• Journal of the HCI Society of Korea
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.33-38
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• 2008

The major users of children's library are children and housewives. Recent increasing frequency of their visit to the library expands the function of it from the place where they borrow and read books further to the cultural space where each family unit can enjoy leisure activities. Though the children's library basically is a quiet place for reading books, peers' establishing friendship and emotional bond with the parents, and such plays as small scale muscular movements take place in addition to reading activities because the major users are infants under six or children in the lower grades in elementary school. Thus, in order to study the features and requirements that are inherent in the various behaviors of the children who use furniture, understanding of the particular factors in the physical environment of the children's library and the user context must precede. In reality, though the fixed form of the desks and chairs in the library was made by a small number of designers, a large number of children are using them in tremendously various ways beyond the ways that the designers had intended, adapting themselves to the environmental context. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to find out the children's using way of seats when they do reading and playing activities based on the way of interaction between children and parents, and, after modeling of the children's behavior data, to understand the demands inherent inside the various behaviors of children who use furniture.

• 모자간호학회지
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.45-54
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to explore the stressors in pediatric intensive care unit and impaired psychological responses of children after open heart surgery. Sixteen children aged 6 to 11, who were admitted to the hospital for open heart surgery during the period from July, 1991 to February, 1992 were the subjects of the study. Observations, drawings, and interviews were used to collect data for study. Behavioral responses about intensive care unit phenomena were analyzed according to the 4 categories identified to assess children's perceived stressors in ICU. Impaired psychological responses were examined using observational and interview data. Drawings were analyzed by content and color by this researcher and validated by the psychologist. The findings were as follows : 1. The most frequently perceived stressors by children in ICU were the physical stressors causing pain and discomfort(68.5%). It was followed by social stressors which denote disruption of relationship with family and friends(13.0% ), environmental stressors which denote unfamiliar surroundings, noise, staff, and other patients (11.2%), and psychological stressors which denote factors affecting self-esteem such as inability to communicate and inadquate knowledge of the situation (7.3%). 2. 81.3% of the children showed of least one of the impaired psychological responses. Three children (18.8%) experienced time disorientation. An equal number of subject experienced perceptual illusion. Two children(12.5%) experienced hallucination. Vivid dream about ICU phenomena was reported by 2 children. Seven children(43.8%) were identified as having exaggerated fear. They feared about oxygen mask and ICU environment in general. Seven children(43.8%) experienced impairment of memory about treatments, procedures, and environment of ICU. 3. The analysis of children's drawing revealed that 56.3% of children experienced fear in the ICU. 75% of children included nurses in the drawings and 62.5% of children drew other children. 81.3% of children drew and identified himself in the drawing. The colors used most by children were green, purple, and brown. From this result, it is recommended to prepare children before open heart surgery to reduce their stressors and impaired psychological responses in ICU.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.67-74
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• 2020

Middle-aged women experience physical and mental changes along with the loss of femininity, and they feel psychologically empty according as their child's growth and independence reduces the role of care and parenting. These women understand the sense of loss and emptiness caused of their role reduction as an opportunity to maintain their values and beliefs for their leisure life. Accordingly, middle-aged women overcome negative emotions facing in the middle-aged such as depression or empty mind, and establish self-esteem and social support in recognizing it as an opportunity for building relationship and self-realization in social relations, which come through human to human communication by doing craft activities. In this study, in order to analyze the effect of the experience factor of craft activity to self-esteem and social support for middle-aged women, we set up a research model with the experience factor of craft activity as an independent variable and self-esteem and social support as dependent variables. As a result of the study, educational experiences, recreational experiences, and deviant experiences had a meaningful effect on self-esteem, but aesthetic experiences did not have meaningful effect. And, recreational experiences and aesthetic experiences had a meaningful effect on social support, but educational experiences and deviant experiences did not have meaningful effect on social support. Therefore, the institutional system for craft experiences, that can provide content of environmental characteristics for aesthetic factor and visual elements are required. It influences to the change of senses and emotions of middle-aged women. Also, there are limitations that this study did not consider factors of ultimate life changes through craft activities. Thus this study suggests development of new model for variables of wellbeing-related matters.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.101 no.4
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• pp.579-591
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• 2012

Berchemia berchemiaefolia is a rare and endangered species and important as a honey resource. The purposes of this study were to investigate physical environmental factors and the population and community structure of Berchemia berchemiaefolia stands at Mt. Gunja in Sogrisan National Park in Chungcheongbuk-do. The B. berchemiaefolia stands belonged to deciduous forests in mid-temperate zone and were $5{\sim}25^{\circ}$ in slope, 30~90% in rock ratio, and 6.37 in soil pH. They had 656 trees within the area of 36 ha and their average density was 18.2 trees per ha. The trees within the stands were 11.8 m in tree height, 22.6 cm in DBH and 56 years old. The number of branched stems was the maximum 8 and 32.9% of the trees were branched. B. berchemiaefolia trees over 12 cm diameter occupied 89.9%, but young B. berchemiaefolia did only 11%. The structure of B. berchemiaefolia stands were classified into three groups as Acer pseudo-sieboldianum & A. mono community group, A. pseudo-sieboldianum & Quercus aliena community group, and B. berchemiaefolia & Quercus serata community group. The mean importance value of B. berchemiaefolia was 10.9%, while species diversity of the community ranged 0.77~1.31 and interspecific competition ranged 0.78~0.94. The dominance of the community ranged of 0.07~0.29 and the evenness ranged 0.71~0.93. Although B. berchemiaefolia was dominant in the habitat, but the species was already in natural successional stage to Cornus controversa or Ulmus davidiana var. japonica.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.61-71
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• 1988

The stage-discharge relation curve(rating curve) is the basic formula in hydrologic analysis. It plays an important role in converting to the discharge from available flood water level data including the daily mean stage. However, the river induces a cross section change at the gauging station because of the composed material of the river bed and three processes of the stream flow; i.e., erosion, transportation, and sedimentation. Rating curve has to be revised according to the temporal variation of the river bed due to the those factors. In this study, the basic rating curve is developed with respect to the current river bed to convert the existing rating curves and also to seize the hydraulic and geometric characteristics for the temporal variation of the river bed, relationships among the basic rating curve and the existing rating curves, water level, cross sectional area, and flow velocity are analyzed. Indogyo station, which is not only the key station of the Han river but also greatly changed the river bed after completion of the Han river development plan during the year 1983 to 1986, was chosen for the study. In this study, the river bed is assumed in a dynamic equilibrium condition. The basic rating curve is developed using hydrologic data of the physical year of 1987. For a given discharge, relationships for conversion of previous data, stage and velocity, the current one are formulated. To verify the usefulness of the relationships, stage-cross sectional area and stage velocity formula are also derived. Both hydrologic method using continuity equation and statistical method by the rating curve are compared and checked, then the validation of the both are positively shown.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.951-962
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• 1999

Today human needs for health promotion and maintenance are increasing. The nursing profession as a great responsibility to develop the knowledge for helping clients to practice good health behavior under self-control. But there are few studies about the concept of self-control, or the operational definition of self-control. The purpose of this study was to analyze and clarify the meaning of the concept of self-control. This study used Walker and Avant's process of concept analysis. Antecedents of self control consist of 1) perception of the conflict situation to change his or her behavior ; 2) perception of self as the causes of the barrier for a certain behavior ; 3) internal standard or belief such as self-efficacy and learned resourcefulness ; 4) internal motivation for change of behavior. Critical attributes of self-control were 1) goal-orientation ; 2) self-decision ; 3) time sequence ; 4) effort ; 5) possibility of being learned ; 6) individuality ; 7) social desirability. Consequences occurring as a results of self-control consist of 1) achievement of the controlled behavior whose purposes were planned ; 2) enhancement of the internal standard such as self-efficacy and learned resourcefulness ; 3) eventual elevation of physical and emotional wellness. Therefore, this concept is defined as a cognitive behavior which is attempted by his or her decision when one is confronted with the conflict situation, which is characterized by being changed by time, learned by effort and individual characteristics. One is taking such behavior with the perception of self as the causative barrier for a certain behavior, planning a specific objective for a certain behavior which demands self sacrifice, supplies the internal reward, is socially desirable with the internal standard of self-efficacy and learned resourcefulness and environmental factors.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.208-212
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• 2005

At the survey of June, 2002, total 294 dead frees were found in 20 ha of Black pine (Pinus thunbergii) forest located in the western coastal region of Korean peninsula. The dead trees were scattered over the 27 place as groups of about ten trees each. As a result of the field survey on the relationship between the conditions of dead trees and the occurrence of fruiting bodies of Rhizina undulata around the dead and/or dying trees, from June 2002 to August 2004 in the four plots, the occurrence of infected trees was observed as a shape of an irregular concentric circle from the first infected tree and R. undulata was found mainly around the dead tree. Because there was no observation of any other insects and pathogens which would kill trees, the cause of tree death in groups was considered owing to R. undulata. From the analysis of the physical and chemical proper ties of the soil collected from the damaged areas, the pH of soil was between 4.6 and 5.8 and the contents of soil nutrients were very low. Any "fire" trace was not found at all the 27 damaged places in the area, Taean, Chungcheongnam-Do, which are generally known as an important factor to initiate development of the disease. Therefore, further examination is needed to verify precisely about other environmental factors related with the group dying of the Black pines in this area beside 'fire'.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.297-309
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• 2013

Iron objects become corroded at fast speed from the moment when they are excavated, so it is needed to control corrosion through processes of conservation treatment. However, re-corrosion mostly takes place in excavate iron objects, although they have already gone through the process of conservation treatment, and it is more difficult to carry out the second conservation treatment of re-corroded excavated iron objects than the first conservation treatment, and it requires a longer period of time to treat them as well. In this study, aims to discover factors of re-corrosion by scientifically analyzing corrosion products generated during the process of storage after the process of conservation treatment. The finished on conservation treatment of the iron artifacts, which were unearthed from three ancient site in Gyeongju by using the same conservation method between 2002 and 2009, re-corrosion condition observed on the packaging-iron artifacts. Focused on 9 target forged iron artifacts among them, this study analyzed the physical changes by mass measurement, naked-eye and microscopic observations and the chemical changes by SEM-EDS, XRD, IC and ICP analysis. The results show that the yellowish brown corrosion products formed on the facing surface of part dropped from the artifacts had different associated forms but acicular shape. In addition, the acicular shape became clearer as the color changed from red to yellowish brown. According to the process when the conservation treatment was completed, the mass of the artifacts increased in proportion to the corrosion products and the chloride ion ($Cl^-$) concentration had a tendency to increase relatively. ${\beta}$-FeOOH (akaganeite) was confirmed in the XRD analysis for the corrosion products of all the collected samples. As a result of ICP analysis, $Na^+$ and $Ca^{2+}$ components were confirmed.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.261-268
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• 2019

Climate change and drought stress are having profound impacts on crop growth and development by altering crop physiological processes including photosynthetic activity. But finding a rapid, efficient, and non-destructive method for estimating environmental stress responses in the leaf and canopy is still a difficult issue for remote sensing research. We compared the relationships between photochemical reflectance index(PRI) and various optical and experimental indices on soybean drought stress under climate change conditions. Canopy photosynthesis trait, biomass change, chlorophyll fluorescence(Fv/Fm), stomatal conductance showed significant correlations with midday PRI value across the drought stress period under various climate conditions. In high temperature treatment, PRI were more sensitive to enhanced drought stress, demonstrating the negative effect of the high temperature on the drought stress. But high CO₂ concentration alleviated the midday depression of both photosynthesis and PRI. Although air temperature and CO₂ concentration could affect PRI interpretation and assessment of canopy radiation use efficiency(RUE), PRI was significantly correlated with canopy RUE both under climate change and drought stress conditions, indicating the applicability of PRI for tracking the drought stress responses in soybean. However, it is necessary to develop an integrated model for stress diagnosis using PRI at canopy level by minimizing the influence of physical and physiological factors on PRI and incorporating the effects of other vegetation indices.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.45-55
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• 2015

Currently, extreme weather events such as super typhoon, extreme snowfall, and heat wave are frequently occurring all over the world by natural and human caused factors. After industrial growth in the 1970s, earth's temperature has risen sharply. due to greenhouse effect. Global warming can be attributed to gases emitted from using fossil fuel such as average carbon dioxide, perfluorocarbons, nitrous oxide, and methane. Especially, carbon dioxide has the highest composition of about 90%. in the fossile fuel usage emitted gas. Concrete has excellent durability as a building material climate change. However, due to various of physical and chemical environmental effect such as conditions during its curing process, the performance degradation may occur. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere causes steel corrosion and durability decreases by lowering the alkalinity of concrete. Therefore, in this study, concrete durability performance with respect to carbonation from curing conditions change due to wind speed and sunshine exposure time. Concrete carbonation experiment are performed. using wind speed (0, 2, 4, 6) m/s and sunlight exposure time (2, 4, 6, 8) hrs. Also, performance based evaluation through the satisfaction curve based on the carbonation depth and carbonation rate test results are performed.