• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.56-65
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• 2010

Purpose: This study was done to identify factors influencing cell phone addiction in adolescents. Methods: The participants were 548 adolescents in two middle schools and four high schools. Data were collected through self-report questionnaires which were constructed to include a cell phone addiction scale, an impulsiveness scale, media specific factors, and cell phone use. The data were analyzed using the SPSS program. Results: Of the adolescents, 88.7% reported being average users, 8.4%, heavy users, and 2.9%, cell phone addicted. Cell phone addiction was significantly correlated with impulsiveness and media specific factors. Significant factors influencing cell phone addiction were gender, sending and receiving text messages on weekends, monthly call charges, impulsiveness, recreational reasons, and cultural reasons. Conclusion: The above findings indicate that cell phone addiction in adolescents is influenced by gender, text message use, call charges, impulsiveness and media specific factors. Therefore the development of prevention and management programs for cell phone addiction in adolescents should be based on these factors which influence cell phone addiction.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.13 no.10
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• pp.471-482
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• 2015

This study aimed to demonstrate the complex and structural relationships between (a) the purposes of using mobile phones, and (b) the levels of mobile phone dependency and depressive symptoms among elementary school students. We analyzed data from the 3rd Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey using structural modeling. Results showed the level of mobile phone usage for contacting family members negatively affected the mobile phone dependency. However, the levels of mobile phone usage for contacting friends and personal entertainment positively influenced the mobile phone dependency. Mobile phone dependency positively affected depressive symptoms. Mobile phone dependency partially mediated the relationship between the level of mobile phone usage for contacting family members and depressive symptoms. Mobile phone dependency fully mediated two relationships: (1) between the level of mobile phone usage for contacting friends and depressive symptoms and (2) between the level of mobile phone usage for personal entertainment and depressive symptoms.

• Journal of Korea Society of Digital Industry and Information Management
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.173-183
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to find out the difference of sense of self-efficacy and stress encountering strategy of university students under the stress situation depending on the smart-phone user group (addiction group, general user group). For this purpose, the study issues are established as follows. First, it has analyzed what is the correlation of smart-phone addiction, sense of self-efficacy, and stress encountering strategy. Second, it has studied if there is any difference of sense of self-efficacy and stress encountering strategy for the smart-phone user group. In order to verify such study issues, For 1,670 university students in the Chungcheong area, smart-phone addiction scale, sense of self-efficacy scale, and stress encountering method scale were administered. Looking into the study result, first, as a result of the relativity analysis, it displayed the correlation of preference of test difficulty, self-control efficacy and important negative from the smart-phone addiction and sense of self-efficacy. In addition, all sub-variables of smart-phone addiction and avoidance orientation from the stress encountering strategy displayed the important positive correlation, and from the smart-phone addiction, the virtual world orientation and pursuit of social-support displayed the important negative correlations, and all sub-variables (interference with ordinary living, virtual world striving direction, withdrawal, resistance) of smart-phone addiction and problem solving-orientation displayed the negative correlation. Second, as a result of verification for the difference of the smart-phone addiction group and general use group following the sense of self-efficacy, the general use group is shown to have higher self-control efficacy sense than the addiction group. And third, as a result of verifying the difference of stress encountering following the smart-phone addiction group and general use group, the addiction group is shown to be lower than the general use group in terms of social support pursuit and problem solution orientation with the avoidance orientation shown to be higher. This type of result is expected to provide the base data when developing the smart-phone addiction preventive education program by finding out in details for the characteristics of smart-phone addiction group for university students.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.2491-2496
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• 2010

Smart Phone with domestic demand increasing rapidly, the utilization of multimedia services have become diverse. Smart Phone users use the copyrighted multimedia contents illegally from hacking their Smart Phone with Jail Breaking and Rooting. Legal issues according to the Korea-U.S. FTA. and high relevance with crime as mobile communication terminal, the utilization of created and saved digital evidence is high, the mobile forensic evidence study is required. This paper studied method and notice of legal seizure and search assuming the Smart Phone copyright violation. Research the status of Smart Phone copyright violation and related violation by category as broadcasting, movies, music, e-book etc. Research the method of submit a report to the court by applying techniques to forensic. The results of this research will contribute to the provide of Smart Phone crime evidence and mobile forensic technology.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.1-18
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to find the correlation between authoritative parenting attitudes, emotional bonding of adolescents with parents, impulsiveness and cellular phone addiction. The paper will also explore the mediating role of impulsiveness between adolescents' emotional bonding with parents, authoritative parenting attitudes and cellular phone addiction. The subjects were made up of 237 adolescents. The data were analyzed with frequency, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation and structural equation modeling by PASW and AMOS. The instruments used were Lee et al. (1997) Parenting Attitude, Hudson (1982) Child's Attitude Toward Parent (CATP), Lee (2001) BIS (Barnett Impulsiveness Scale) and Lee (2008) Cellular Phone Addiction. The major findings were as follows: the sex of the adolescents was significantly different with cellular phone addiction and their family economic status was significantly different with adolescents' emotional bonding with parents and cellular phone addiction. Authoritative parenting attitude was negatively correlated with adolescents' emotional bonding with parents and positively correlated with impulsiveness and cellular phone addiction. Emotional bonding of adolescents with parents was negatively correlated with impulsiveness and cellular phone addiction. Adolescents' emotional bonding with parents influenced impulsiveness and cellular phone addiction negatively, and impulsiveness mediated the effects of adolescents' emotional bonding with parents, authoritative parenting attitude and cellular phone addiction. Authoritative parenting attitude influenced adolescents' impulsiveness and cellular phone addiction positively, but impulsiveness influenced cellular phone addiction positively. In conclusion, it is important to intervene in adolescents' cellular phone addiction through special education programs and counseling to build adolescents' emotional bonding with parents and to reduce impulsiveness.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.16-20
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• 2003

Background: Mobile phone has become a very popular device used in everyday our lives. However, the possible hazard to human body such as brain tumor has been proposed intermittently. This unwanted possibility was calmed down due to the absence of definite evidence of hazard. This study was performed to see the effect of mobile phone use on the brain temperature. Methods: In 20 volunteers, we performed 4 steps of temperature measuring procedure. Four steps are pre-use (S1, basal state), wire-phone (S2, conventional telephone), PCS phone (S3, using 1,750~1,900 MHz), cellular phone (S4, using 820 MHz) states. Brain temperatures were measured by radiothermometer at 10 sites (5 sites in each hemisphere) of the brain after 5minutes of telecommunication through the phones. The final data were compared using paired t-test. Results: In PCS phone user group (Average; $35.73708^{\circ}C$), brain temperature decreased (with statistical significance, p<0.05), compared to those of non-user group (Average; $35.9527^{\circ}C$) or conventional wire phone user group. In cellular phone user group (Average; $35.82155^{\circ}C$), brain temperature decreased slightly (without statistical significance, p>0.05) compared to those of non-user group (Average; $35.9527^{\circ}C$) or conventional wire phone user group (Average; $35.922^{\circ}C$). The temperature change was not limited to the mobile phone applied side but on both hemisphere of the brain. Conclusion: In conclusion, mobile phone (especially PCS phone) decreased brain temperature in both hemispheres without side-to-side temperature difference. In addition, this study suggests possibility of radiothermometer application to the study of electromagnetic wave effect and protection method research in the future.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.11-18
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• 2015

Objective: The aim of this study was to understand the effects of phone weight on the typing performance and muscle recruitment in the neck and upper extremity while typing a text message with dominant hand. The iPhone4 and iPhone5 were compared due to their 28-gram differences in weight. Background: Too much use of a cellular phone can lead the musculoskeletal disorders in the upper extremity. Phone makers tend to make their new models bigger, lighter, faster and smarter. Method: Fourteen healthy volunteers without any history of neuromuscular disorders or ongoing pain who used their smartphone more than one year were recruited. A 112g phone (iPhone5) and a 142g phone (iPhone4) were used for typing the lyric of the Korean national anthem with their dominant hand. Typing duration, the typing error, the perceived fatigue, and preference was investigated. Muscle recruitment and the resting gap of neck (middle trapezius and levator scapula), shoulder (infraspinatus and mid deltoid), elbow (biceps brachii and brachioradialis), thumb (extensor and abductor policis brevis) were collected using surface electromyography. Typing error was counted and typing speed was calculated in characters per min. The data were analyzed using a paired t-test and chi-square (${\chi}^2$) analysis for the effects of phone weight on the typing performance parameters and muscle recruitment. Results: Typing text message with iPhone5 took longer but had less muscle recruitment in brachioradialis, and extensor policis brevis muscles. Lighter weight of iPhone5 made biceps brachii to rest less without increasing the mean %EMG. Conclusion/Application: Findings of this study can be valuable information for phone designers to develop more productive device and for smartphone users to prevent the musculoskeletal disorders in the upper extremities.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.53-84
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• 2013

With rapid development of ICT (Information and Communications Technology), new services by the convergence of mobile network and application technology began to appear. Today, smart phone with new ICT convergence network capabilities is exceedingly popular and very useful as a new tool for the development of business opportunities. Previous studies based on Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) suggested critical factors, which should be considered for acquiring new customers and maintaining existing users in smart phone market. However, they had a limitation to focus on technology acceptance, not value based approach. Prior studies on customer's adoption of electronic utilities like smart phone product showed that the antecedents such as the perceived benefit and the perceived sacrifice could explain the causality between what is perceived and what is acquired over diverse contexts. So, this research conceptualizes perceived value as a trade-off between perceived benefit and perceived sacrifice, and we need to research the perceived value to grasp user's continuous intention to use of smart phone. The purpose of this study is to investigate the structured relationship between benefit (quality, usefulness, playfulness) and sacrifice (technicality, cost, security risk) of smart phone users, perceived value, and continuous intention to use. In addition, this study intends to analyze the differences between two subgroups of smart phone users by the degree of personal innovativeness. Personal innovativeness could help us to understand the moderating effect between how perceptions are formed and continuous intention to use smart phone. This study conducted survey through e-mail, direct mail, and interview with smart phone users. Empirical analysis based on 330 respondents was conducted in order to test the hypotheses. First, the result of hypotheses testing showed that perceived usefulness among three factors of perceived benefit has the highest positive impact on perceived value, and then followed by perceived playfulness and perceived quality. Second, the result of hypotheses testing showed that perceived cost among three factors of perceived sacrifice has significantly negative impact on perceived value, however, technicality and security risk have no significant impact on perceived value. Also, the result of hypotheses testing showed that perceived value has significant direct impact on continuous intention to use of smart phone. In this regard, marketing managers of smart phone company should pay more attention to improve task efficiency and performance of smart phone, including rate systems of smart phone. Additionally, to test the moderating effect of personal innovativeness, this research conducted multi-group analysis by the degree of personal innovativeness of smart phone users. In a group with high level of innovativeness, perceived usefulness has the highest positive influence on perceived value than other factors. Instead, the analysis for a group with low level of innovativeness showed that perceived playfulness was the highest positive factor to influence perceived value than others. This result of the group with high level of innovativeness explains that innovators and early adopters are able to cope with higher level of cost and risk, and they expect to develop more positive intentions toward higher performance through the use of an innovation. Also, hedonic behavior in the case of the group with low level of innovativeness aims to provide self-fulfilling value to the users, in contrast to utilitarian perspective, which aims to provide instrumental value to the users. However, with regard to perceived sacrifice, both groups in general showed negative impact on perceived value. Also, the group with high level of innovativeness had less overall negative impact on perceived value compared to the group with low level of innovativeness across all factors. In both group with high level of innovativeness and with low level of innovativeness, perceived cost has the highest negative influence on perceived value than other factors. Instead, the analysis for a group with high level of innovativeness showed that perceived technicality was the positive factor to influence perceived value than others. However, the analysis for a group with low level of innovativeness showed that perceived security risk was the second high negative factor to influence perceived value than others. Unlike previous studies, this study focuses on influencing factors on continuous intention to use of smart phone, rather than considering initial purchase and adoption of smart phone. First, perceived value, which was used to identify user's adoption behavior, has a mediating effect among perceived benefit, perceived sacrifice, and continuous intention to use smart phone. Second, perceived usefulness has the highest positive influence on perceived value, while perceived cost has significant negative influence on perceived value. Third, perceived value, like prior studies, has high level of positive influence on continuous intention to use smart phone. Fourth, in multi-group analysis by the degree of personal innovativeness of smart phone users, perceived usefulness, in a group with high level of innovativeness, has the highest positive influence on perceived value than other factors. Instead, perceived playfulness, in a group with low level of innovativeness, has the highest positive factor to influence perceived value than others. This result shows that early adopters intend to adopt smart phone as a tool to make their job useful, instead market followers intend to adopt smart phone as a tool to make their time enjoyable. In terms of marketing strategy for smart phone company, marketing managers should pay more attention to identify their customers' lifetime value by the phase of smart phone adoption, as well as to understand their behavior intention to accept the risk and uncertainty positively. The academic contribution of this study primarily is to employ the VAM (Value-based Adoption Model) as a conceptual foundation, compared to TAM (Technology Acceptance Model) used widely by previous studies. VAM is useful for understanding continuous intention to use smart phone in comparison with TAM as a new IT utility by individual adoption. Perceived value dominantly influences continuous intention to use smart phone. The results of this study justify our research model adoption on each antecedent of perceived value as a benefit and a sacrifice component. While TAM could be widely used in user acceptance of new technology, it has a limitation to explain the new IT adoption like smart phone, because of customer behavior intention to choose the value of the object. In terms of theoretical approach, this study provides theoretical contribution to the development, design, and marketing of smart phone. The practical contribution of this study is to suggest useful decision alternatives concerned to marketing strategy formulation for acquiring and retaining long-term customers related to smart phone business. Since potential customers are interested in both benefit and sacrifice when evaluating the value of smart phone, marketing managers in smart phone company has to put more effort into creating customer's value of low sacrifice and high benefit so that customers will continuously have higher adoption on smart phone. Especially, this study shows that innovators and early adopters with high level of innovativeness have higher adoption than market followers with low level of innovativeness, in terms of perceived usefulness and perceived cost. To formulate marketing strategy for smart phone diffusion, marketing managers have to pay more attention to identify not only their customers' benefit and sacrifice components but also their customers' lifetime value to adopt smart phone.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.105-120
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• 2004

With the new technology and the popularization of mobile phone. the functions and designs of mobile phone have been varied rapidly. However. based on the user's level of familiarity on mobile phone function and knowledge of information technology. the using behaviors of mobile phone. especially between the young users who are well acquainted with the latest function and technology and the over middle-aged users who are relatively not. would be quite different. A survey was conducted to investigate the various using behaviors of mobile phone in different age groups. The total number of six hundred and sixty-seven people from age seventeen to sixty participated in this study. The participants were divided into young group (age between 17 to 29) and the over middle-aged group (age between 40 to 60) to compare the difference group considered design. price. and function of the mobile phone as three important factors. on the other hand. the over middle-aged group considered quality of communication. price and ease of use as three important factors. All the respondents of the young group know how to use the text messaging function. however for the over middle-aged group. 40% of the respondents knows how to use the text messaging function. The over middle-aged group seemed mainly use the mobile phone for voice communication. however the young group had a tendency to communicate each other with short text message rather than through voice conversation. Twenty percentage of young group responded that they had an experience of pain or discomfort at the thumb. the thenar eminence area. or carpus area during pushing the mobile phone keypad. The excessive frequent use of keypad may cause the risk of repetitive strain injury (RSI). The results of this study could provide important information to understand the way of using mobile phone in different age groups. and also could be used to design and market the mobile phone.

• 한국정보교육학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.08a
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• pp.199-207
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• 2010

Making use of mobile in the education field with international providing of iPod, iPhone and the rapid growth of information oriented society suggest lots of ideas in the aspect of method of education. Using the various technology of iPod and iPhone leads to change of teaching method because iPod and iPhone supports lots of skills of teaching which is student-centered is gradually supplying to students. Furthermore, Not only the development of various mobile contents can be materialized in iPod circumstance is processing in information-communication field of Korea, but also a recognition of people about iPod and iPhone is changing positively. Along this change, it expects to using of iPod and iPhone for teaching methods in school will affect to the education effectively and promote the quality of education. So, this study was focused on the development application for using iPod and iPhone in each subjects of Society and Science according to this features of changes with expecting the educational effect accompanied by using iPod and iPhone and searched the previous examples of using mobile application.