• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.443-452
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• 2014

Feces contain nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphate, potassium and research of the impact on the environment from feces is very diverse. However, despite the importance of mammals to environment, studies of mammals into the terrestrial ecosystems are rare. Korean water deer (Hydropotes inermis) is an endemic species of Korea and China, and we conducted on factor of plant growth in relation to feces of Korean water deer depending on land use patterns. The analysis of growth, biomass and C/N ratio of Zea mays, amount of feces and land use patterns are strongly affecting the C/N ratio and growth of the Zea mays. The quantity of the feces also influences the growth of plants instead of the land use patterns. Furthermore, the feces of Korean water deer have a lower C/N ratio than that of other animals' feces. Being the process of composting, it is able to serve a suitable fertilizer for a crop growth. In this study, we investigated the impact of feces into the environment in the terrestrial ecosystems and we were able to provide the basic data to the resources of an efficient scheme of animal feces. Further research is needed to quantify the materials amongst the plant, soil and animal, and to understand the relationship ecosystem.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.115-124
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• 1999

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of fertigation level such as 50%, 75% and 100% N of standard amount of chemical fertilizer,m and fertigation interval such as every irrigation, intervals of 1 and 2 weeks of piggery waste water(PWW) on the growth, yield of red pepper plant and the chemical properties of soil used. In early stage, growth of red pepper plant fertigated with PWW and that of red pepper plant applicated standard chemical fertilezer was the same, while it were increased as increasing application amounts of PWW, and later growth and total yield of red pepper plant were much more at 75% N fertigation of PWW. Inorganic content such as nitrogen, phosphate and potassium and chlorophyll content of red pepper leaves were increased as increasing fergigation amount of PWW. 50% fertigation level showed the lowest rate of fruit setting of red peper plant. For soil chemical properties, pH was slightly decreased, but available $P_2O_5$, and exchangeable K content were increased as increasing fertigation amount of PWW. Because there was not statistically significant difference in the growth, the yield of red pepper and chemical properties of soil used according to various fertigation intervals, and no need to artificially supply PWW, therefore fertigation by simple automatic system with tensiometer was thought to be better.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.419-430
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• 2007

Physiochemical factors, phytoplankton biomass (Chl ${\alpha}$) and primary productivity were investigated seasonally in the three lakes of Dongbok, Juam, and Yeongsan during April 2004${\sim}$March 2006. Microphytoplankton dominated (>60%) in Dongbok lake, and phytoplankton biomass was high in the upper area, especially during April 2004, whereas they were high in the lower area during June 2004. In Juam lake, the high phytoplankton biomass in April 2004 was contributed by nanophytoplankton. In Yeongsan lake, chlorophyll a was high in August with high contribution of nanophytoplankton. Primary production was highest in Dongbok lake, and then followed by Yeongsan and Juam lakes. Regression analysis in Dongbok take showed that Chl ${\alpha}$ and primary production had close relations with secchi depth. In Juam lake, phosphate were correlated with the Chl ${\alpha}$, while temperature and TN was correlated with primary production in the lower area. In Yeongsan lake, Chl ${\alpha}$ have positively correlation with TN/TP. Primary production in the upper have high relationship with secchi depth, however, in the lower have high relationship with turbidity. Linear regression analysis showed that nutrients of nitrogen and phosphorus should be reduced for the protections in Juam and Dongbok lakes. We suggested that suspended solids and phytoplankton growth related to turbidity are needed to manage in Yeongsan lake.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.22-27
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• 2011

Changes in total nitrogen (T.N.) and total phosphate (T.P.) content in environmental waste water upon the reaction of biological purifying reagents were measured and the reaction rate was evaluated. The purification capacity of two biological purifying reagents composed of vegetable Lactobacillus fermentum (V.L.F.), Saccharomyces cerevisiae(S.C), and Bacillus subtilis(B.S.) were evaluated and compared with that of commercial water purification system operating by local government. After 18days of reaction, the mixture of V.L.F. and S.C. showed dramatic decrease of T.N.(36.21% of the initial value). The mixture of V.L.F., S.C., and B.S. showed faster reaction rate to decrease T.P. compared with that of the mixture of V.L.F. and S.C. The reaction constant of mixture of V.L.F. and S.C. was estimated to be 0.178 $day^{-1}$ by the curve fitting of the data of changes in T.N. during the reaction.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.295-303
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• 1999

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the possibility of using basic oxygen furnace (BOF) slag as a soil conditioner in rice paddy field. In 1997, rice (Oryza sativa B. cv. Dongjinbyeo) crop was cultivated under different application rates of BOF slag at three different places, Inandong Sunchon city, Youjunglee Bosung province, and Nampyung Najoo city. In each paddy field, five treatments, four application rate of BOF slag (0, 4, 8, $12Mg\;ha^{-1}$) and one application rate of lime ($2Mg\;ha^{-1}$) were tried with three replications. Plant height, number of tillers per hill, leaf area per hill, leaf dry weight, calm dry weight or shoot dry weight per hill were measured five times at the interval of seven days. Chemical contents of rice plants and soil were also measured at the same sampling date Yield were estimated by harvesting $6.6m^2$ per experimental unit and yield components were measured by sampling 10 plants per experimental unit at the harvest date. Application of BOF slag hardly affected contents of soil organic matter, available phosphate and potassium in soil. Soil pH and contents of Ca, Mg, Fe and $SiO_2$ enhanced as BOF slag rate increased. Enhancement of soil pH by ROF slag treatment appeared to be closely related with increase in soil Ca content. Application tate of $2Mg\;ha^{-1}$ of lime showed almost the same effect, in increase of soil Ca content as application rate of $4{\sim}8Mg\;ha^{-1}$ of BOF slag, Fe content in soil decreased sharply as time passed after slag treatment and stabilized more or less at the later sampling date. Contents of inorganic matter in plant such as total nitrogen, phosphate, potassium and Mg were not affected by BOF slag treatment. However, contents of Ca, Fe, and $SiO_2$ in plants increased as slag rate became higher. The growth of rice plants with BOF slag treatment was more or less slower but continued persistently up to the later growth stage, so that growth of plants with BOF slag treatment was almost the same nr even greater than that of control or lime treatment. However, BOF slag rate of $12Mg\;ha^{-1}$ seemed to be too high because all the measurements of plant, growth at this rate showed lower values than those of other treatments at all the sampling dates. Treatments of BOF slag $4Mg\;ha^{-1}$ or $8Mg\;ha^{-1}$ showed higher rough rice yield than other treatments, so that the optimum BOF slag ratein rice paddy field seemed to be in the rage of $4{\sim}8Mg\;ha^{-1}$.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.42 no.spc
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• pp.57-61
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• 2009

To clarify the impact of the rice-duck farming system on the regional environment and the surrounding, a case study was carried out at Hongdong Reservoir valley of Hongdong-myeon and Janggok-myeon, Hongseong-gun, Chungcheongnam-do where the density of livestock grazing is the highest and rice cultivation with the rice-duck farming system is extensively practiced. The soil characteristics and water qualities at paddy fields were compared between two rice cultivation methods of rice-duck farming system and conventional farming system. The organic matters and available phosphate contents in soil of paddy fields where the rice-duck farming system was practiced were higher than those of paddy fields where conventional farming system was practiced. However, the available phosphate content was lower than the optimum for rice cultivation and the mean concentration of paddy soil in Korea. The surface water quality of the paddy field with the rice-duck farming system was practiced had higher EC (137 %), $COD_{Cr}$ (220 %), T-N (172 %), and T-P (226 %) contents than that with the conventional farming system was practiced. Especially, $COD_{Cr}$ and T-P were more than 2 times higher, which tells that the possibility of water pollution by drainage water of paddy field is higher in the paddy fields with the rice-duck farming system practiced than in those with the conventional farming practiced. The higher contents of T-P and $COD_{Cr}$ in surface water at the paddy field of rice-duck farming system practiced were directly caused by soil particles in the muddy water. Consequently, it is necessary to thoroughly manage the irrigation and drainage system of rice-duck farming system practiced to prevent outflow of surface water from paddy and pollution of surrounding water system.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.131-136
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• 1998

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of several organic fertilizers on the growth and root yield of Achyranthes japonica N. from 1995 to 1996. Four organic fertilizers were applied: rice straw manure (RSM), fermented rice straw manure (FRSM), mixed oil cake manure (MOCM) and mighty soil manure (MSM). Organic matter, available phosphate, $K_2O$, CaO, and MgO of soil increased in all plots with the addition of organic fertilizers, specifically with MOCM application. The highest contents of total nitrogen were 6.16% for MOCM and the available phosphate contents were very high in all of organic fertilizers except MSM. RSM and MSM with C/N ratios of 22.5, 17.7, respectively, were easily decomposed but C/N ratios of FRSM and MOCM, which were considered as irresolvable organic fertilizers, were 40.9 and 8.4, respectively. FRSM and MOCM applications increased emergence rate and improved the growth characters of shoot and root parts of plants compared to those of N - P - K fertilization. The highest dry root yield resulted from FRSM 20% and MOCM 26% treatment. There were significantly positive correlations between the growth characters of shoot, root parts of plants and dry root yield in A. japonica grown under organic fertilizer applications.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.153-159
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• 2010

Nowadays, Korean farmers rely more on chemical fertilizers than low input sustainable agriculture drawn from the farm itself. In order to improve soil nutritional imbalance for environment friendly agriculture in greenhouse, we have carried out a relationship between fertilizer application level, and soil chemical properties for strawberry cultivation at 56 sites in Chungnam Province. Average amount of nitrogen as basal fertilization was 92.3 Mg $ha^{-1}$ which higher 2.6 times compared to standard amount of basal fertilizer. In case of compost application more than 30 Mg $ha^{-1}$, excessive ratio compared to optimum level was higher 1.8 times for EC value, 3.0 times for available phosphate, 2.6 times for exchangeable potassium, 1.7 times for exchangeable calcium, and 1.6 times for exchangeable magnesium, respectively. Amounts of compost application significantly correlated with available phosphate (r=0.370, $p{\leq}0.01$), exchangeable potassium(r=0.429, $p{\leq}0.01$), exchangeable calcium(r=0.404, $p{\leq}0.01$), exchangeable magnesium(r=0.453, $p{\leq}0.01$), and exchangeable sodium(r=0.369, $p{\leq}0.01$), respectively. Our results suggest that soil nutrients management for sustainable agriculture was optimum fertilization based on soil testing for strawberry cultivation in greenhouse.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.223-227
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• 2008

The cryopreservation of Hanwoo embryos has become an integral part of assisted reproduction in animal. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of The objectives of this study were: (1) to evaluate the influence of bovine embryo developmental stage on in vitro embryo development after freezing, (2) to study the efficiency compared with conventional freezed embryos at different embryo source. For conventional slow-freezing, day 7 or 8 expanded blastocysts were collected. The standard freezing medium was 1.8 M ethylene glycol (EG). Embryos were equilibrated in 1.8 Methylene glycol(EG) with 0.1 M sucrose in Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (D-PBS) supplemented with 0.5% bovine serum albumin. Embryos were then loaded individually into 0.25 ml-straw and placed directly into cooling chamber of programmable freezer precooled to $-7^{\circ}C$, after 2 min, the straw was seeded, maintained at $-7^{\circ}C$ for 8 min, and then cooled to $-35^{\circ}C$ at $0.3^{\circ}C$/min, plunged and stored in liquid nitrogen for at least 3 days. For thawing, the straw containing embryos were warmed in air for 10 see and exposed to $37^{\circ}C$ water for 20 sec. Straws were then removed from $37^{\circ}C$ water. Rates of blastocyst survive and hatched were evaluated at 12 to 48h post-warming. The re-expansion and hatched rates of morula embryos were significantly lower than those obtained for blastocysts and expansion blastocysts (31.6%, 10.5% vs, 68.9%, 22.2% vs, 73.7%, 53.6%, respectively). No differences in re-expansion rates were found between in vivo and in vitro blastocysts. whereas hatched rates was significantly higher (51.2%) in vivo compared with in vitro embryos (18.6%). in conclusion, demonstrate that conventional freezing can be used successfully in cryopreservation of in vitro and in vivo bovine embryos, and that it might be considered for use in commercial programs and embryo preservation.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.110-117
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• 2009

To characterize plant root-associated bacteria in wild plant family Solanaceae, Solanum nigrum L. plants were collected in Dokdo island. Forty four strains of nitrogen-fixing or spore-forming bacteria were isolated from rhizosphere of Solanum nigrum L. plants. Among these, 19 strains were able to produce auxin. Thirteen strains of these produced siderophore as determined by color reaction on CAS-blue plate, 8 strains were able to solubilize phosphate. The 16S rDNA genes of the isolated bacteria were amplified and sequenced. Model plants, pepper and tobacco, were established in order to evaluate the bacterial capacities eliciting growth promotion and induced systemic resistance. The plants treated with strain KUDC1009 were more resistant and capable of growth-promotion than control plants when challenged by either Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria or Erwinia carotovora sub. carotovora strain SCC1. Rhizobacteria isolated from Dokdo island can promote growth of wild type Solanum nigrum L. under much environmental stresses.