• Culinary science and hospitality research
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.218-236
• /
• 2010

The concept of food coordination was introduced at the end of the 1990s and has generated a great deal of interest until now. However, no standard for the classification of such studies has been established yet. This study was conducted to examine the trends in food coordination studies published from 2000 to 2008. To accomplish this, approximately 335 food coordination articles were reviewed. Classification based on content analysis and the document review were conducted based on study themes(subjects), study forms, study designs, places of application, survey area and sample types. The most important type of study identified in this review was study themes. The themes of the study were divided into the following 10 subjects: 1) studies on the definition and recognition of food coordination, 2) studies on the environment, 3) studies on colors and package designs, 4) studies on table setting, table manner and etiquette, 5) studies on photography, editorial design, identity design and menu, 6) studies on components of dining atmosphere display and table/glass ware, 7) studies on emotions and sensibility, the five senses and food coordination, 8) studies on human resources, 9) studies on reviews, food & culture and education, 10) studies on purchasing, consumer behavior and marketing. The most common subjects were the components of dining atmosphere display and table/glass ware(23.6%). In addition, 17% of the articles reviewed were conducted to study colors and package designs, 14.6% to evaluate purchasing and consumer behavior and marketing, 13.4% to evaluate the environment, and 9.6% to study food & culture and education. Overall, these five subjects accounted for more than 75% of the articles reviewed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.115-126
• /
• 2009

The lane-change behavior usually consists of discretionary lane-change and mandatory lane-change types. For the first type, drivers change lanes selectively to maintain their own driving condition and the second type is the case that the drivers must change the current lane, which can occur in recurrent congestion sections like merging and weaving sections. The mandatory lane-change behavior have a great effect on the operation condition of freeway. In this paper, we first generate data such as traffic volumes, speeds, densities, and the number of lane-change within the merging and weaving sections using the data of individual vehicle collected from time-lapse aerial photography. And then, the data is divided into the stable and congested flow by analyzing the speed variation pattern of individual vehicles. In addition, the number of lane-changing from ramp to mainline within every 30-meter interval is investigated before and after traffic congestion at study sites and the distribution of lane-changing at each 30-meter point is analyzed to identify the variation of lane-changing ratio depending on the stable and congested flows. To recognize the effect of mainline flow influenced by ramp flow, this study also analyzes the characteristics of the lane-changing distributions within the lanes of mainline. The purpose of this paper is to present the basic theory to be used in developing a lane-changing model at the merging and weaving sections on freeways.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.76 no.1
• /
• pp.41-50
• /
• 1987

The various conditions of photographs, especially kinds of films, combinated filters and seasons are important factors for forestry purpose aerial photography. In this paper the variations of tones were compared between color and color infrared, panchromatic black and white and infrared black and white, and among false color photographic images created by using 3 kinds of filters when prints are made. Color infrared film was good for identifying tree species, for its spectral signatures had a greater range of tones and hues than color signatures. In that case taken in May were more effective than taken April. False color photographs were not so good as color photographs because they were mostly dark and indistinct. Infrared black and white film with medium red filter showed potential for separating broad-leaved forests from conifers. MSS composed photographs, when composed with proper bands and densities, were proved useful for distinguishing land use types but not applicable to more detailed practices such as forest type separation and tree species identification.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.43 no.2
• /
• pp.30-39
• /
• 2015

The English Landscape garden and picturesque aesthetics, which was in fashion during the 18th to early 19th century in England, has been accused of making people see the actual garden in terms of a static landscape painting without a synesthetic engagement in nature. As new optic devices such as diorama, panorama, photography, and cinematography were invented, ways of seeing nature transitioned from a perspective vision to a panoramic, that is, modern one. This study intends to uncover signs of this kind of modern vision in the picturesque aesthetics and visual representation of landscape gardener Humphry Repton. German garden theorist Christian Cay Lorenz Hirschfeld contended that the English landscape garden was a new style of designing landscape that followed the principle of the serpentine line, which produced movement in sightlines; thus, he considered garden art as a superior art form among all other genres. The signs of visual motion appear in Repton's sketches of "Red Books". Firstly, he designed systemic routes in his clients' properties by considering different types of movements between walks and drives. Secondly, he often used the visual effects of panoramic views for his sketches in order to allow his clients to experience the human visual field. Lastly, he constructed sequences of sketches in order to provide his clients with an illusion of movement; in other words, Repton's sketches functioned as potential visual media to produce the duration of time in a visual experience. Thus, the garden aesthetics of the time reflected the contemporary visual culture, that is to say, a panoramic vision pertaining to visual motion.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
• /
• v.19
• /
• pp.39-77
• /
• 2010

The cinema of Peter Greenaway has consistently engaged questions of the relationship between the arts and particularly the relations of image and writing to cinema. When different types of images are correlated and merged with each other on the borders of painting, photography, film, video and computer animation, the interrelationships of the distinct elements cause a shift in the notion of the whole image. This analysis proposes to articulate the complex relationship between the 'interartial' dimension and the 'intermedial' dimension in Peter Greenaway's film, (1991). If the interartiality is interested in the interaction between various arts, including the transition from one to another, the intermediality articulates the same type of relationship between two or more media. The interactional relationship is the same on both sides; on the contrary, the relationship between art and media does not show the same symmetry. All art is based on one or more media - the media is a condition existence of art - but no art can't be reduced to the status of media. This suggests that if the interartiality always involves the intermediality, this proposal may not be reversed. First, we analyse a self-conscious investigation into digital art and technology. Prosospero's Books can be read as a daring visual essay that self-consciously investigates the technical and philosophical functions of letters, books, images, animated paintings, digital arts, and the other magical illusions, which have been modern or will be post-modern media to represent the world. Greenaway uses both conventional film techniques and the resources of high-definition television to layer image upon image, superimposing a second or third frame within his frame. Greenaway uses the frame-within-frame as the cinematic equivalent of Shakespeare's paly-within-play : it offer him the possibility to analyse the work of art/artist/spectator relationship. Secondly, we analyse the relationship between the written word, oral word and the books. Like the written word, the oral word changes into a visual image: The linguistic richness and nuances of Shakeaspeare's characters turn into the powerful and authoritative, but monotone, voices of Gielgud-Prospero, who speaks the Shakespearean lines aloud, shaping the characters so powerfully through his worlds that they are conjured before us. Specially each book is placed over the frame of the play's action, only partially covering the image, so that it gives virtually every frame at least two space-time orientations. Thirdly, we try to show how Peter Greenaway uses pictorial references in order to illustrate the context of the Renaissance as well as pictorial techniques and language in order to question the nature of artistic representation. For exemple, The storm is visualised through reference to Botticelli's : the storm of papers swirling around the library is constructed to look like a facsimili copy of Michelangelo's Laurentiana Library in Florence. Greenaway's modern mannerism consists in imposing his own aesthetic vision and his questioning of art beyond the play's meta-theatricality: in other words, Shakespeare''s text has been adapted without being betrayed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.55-70
• /
• 2021

In this study, in the field of remote sensing, where the scope of application is rapidly expanding to fields such as land monitoring, disaster prediction, facility safety inspection, and maintenance of cultural properties, monitoring of rural space and surrounding environment using UAV is utilized. It was carried out to verify the possibility, and the following main results were derived. First, the aerial image taken with an unmanned aerial vehicle had a much higher image size and spatial resolution than the aerial image provided by the National Geographic Information Service. It was suitable for analysis due to its high accuracy. Second, the more the number of photographed photos and the more complex the terrain features, the more the point cloud included in the aerial image taken with the UAV was extracted. As the amount of point cloud increases, accurate 3D mapping is possible, For accurate 3D mapping, it is judged that a point cloud acquisition method for difficult-to-photograph parts in the air is required. Third, 3D mapping technology using point cloud is effective for monitoring rural space and rural resources because it enables observation and comparison of parts that cannot be read from general aerial images. Fourth, the digital elevation model(DEM) produced with aerial image taken with an UAV can visually express the altitude and shape of the topography of the study site, so it can be used as data to predict the effects of topographical changes due to changes in rural space. Therefore, it is possible to utilize various results using the data included in the aerial image taken by the UAV. In this study, the superiority of images acquired by UAV was verified by comparison with existing images, and the effect of 3D mapping on rural space monitoring was visually analyzed. If various types of spatial data such as GIS analysis and topographic map production are collected and utilized using data that can be acquired by unmanned aerial vehicles, it is expected to be used as basic data for rural planning to maintain and preserve the rural environment.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.35-42
• /
• 1973

Deciduous trees grown naturally in the forest of Korea usually have an irregular Lee-form and their utility has been decreased. In Korea, most of the deciduous stands are distributed in the hinterland. A shortage of the total growing stock made utilization of them necessary in this country even though some difficulties to be cutted and transported are accompanied. Therefore, this study was conducted to select the suitable sampling method for surveying them. The results investigated are as follows. 1. Three locations being 10 hectares in each location for the plots were chosen and surveyed with six $20m{\times}50m$ rectangular sample plots by four types of sampling method below. And the result is shown in Table 1. A. Random sampling by grids B. Random sampling by co-ordinates C. Systematic line plot. D. Sub-sampling 2. One hundred and fifty hectares from all plots were sectioned through the application of aerial photography scaled of 1 : 15,000. The author divided forest types according to diameter class and crown density with mirror stereoscope. The forest types were divided into three classes. Seven sample plots from the area of 150 hectars are systematically arranged and the results investigated on the circular sample point of 0.1 hectare are shown in Table 4. 3. There were no significant differences between results by sampling method and by diameter measurement method (population mean) as shown in Table 3. 4. Random sampling by grid and systematic line plot are better than others. 5. There are more over-estimated values when the circular sample point is used than where the rectangular sample point. 6. As forest stands are irregular, smaller number of sample points will make many errors.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.77-98
• /
• 1993

The intent of this study is to analyze the characteristics of distribution, patter, and deposits of the exposed debris slope landform by aerial photography interpretation, measure-ment on the topographical maps and field surveys in the southern part Taebaek mountains. It also aims to research the arrangement types of mountain slope and the landform development of debris slopes in this area. In conclusion, main observations can be summed up as follows. 1. The distribution characteristics 1)From the viewpoint of bedrocks, the distribution density of talus is high in case of the bedrock with high density of joints, sheeting structures and hard rocks, but that of the block stream is high in case of intrusive rocks with the talus line. 2)From the viewpoint of bedrocks, the distribution density of talus is high in case of the bedrock with high density of joints, sheeting structures and hard rocks, but that of the block stream is high in case of inrtusive rocks with the talus line. 2) From the viewpoint of distribution altitude, talus is mainly distributed in the 301~500 meters part above the sea level, while the block stream is distributed in the 101~300 meters part. 3) From the viewpoint of slope oriention, the distribution density of talus on the slope facing the south(S, SE, SW) is a little higher than that of talus on the slope facing the north(N, NE, NW). 2. The Pattern Characteristics 1) The tongue-shaped type among the four types is the most in number. 2) The average length of talus slope is 99 meters, especially that of talus composed of hornfels or granodiorite is longer. Foth the former is easy to make free face; the latter is easdy to produce round stones. The average length of block stream slope is 145 meters, the longest of all is one km(granodiorite). 3) The gradient of talus slope is 20~45${^\circ}$, most of them 26-30${^\croc}$; but talus composed of intrusive rocks is gentle. 4) The slope pattern of talus shows concave slope, which means readjustment of constituent debris. Some of the block stream slope patterns show concave slope at the upper slope and the lower slope, but convex slope at the middle slope; others have uneven slope. 3. The deposit characteristics 1) The average length of constituent debris is 48~172 centimeters in diameter, the sorting of debris is not bad without matrix. That of block stream is longer than that of talus; this difference of debris average diameter is funda-mentally caused by joint space of bedrocks. 2) The shape of constituent debris in talus is mainly angular, but that of the debris composed of intrusive rocks is sub-angular. The shape of constituent debris in block stream is mainly sub-roundl. 3) IN case dof talus, debris diameter is generally increasing with downward slope, but some of them are disordered and the debris diameter of the sides are larger than that of the middle part on a landform surface. In block stream, debris diameter variation is perpendicularly disordered, and the debris diameter of the middle part is generally larger than that of the sides on a landform surface. 4)The long axis orientation of debris is a not bad at the lower part of the slope in talus (only 2 of 6 talus). In block stream(2 of 3), one is good in sorting; another is not bad. The researcher thinks that the latter was caused by the collapse of constituent debris. 5) Most debris were weathered and some are secondly weathered in situ, but talus composed of fresh debris is developing. 4. The landform development of debris slopes and the arrangement types of the mountain slope 1) The formation and development period of talus is divided into two periods. The first period is formation period of talus9the last glacial period), the second period is adjustment period(postglacial age). And that of block stream is divided into three periods: the first period is production period of blocks(tertiary, interglacial period), the second formation period of block stream(the last glacial period), and the third adjustment period of block stream(postglacialage). 2) The arrangement types of mountain slope are divided into six types in this research area, which are as follows. Type I; high level convex slope-free face-talus-block stream-alluvial surface Type II: high level convex slope-free face-talus-alluvial surface Type III: free face-talus-block stream-all-uvial surface Type IV: free face-talus-alluval surface Type V: talus-alluval surface Type VI: block stream-alluvial surface Particularly, type IV id\s basic type of all; others are modified ones.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.84 no.2
• /
• pp.151-165
• /
• 1995

This study was conducted to establish a systematized taxonomic problems of through the leaf morphological characters and leaf venation patterns, and stomatal cell patterns and cell characteristics of abaxial and adaxial surface of the leaflets by SEM, of 6 native species in Korea and 2 foreign species of the Genus Rhus in the Family Anacardiaceae. The results obtained from this study are summarized as followings: 1. Morphological study measured 32 characters of leaves from herbarium specimen and field-collected samples for each species. The results of cluster analysis based on the Euclidean distance showed that the species could be classified into 3 groups: R. sylvestris. R. typhina, R. succedanea: R. trichocarpa. R. chinensis. R. verniciflua: and R. ambigua. R. radicans subsp. orientale, Analysis of principal components showed 5 groups: The major factors in the first principal component group was length of petiole of the terminal leaflets, that in the second group angle of left side in the terminal leaflet bash, that in the third group area ratio between first and terminal leaflets, that in the forth group angle ratio between right and left side in the terminal leaflet base, and that in the fifth group was angle of main and secondary vein at midrib of terminal leaflet. Cumulative contribution by the first, second and third principal component group was explained with 82.6%, a large percent of all information. 2. The leaf venation pattern investigated using soft X-ray photography revealed clado-and reticulo-camptodromous types according to branching angle of the secondary vein. And three groups by the developing degree of secondary vein were R. trichocarpa, R. ambigua. R. chinensis, R. typhina; R. radicans subsp. onentale, R. succedanea, R. verniciflua: and R. sylvestris. Classification key for the Rhus of Korean-native Anacardiaceae was made by the venation pattern and devevoping degree of the secondary vein. 3. The stomatal cell patterns were greatly classified into paracytic and anomocytic types, specific among species according to stomatal and subsidiary cell patterns, and various differences among the species was determined. Microstructure of the adaxial and abaxial surfaces could be divided into synclinal and anticlinal cell wall patterns, and were specific-species. Stomatal cells of R. chinensis were surrounded with characterized villus-like cells.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.107-112
• /
• 2013

There is an Ankle Oblique(Broden' low) as an examination for the patient whose ankle was encased in orthopedic plaster. Some types of Ankle Joint coalition - Calcaneonavicular coalition, Talocalcaneal coalition and Naviculocuneiform coalition. This study is focused on the relation between Ankle Joints and the structural change of soft tissues, also finding the most proper angle to obtain good images of Ankle Joint from the patient who wore a plaster on his ankle, when we x-ray with Harris-Beath View($30^{\circ}{\sim}55^{\circ}$) - for observing Subtalar joint, Calcaneus Fracture, Subtentaculum, Tali Fracture and Talocalcaneal coalition. We intend to get the angle which makes us achieve the good image that shows Calcaneus Fracture, Subtentaculum, and Tali Fracture by changing internal angles of the patient's ankle. We evaluated the images obtained from 51 patients with PACS monitor. The result of the evaluation, subtalar joint was not seperated but opened, and Subtentaculum Tali Fracture was seen overlaid. at the angle 30, we could observe Calcaneus Fracture, Subtentaculum Tali Frature and the front part of behind side of subtalar joint well. And Calcaneo Navicularcoalition, Talocal Canealcoalition, Naviculo Cuneiform coalition condition were clearly seen at that angle. At the angle 35, we could achieve the clear images of subtalar comminuted fracture, talus, the behind joint of heel bone and get the high definition image on the degree of talocalcaneal joint separation. In addition to, We could obtain the good wide image of Sinus Tarsi. At the area of 45, We can distinguish the soft tissues from gyps separation. The outer-talus and density of the bone were definitely seen and Calcaneus is more separated than that of at the angle of 35, but this image is distorted. Calcaneus, Subtentaculum Tali show $1.20{\pm}0.414$ at the angle 25, $2.47{\pm}0.516$ at the angle 30, $2.27{\pm}0.458$ at the angle 45. This difference is statistically meaningful. (p<0.05). Including the degree of distortion, The distortion appears less at the area of $30^{\circ}$ but at the area of 40, there is heavy distortion. So, We could get the best image for making a diagnosis. At the $30{\sim}35^{\circ}$ degree for X-raying ankle. and at the $30{\sim}40^{\circ}$ for Calcaneus Fracture, Subtentaculum Tali Fracture.