• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.12-20
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• 2012

The aim of this study is to review phenomenological characteristics in Steven Holl's architecture through his design of St. Ignatius Chapel at Seattle University. To obtain this purpose, an analytical frame based on Holl's theory of phenomenological architecture is suggested to have a systematic study for St. Ignatius chapel. This chapel can be a good example of phenomenological architecture in that it is based on the concept of 'A Gathering of Different Lights' related to phenomenology and considered perception including multi sensory (as well as vision) as primary factors from site and program interpretation to spatial configuration. Unprecedented exterior of St. Ignatius chapel reflected on characteristics and function of rooms to magnify user's spatial experiences through inducing natural light and spatial effect. Holl used various openings and screen for natural light with colors to invoke religious inspiration. He also try to give spatial depth and multi foci for experiencing space through various ceiling forms. These phenomenological features originated in client's strong will as well as appropriateness of the function of facility's religious experiences through building to the purpose of phenomenological architecture.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.75-82
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• 2014

The aim of this study is to review phenomenological characteristics in Alvaro Siza's works through his design intention, methods and results. As a Portuguese architect, his personal and local background as well as pursuing the essence of architecture made phenomenological characteristics of his works. The emphasis of the placeness of site and the existence of architecture has close relationship with Heidegger's concept of dwelling and the role of architecture. Although Siza has maintained white plat plane of interior space which is one of features of modern architecture, he provides dramatic and dynamic experiences of space using curved and acute angle of plane in his latter part of works. Another his phenomenological nature of buildings is a striking display of space and light which is remarkable especially in his museum designs. He made this character in adopting various shapes of double ceilings, openings and their combination with natural light which he always emphasizes. As a result, Alvaro Siza's phenomenological characteristics comes not from clear architectural or philosophical theory but from continuous practice based on pursuing the essence of architecture.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.88-95
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to analyze the phenomenological approaches in Holl's architecture centered on his Nelson-Atkins Art Museum. This study mainly deals with concrete and practical architectural contents based on his recent works rather than existing studies about philosophical point of views to his architecture. Because Holl has had turning point from theoretical research to practical application and development stage. Therefore, this study aims to find out Holl's phenomenological approaches that were different from his early works. Nelson-Atkins art museum shows effect of luminosity as well as inflow of light in the phenomenological experiences of light and space. Holl gave new addition building that he designed contrasts of massing, transparency of material, colors to enhance existence of new building through phenomenological experiences. Narrow and long circulation and various focal points provide multi-view points and overlapped spaces in body experiences As a result, Holl shows shifts from theoretical application to architectural utilization. Nelson-Atkins art museum is important in that this project is one of stating points about this shift.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.15 no.2 s.55
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• pp.56-64
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• 2006

From ancient times to today the formation of centrality in architecture has taken very important role as an organizing device. However after 19th century modem architecture focused on the universal aspect and homogeneity of space, and developed its own vocabulary through de-centralization. Since 1960's the reflections on de-humanized space of modem space have been evloved. As those movement has been understood seriously, the centrality can be changed to phenomenological one. And The phenomenological centrality maintains organic balance with its surroundings not trying to form a hierarchic system. So it shows human-oriented tendency and facilitates experiential movements of human body. And it also gives a sense of being. The phenomenological centrality is comprised of center, boundary, and two types of axis. The characteristics of phenomenological centrality can be analyzed as practical and meaningful center, visible boundary, experiential movement, and unexpectable encounters with spaces and nature.

• Journal of The Korean Digital Architecture Interior Association
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.13-23
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• 2013

Steven Holl is outstanding architect who has been applied his phenomenological thinking to his works. he has been reported that he had adhered to focus his interest on coherent phenomenological theme and sublimated his architectural concept succesfully. This study focuses on relationship how phenomenological concept has common ground with architectural parts and with the study on phenomenological application methodology of architectonics of Steven Holl. In the case of Holl, with the theme of sense and flesh, he molds phenomenologically sensitive space. His works contains coherent phenomenolgical concepts such as distrust of rationality, synthesis of consciousness, and qeustions of perception. The Methodologies of connection with environment(nature or bridge), regional values, placeness, light and time are considered in his works(books and architectural works) as anchoring, interwining and parallax for phenomenological process in his concepts. His methodologies of enlisted works contain many valuable concepts of phenomenological intuition and would be applicable to contemporary and future architecture for humanism.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.155-176
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• 1997

Today most landscape architects and scientists have approached ecological restoration, only in a scientific way or on aesthetic way so as to deal with the complex phenomena of a site easily. However, 'the real world' as well as 'ecological nature' as it is can not be totally dealt by the scientific approach which is quantitative and reductioinal. ince a site to be restored has the character of 'place' where man 'dwells', it must be designed and built as total phenomenon. In terms of Martin Heidegger's interpretation of "revealing", we might find out how to overcome the dilemma of the 'modern technology'. To the point of the phenomenological integrity between 'modern technology' and 'art', we can reveal 'sense of place' on a site. The phenomenological approach, which is related to the characteristics of the site, implies something more than scientific since it focuses on the development of site-specific data without wasting extra data for ecological restoration. Bodily experiencing a site with the perception, man discloses the site's nature and he also analyzes it in a scientific way. Therefore the phenomenological approach might be a clue of constructing ecological restoration as well as construing the identity of landscape architecture.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.91-101
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• 2013

At the age of uncertainty, the contemporary architecture has been changed by various design approaches as a result of the development of the media. Especially, being issued Phenomenology by Merleau-Ponty the tendency of visual interpretation on the architectural space has been studied positively. This research is to understand a Phenomenological approach to design the interior and architectural space. The phenomenological architectural space is based on knowing about the perception from a body and experience as a contents of the world. The touch from the space designed by Phenomenological architectural express by various way of the Phenomenological light is one of the concept of Phenomenological experience.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.68-77
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• 2012

Appreciating the aspect of modem architecture requires not only the comprehension of the nature of design and architects' ways of thinking and expression but also observers' views on buildings and their perceptive/cognitive stages. This calls for an in-depth study on the "system of phenomenological perceptions" that works as a new architectural experience system. The system of phenomenological perceptions makes it possible to specify the individual process of understanding architecture, that is, hands-on experiences, participations, feelings, perceptions, and cognition. The value of user experience and cognition has been emphasized by philosophical and aesthetical concepts as well. Therefore, in order to better appreciate the modern architecture, this study suggests theoretical consideration to "orientation and event" that are crucial elements in understanding a phenomenological view and materializing actual space formation. This offers the cognitive system with which we analyze modem architecture and comprehensive expressional methods. In other words, this study contemplates the system of phenomenological perceptions from an existential spatial perspective by structurizing the system of the orientation and the event in order to segmentalize users' current locations, potential directions, the relations with spaces, continual vie'wpoints as well as buildings' functions and interior and exterior division. The system of phenomenological perceptions helps understand and systemize modern architecture through a system based on relations between sensation, perception, cognition, sensitivity, and rationality. This creates a new cognitive system employing the concept of the orientation and the event, which is different from a normal cognitive system basing on the sense of vision. When observers appreciate space, they tend to relate the space to a certain event and to remember their experiences in it. During the process, they draw borders of the space in which the event takes place and give shape to their experiences including actions, movements, cognition and sensation. The process leads to the formation of "placeness," and here, the concept of the orientation comes in as the location and the center of the placeness. This study proves that a determined orientation coupled with individual experience and events settles the place ness; detailed elements in the cognitive system have close relations with one another; the orientation, actions, events, and places are the factors that materialize observers' architectural experience.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.151-162
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to approach to the phenomenological point of view to explore a design method for providing a variety of spatial experience of the viewer according to the functional changes of the modern museum architecture. For that, this study intends to analysis and consider the Steven Holl's Museum applied to the phenomenological perception for architectural design. The method of this study is summarized as follows: 1) Consider the spatial role and function of the Museum Architecture in the phenomenological approach 2) Study on the phenomenological architectural concepts and expressional method of Steven Holl 3) Finally, propose the utilization for the experiential space that is required to implement the contemporary museum architecture. The results of this study are as follows: 1) Steven Holl's phenomenological architectural concept is the basis of the perception and awareness and has connotations of temporality and it is figured out by the approach to the environment, sense and motion. 2) Steven Holl implement the architecture as a place of experience by connecting between the place and the environment through the development of a variety of scenes and situations and planning the phenomenon of multisensory space. 3) The spatial experience appeared in Steven Holl's museum architecture is implemented through the diversity of the scene, the persistence of the situation, the autonomy of light and color, transparency of the haptic and the potential of the material and geometry.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.14 no.6 s.53
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• pp.193-201
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• 2005

In this study we analyzed and interpreted the phenomenologlcal characteristics and meanings of water space in religious architecture through field studies and phenomenologlcal approaches, focusing on the religious architecture Introducing water space in contemporary architecture. The phenomenological experience elements of the research ate light, time, place and context. As the results of this study, first, light as a phenomenological element not only induces a contrast and change between light and the shadow in architectural space and various changes of light in inner space, but also operates as an element which expresses building features outward with time. Second, time as a phenomenological perception experience makes us feel changes of the environment and physical properties and experience space visually and physically. The continuity of time shows the change of a day, night and daytime and seasons. Third, water space makes the sense of place more remarkable, connected closely with surrounding nature In outer space, and creates a new space. Fourth, water space is a contextual element which harmonizes with surrounding environment by connecting surrounding natural environment with architectural space. Fifth, water space in religious architecture is a symbolic and central element, and emphasizes the atmosphere of architectural space. In addition, it makes the people who experience water space perceive the place by triggering sensitive response.