• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.1028-1040
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• 2019

The current study was performed to investigate the magnitude of exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) after downhill running (DR) of different intensities and to examine the availability of muscle echo intensity as biomarkers to detect regional damage within quadriceps muscle group (QG) following DR. Healthy college-age men (n=11) were experienced twice DR sessions [$50%HR_{max}$ DR, LDR; $70%HR_{max}$ DR, HDR] separated by a 2-week wash-out period with the random order. After DR, severity of EIMD according to exercise intensity were determined by serum creatine kinase (CK) activity, muscle tenderness, and neuromuscular function indicators such as a maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) and range of motion (ROM). Transvaginal B-mode imaging had been employed to evaluate regional muscle echo intensity within QG [rectus femoris, RF; vastus lateralis, VL; vastus medialis, VM; vastus intermedius, VI]. After both DR sessions, changes in serum CK activity and muscle tenderness have tended to more increase in HDR compared to those of LDR. There was a significant interaction effect between exercise intensity during DR and the time course of serum CK activity(p<.05). However, there were no statistical differences between sessions in muscle tenderness. The time course of changes in the neuromuscular functions after DR were similar to those of regional muscle echo intensity regardless exercise intensity. Although neuromuscular function showed to decline in HDR more than those of LDR after DR, no statistical differences between sessions. In contrast, there were significant interaction effects between sessions and time course of changes in RF and VL muscle echo intensity(p<.01), but not shown in those of VI and VM. These results indicated that each muscles within the QG show different response profiles for EIMD during DR, exercise intensity influences on these responses as well. In particular, current findings suggested that muscle echo intensity derived from ultrasound imaging is capable of detecting regional muscle damage in QG following DR.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.111-131
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• 2002

Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) received a great deal of attention from the Orient and West as a tonic agent, health food and/or alternative herbal therapeutic agent. However, controversy with respect to scientific evidence on pharmacological effects especially, evaluation of clinical efficacy and the methodological approach still remains to be solved. Author reviewed those articles published since 1980 when pharmacodynamic studies on ginseng have intensively started. Special concern was paid on metabolic disorders including diabetes mellitus, circulatory disorders, malignant tumor, sexual dysfunction, and physical and mental performance to give clear information to those who are interested in pharmacological study of ginseng and to promote its clinical use. With respect to chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, malignant disorders, and sexual disorders, it seems that ginseng plays preventive and restorative role rather than therapeutics. Particularly, ginseng plays a significant role in ameliorating subjective symptoms and preventing quality of life from deteriorating by long term exposure of chemical therapeutic agents. Also it seems that the potency of ginseng is mild, therefore it could be more effective when used concomitantly with conventional therapy. Clinical studies on the tonic effect of ginseng on work performance demonstrated that physical and mental dysfunction induced by various stresses are improved by increasing adaptability of physical condition. However, the results obtained from clinical studies cannot be mentioned in the indication, which are variable upon the scientist who performed those studies. In this respect, standardized ginseng product and providing planning of the systematic clinical research in double-blind randomized controlled trials are needed to assess the real efficacy for proposing ginseng indication. Pharmacological mode of action of ginseng has not yet been fully elucidated. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic researches reveal that the role of ginseng not seem to be confined to a given single organ. It has been known that ginseng plays a beneficial role in such general organs as central nervous, endocrine, metabolic, immune systems, which means ginseng improves general physical and mental conditons. Such multivalent effect of ginseng can be attributed to the main active component of ginseng,ginsenosides or non-saponin compounds which are also recently suggested to be another active ingredients. As is generally the similar case with other herbal medicines, effects of ginseng cannot be attributed as a given single compound or group of components. Diversified ingredients play synergistic or antagonistic role each other and act in harmonized manner. A few cases of adverse effect in clinical uses are reported, however, it is not observed when standardized ginseng products are used and recommended dose was administered. Unfavorable interaction with other drugs has also been suggested, which the information on the products and administered dosage are not available. However, efficacy, safety, interaction or contraindication with other medicines has to be more intensively investigated in order to promote clinical application of ginseng. For example, daily recommended doses per day are not agreement as 1-2g in the West and 3-6 g in the Orient. Duration of administration also seems variable according to the purpose. Two to three months are generally recommended to feel the benefit but time- and dose-dependent effects of ginseng still need to be solved from now on. Furthermore, the effect of ginsenosides transformed by the intestinal microflora, and differential effect associated with ginsenosides content and its composition also should be clinically evaluated in the future. In conclusion, the more wide-spread use of ginseng as a herbal medicine or nutraceutical supplement warrants the more rigorous investigations to assess its effacy and safety. In addition, a careful quality control of ginseng preparations should be done to ensure an acceptable standardization of commercial products.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.190-200
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• 1996

Background : Mechanical ventilation constitutes the last therapeutic method for acute respiratory failure when oxygen therapy and medical treatment fail to improve the respiratory status of the patient. This invasive ventilation, classically administered by endotracheal intubation or by tracheostomy, is associated with significant mortality and morbidity. Consequently, any less invasive method able to avoid the use of endotracheal ventilation would appear to be useful in high risk patient. Over recent years, the efficacy of nasal mask ventilation has been demonstrated in the treatment of chronic restrictive respiratory failure, particularly in patients with neuromuscular diseases. More recently, this method has been successfully used in the treatment of acute respiratory failure due to parenchymal disease. Method : We assessed the efficacy of Bilevel positive airway pressure(BiPAP) in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD). This study prospectively evaluated the clinical effectiveness of a treatment schedule with positive pressure ventilation via nasal mask(Respironics BiPAP device) in 22 patients with acute exacerbations of COPD. Eleven patients with acute exacerbations of COPD were treated with nasal pressure support ventilation delivered via a nasal ventilatory support system plus standard treatment for 3 consecutive days. An additional 11 control patients were treated only with standard treatment. The standard treatment consisted of medical and oxygen therapy. The nasal BiPAP was delivered by a pressure support ventilator in spontaneous timed mode and at an inspiratory positive airway pressure $6-8cmH_2O$ and an expiratory positive airway pressure $3-4cmH_2O$. Patients were evaluated with physical examination(respiratory rate), modified Borg scale and arterial blood gas before and after the acute therapeutic intervention. Results : Pretreatment and after 3 days of treatment, mean $PaO_2$ was 56.3mmHg and 79.1mmHg (p<0.05) in BiPAP group and 56.9mmHg and 70.2mmHg (p<0.05) in conventional treatment (CT) group and $PaCO_2$ was 63.9mmHg and 56.9mmHg (p<0.05) in BiPAP group and 53mmHg and 52.8mmHg in CT group respectively. pH was 7.36 and 7.41 (p<0.05) in BiPAP group and 7.37 and 7.38 in cr group respectively. Pretreatment and after treatment, mean respiratory rate was 28 and 23 beats/min in BiPAP group and 25 and 20 beats/min in CT group respectively. Borg scale was 7.6 and 4.7 in BiPAP group and 6.4 and 3.8 in CT group respectively. There were significant differences between the two groups in changes of mean $PaO_2$, $PaCO_2$ and pH respectively. Conclusion: We conclude that short-term nasal pressure-support ventilation delivered via nasal BiPAP in the treatment of acute exacerbation of COPD, is an efficient mode of assisted ventilation for improving blood gas values and dyspnea sensation and may reduce the need for endotracheal intubation with mechanical ventilation.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.85-97
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• 2007

Statement of problem: Recently, anodic oxidation of cp-titanium is a popular method for treatment of titanium implant surfaces. It is a relatively easy process, and the thickness, structure, composition, and the microstructure of the oxide layer can be variably modified. Moreover the biological properties of the oxide layer can be controlled. Purpose: In this study, the roughness, microstructure, crystal structure of the variously treated groups (current, voltage, frequency, electrolyte, thermal treatment) were evaluated. And the specimens were soaked in simulated body fluid (SBF) to evaluate the effects of the surface characteristics and the oxide layers on the bioactivity of the specimens which were directly related to bone formation and integration. Materials and methods: Surface treatments consisted of either anodization or anodization followed thermal treatment. Specimens were divided into seven groups, depending on their anodizing treatment conditions: constant current mode (350V for group 2), constant voltage mode (155V for group 3), 60 Hz pulse series (230V for group 4, 300V for group 5), and 1000 Hz pulse series (400V for group 6, 460V for group 7). Non-treated native surfaces were used as controls (group 1). In addition, for the purpose of evaluating the effects of thermal treatment, each group was heat treated by elevating the temperature by $5^{\circ}C$ per minute until $600^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour, and then bench cured. Using scanning electron microscope (SEM), porous oxide layers were observed on treated surfaces. The crystal structures and phases of titania were identified by thin-film x-ray diffractmeter (TF-XRD). Atomic force microscope (AFM) was used for roughness measurement (Sa, Sq). To evaluate bioactivity of modified titanium surfaces, each group was soaked in SBF for 168 hours (1 week), and then changed surface characteristics were analyzed by SEM and TF-XRD. Results: On basis of our findings, we concluded the following results. 1. Most groups showed morphologically porous structures. Except group 2, all groups showed fine to coarse convex structures, and the groups with superior quantity of oxide products showed superior morphology. 2. As a result of combined anodization and thermal treatment, there were no effects on composition of crystalline structure. But, heat treatment influenced the quantity of formation of the oxide products (rutile / anatase). 3. Roughness decreased in the order of groups 7,5,2,3,6,4,1 and there was statistical difference between group 7 and the others (p<0.05), but group 7 did not show any bioactivity within a week. 4. In groups that implanted ions (Ca/P) on the oxide layer through current and voltage control, showed superior morphology, and oxide products, but did not express any bioactivity within a week. 5. In group 3, the oxide layer was uniformly organized with rutile, with almost no titanium peak. And there were abnormally more [101] orientations of rutile crystalline structure, and bonelike apatite formation could be seen around these crystalline structures. Conclusion: As a result of control of various factors in anodization (current, voltage, frequency, electrolytes, thermal treatment), the surface morphology, micro-porosity, the 2nd phase formation, crystalline structure, thickness of the oxide layer could be modified. And even more, the bioactivity of the specimens in vitro could be induced. Thus anodic oxidation can be considered as an excellent surface treatment method that will able to not only control the physical properties but enhance the biological characteristics of the oxide layer. Furthermore, it is recommended in near future animal research to prove these results.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.51-56
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• 2015

It has been used various pad finish materials to enhance the reliability of solder joint and recently Electroless Ni Electroless Pd Immersion Gold (the following : ENEPIG) pad has been used more than others. This study is about reliability according to being used in commercial Electrolytic Ni pad and ENEPIG pad, and was observed behavior of various Cu contents. After reflow, the inter-metallic compound (IMC) between solder and pad is composed of $Cu_6Sn_5$ (Ni substituted) by using EDS, and in case of ENEPIG, between IMC and Ni layer was observed the dark layer ($Ni_3P$ layer). Additional, it could be controlled the thickness of dark layer according to Cu contents. Investigated the different fracture mode between electrolytic Ni and ENEPIG pad after drop shock test, in case of soft Ni, accelerated stress propagated along the interface between $1^{st}$ IMC and $2^{nd}$ IMC, and in case of ENEPIG pad, accelerated stress propagated along the weaken surface such as dark layer. The unstable interface exists through IMC, pad material and solder bulk by the lattice mismatch, so that the thermal and physical stress due to the continuous exterior impact is transferred to the IMC interface. Therefore, it is strongly requested to control solder morphology, IMC shape and thickness to improve the solder reliability.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.38 no.8
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• pp.62-71
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• 2001

This paper presents a design of the real-time digital image enhancement preprocessor for CMOS image sensor. CMOS image sensor offers various advantages while it provides lower-quality images than CCD does. In order to compensate for the physical limitation of CMOS sensor, the spatially adaptive contrast enhancement algorithm was incorporated into the preprocessor with color interpolation, gamma correction, and automatic exposure control. The efficient hardware architecture for the preprocessor is proposed and was simulated in VHDL. It is composed of about 19K logic gates, which is suitable for low-cost one-chip PC camera. The test system was implemented on Altera Flex EPF10KGC503-3 FPGA chip in real-time mode, and performed successfully.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.286-293
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• 1991

$^{123}I$, which is applied for the thyroid and other in vivo kinetic study, has a special role in life sciences. The 159 KeV $\gamma-ray$ from $^{123}I$ is almost ideally appropriate for the current imaging instrumentation. Its decay mode (electron capture) and short half-life (13.3 hr) reduced the burden of radiation dose to the patients, and its chemical property makes it easy to synthesize the labelling compounds. In this experiment, the production of $^{123}I$ via the nuclear reaction $^{124}Te(p,2n)^{123}I$ with 28 MeV protons was sutdied. $TeO_2$ is used as a target material, because it has good physical properties. The target was prepared with $TeO_2$ powder and was molten into a ellipsoidal cavity (a=14 mm, b=10 mm, $270.8mg/cm^2$ thick) of pure platinum. The irradiation was carried out in the external proton beam with incident energies range from 28 MeV to 22 MeV, and current was $30{\mu}A$. The loss of $TeO_2$ target was significantly reduced by using $4\pi-cooling$ system in irradiation. The dry distillation method was adopted for the separation of $^{123}I$ from irradiated target, and when it was kept 5 minutes at $780^{\circ}C$, its result was quantitative. The loss of the target material $(TeO_2)$ was below 0.2% for each production run and $^{123}I$ from the dry distillation apparatus was captured with 0.01 N NaOH in $Na^{123}I$ form, then the pH of the solution was adjusted to $7.5\sim9.0$ with HC1/NaOH. The $Na^{123}I$ solution was passed through $0.2{\mu}m$ membrane filter, and sterilized under high pressure and temperature for 30 minutes. The production of $^{123}I$ is acceptable for clinical application based on the quality of USP XXI.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.701-708
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• 2019

Animal glue is a natural adhesive made from processed skins or bones of animals. It is widely used in wooden crafts, papercrafts, dancheong painting, and pictures. Accurate evaluation of the quality of animal glues during production and use is difficult because there is no formal method for testing the glue's properties during pretreatment and measurement conditions. Thus, in this study, a series of tests were carried out by changing the conditions of swelling, temperature, and concentration of animal glue and gelatin sold on the market. Twelve types of animal glues were evaluated, having a viscosity range of 12.67 cP to 29.43 cP. The results showed that the physical characteristics of the glues were stable when allowed to swell for six h in distilled water(23℃). When 10%(by weight in distilled water) of the animal glue was measured in the reflective mode of a spectrophotometer, the optical characteristics of the glues were stable. Powdered animal glues have a medium brightness and middle-high chroma. Relative to powdered glues, stick animal glues have a low brightness and a medium chroma. Based on the results of this study, it is expected that the data can be assembled into a form so that animal glue workers can use it as a reference for the preparation of evaluation standards for testing the characteristics of animal glues.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.34 no.9
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• pp.817-827
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• 2007

In the age of ubiquitous environment, huge number of devices and computing services are provided to users. Personalized service, which is modeled according to the character of each and every individual is of particular need. In order to provide various dynamic services according to user's movement, service unit and operating mode should be able to operate automatically with minimum user intervention. In this paper, we discuss the steps of offering approximate service based on user's request in ubiquitous environment. First, we present our simulator designed for modeling the physical resource and computing object in smart space - the infrastructure in ubiquitous. Second, intelligent agents, which we developed based on a FIPA specification compliant multi-agent framework will be discussed. These intelligent agents are developed for achieving the service goal through cooperation between distributed agents. Third, we propose an automated service discovery and composition method in heterogeneous environment using semantic message communication between agents, according to the movement by the user interacting with the service available in the smart space. Fourth, we provide personalized service through agent monitoring anytime, anywhere from user's profile information stored on handhold device. Therefore, our research provides high quality service more than general automated service operation.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.302-315
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• 2020

The issue concerning how to integrate with the needs of sustainable development according to Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design(CPTED) theory still continues in the development process of the third-generation theory at the present stage. In addition, the issue is under worldwide controversy and discussion. What is more noteworthy is that the viewpoints under debate and discussion have an influence on the mutual effect and relationship between the theoretical model and the principles in the theoretical model, and the influence can never be underestimated. After a mastery of the overall context of theoretical development, it is believed in this study that the identity of CPTED theory development can provide a diverse understanding dimension and a communication method between the environment and environmental users. On the basis of identity the development of CPTED theory, the crime prevention design mode of CPTED needs to connect different dimensions of sustainability, with the design goal of livability as the starting point, the Top-down model to adjust the safety of the environment. By no means can the environmental condition be improved by solely relying on the previous physical design method in virtue of Bottom-up model. Therefore, in this study, the identity of CPTED will be set as the core combined with Top-down crime prevention design model to propose a visual proposal for the reconstitution of the theoretical model, rather than supplementing the application of the contents or principles at a certain stage. Hence, it is expected to provide reference and enlightenment for the sustainable development of CPTED theory.