexion at hip abduction angles of $0^{\circ}$ and $30^{\circ}$, respectively. Two examiners randomly measured the thickness of the GM twice in three different positions. The first position was a comfortable prone position. The second position was prone hip extension with knee flexion (PHEKF) to $90^{\circ}$. The third position was achieved by hanging a 1-kg weight on the ankle of the lifted leg during PHEKF with the angle of the lifted leg the same as the second position. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs), standard error measurements, and minimal detectable changes were used to estimate reliability. Results: The intra-rater reliability ICCs (95% confidence interval) of the GM were >0.870, indicating good reliability. Inter-rater reliability ICCs ranged from 0.668 to 0.913. The reliability of measurements of muscle thickness at each position was similar to the reliability of the angle change. Differences in muscle thickness and ratios for each position with $0^{\circ}$ and $30^{\circ}$ of hip abduction were not statistically significant. Conclusions: In the present study, the intra-rater reliability of muscle thickness measurements of the GM was good, and the inter-rater reliability was moderate to good. Reliable RUSI measurements of wide and large muscles, such as the GM muscle at rest and during contraction, are feasible. Further investigation is required to establish the reproducibility of the protocols presented in this study.