• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.304-310
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• 2018

Beta glucan was purified from Phellinus baumii and tested for its effect on the group performance of ants, a principal model of eusociality and of superorganisms. Japanese carpenter ants (Camponotus japonicus) were reared on diets containing beta glucans to characterize their effects on eusociality. Culturing structures for ants were assembled by implanting autoclaved soil into polyethylene terephthalate bottles. Three different eusocial strength indices were used to study the effect of beta glucan extract (BGE) on eusocial activities - the number of residence chambers, cooperative defense index (CDI), and group size and composition. Control, low- BGE, and high-BGE diets were prepared with the following three levels of BGE supplements in sucrose powder: 0, 20, and 50% (g/g). More residence chambers were observed in the BGE-fed groups than in the control. The CDI against a foreign queen ant was calculated according to the time taken to subdue the foreign queen. The high-BGE group took less time to complete their defense formation than the other groups. Differences were evident between control and BGE-fed groups in the total numbers of ants and eggs. The BGE-fed groups showed a significant increase in both the number of workers and the number of eggs. When fed with BGE, ants responded positively for all three eusocial strength indices. These results show that BGE exerts beneficial effects on the eusociality of ants as a superorganism.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.201-208
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• 2008

To produce bioactivity-strengthen medicinal herbs, the 36 medicinal herbs which have antioxidation or blood circulation activity, were solid fermented using Phellinus baumii mycelium. Most of medicinal herbs, except Chrysanthemum indicum (flower), Zizyphus jujuba Miller (fructus), Aconitum koreanum R. Raymond (root), Magnolia denu-data (flower), and Polygonatum sibiricum Redt (root bark), showed good fermentation at $25^{\circ}C$ for 20 days under 90% of relative humidity. The poor fermentations of the herbs could be explained by lack of nutrient, structural rigidity, and the content of antifungal substance. After fermentation, the average water content of herbs were increased to $67.21{\pm}11.43%$ from $30.84{\pm}15.67%$, but the average pH and average methanol extraction ratio were slightly decreased to $11.16{\pm}7.06%$ and $4.83{\pm}0.73$ from $13.91{\pm}12.22%$ and $5.06{\pm}0.87$, respectively. The analysis of thrombin inhibition and DPPH scavenging activity of the methanol extracts of herbs showed that thrombin inhibition activities of the fermented Drynaria fortunei Kunze, Melia azedarach var. japonica, Prunus persica and Orostachys japonicus, and DPPH scavenging activities of the fermented Polygala tenuifolia, Scrophularia buergeriana, Angelica dahurica, Drynariafortunei Kunze, Cyperus rotundus, and Boschniakia rossica were increased as compared with those activities of non-fermented its cognate herbs. Our results suggest that the production of bioactivity-strengthen medicinal herbs is possible by solid fermentation of Phellinus baumii mycelium, as fermented Drynaria fortunei Kunze showed increased antioxidant and thrombin inhibitory activities than those of non-fermented herbs.

• Mycobiology
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.161-172
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• 2021

Phellinus strains were collected from different areas in Korea. Of them, the fast mycelial growing strains were artificially cultivated on the oak logs to produce fruiting body. The varieties, Phellinus linteus ASI26099 (Korea Sanghwang) and P. baumii PBJS (Jangsoo Sanghwang) were grown under the same conditions as controls. Their cultivating characteristics including mycelial colonization, pinhead formation, and fruiting body formation rate were investigated on the logs. Basidiocarps of Phellinus strains HN00K9, HN6036, and ASI26099 were concentrically zonate and shallowly sulcate, and dark chestnut showing typical characteristics of Tropicoporus linteus (synonyum: P. linteus, Inonotus linteus, polyporus linteus), which is distinguishably different to PBJS. HN00K9 showed the highest yield of fruiting body among the mushroom strains. The β-glucan content in fruiting bodies of HN00K9 was 20% higher than those of other strains. Bioactive effects of polysaccharide samples from fruiting bodies of Phellinus strains, HN00K9, HN6036, ASI26099, and PBJS were assessed on cell viability and cytokine (IL-6 and TNF-α) inhibition and finally on anticancer to different human cancer cells.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.75-80
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• 2016

Morphological and culture characteristics of the novel Phellinus linteus variant KACC93057P collected in Korea were characterized in this study. The surface of the was angular, sessile, tough-woody, concentrically zonate, and dark brown in color. Basidiocarppores were circular, with 5-7 pores per mm. The hyphal system was dimitic, and basidiospores were ellipsoid or oval, $4.5-6{\times}4-5$, exhibiting characteristics typical of P. linteus. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth was $25-30^{\circ}C$, and optimal pH for growth was 5-7. The mycelial growth rate of P. linteus KACC93057P was faster than that of other P. baumii isolates. On growth medium, KACC93057P formed aerial mycelia with density higher than that of other isolates. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-ribosomal DNA sequences were closely related to the sequences P. linteus complex.

• Mycobiology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.133-138
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• 2003

Analysis of phylogenetic relationship was performed among Phellinus species based on 18S ribosomal subunit sequence data. Twenty-five strains of 19 Phellinus species including P. linteus were examined in this study. Regions of 18S ribosomal subunit were very conserved, but some variable regions between Phellinus species were observed. The species-specific detection primers, modified by 2 or 3 nucleotides in sense primer were designed based on 18S ribosomal DNA(rDNA) sequence data. The 210 by PCR bands were detected with annealing temperature $48^{\circ}C$. The 18S 2F-18S 4R detection primer set distinguished P. linteus from various Phellinus species but some species like P. baumii, P. weirianius, P. rhabarberinus and P. pomaceus also had weak reactivity on this primer set. The 18S 3F-18S 4R primer set distinguished only P. linteus from various Phellinus species, although sensitivity with this primer set was lower than that of 18S 2F-18 4R primer set. These primer sets would be useful for the detection of only P. linteus among unknown Phellinus species rapidly.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.1268-1275
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• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate the anti-proliferative activity of solid-state fermented medicinal herbs which include Phellinus baumii. Methanol extracts were prepared from 36 different medicinal herbs and their fermented counterparts. These extracts were used to treat human colorectal HCT116 cell, human embryonic kidney cell HEK-293, pre-adipocyte cell 3T3-L1, and pre-osteoblast cell MC3T3-E1 for 24 hr. At a concentration of 100 ${\mu}g/ml$, the extracts of Amomum villosum, Cnidium officinale Makino, Dendrobium moniliforme, Dictamnus dasycarpus, Diospyros kaki Thunb, Eucommia ulmoides Oliv, Ginkgo biloba L, Magnolia denudata Desrousseaux, Orostachys japonicus, Panax notoginseng, Pharbitis nil Choisy, Polygala tenuifolia and Trichosanthes kirilowii (seed) led to a < 50% decrease in cell proliferation, and mycelium of P. baumii showed a 46.3% decrease in cell proliferation. Meanwhile, the extracts of the 25 fermented herbs showed similar anti-proliferative activities compared to those of individual non-fermented herbs. However, the extracts of the fermented Drynaria fortunei Kunze (1), Lycium chinense Mill (2), Fritillaria thunbergii Miquel (3) and Prunus persica showed increased anti-proliferative activity. The $IC_{50}s$ of (1), (2) and (3) were especially decreased to 28, 85 and 80 ${\mu}g/ml$ from 394, 917 and 149 ${\mu}g/ml$, respectively. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of the extracts of fermented (1), (2) and (3) against HEK-293, 3T3-L1, and MC3T3-E1was negligible up to 200 ${\mu}g/ml$. These results suggest that solid-state fermentation using the mycellium of P. baumiiproduce potential anti-cancer agents or strengthen the bioactivity of medicinal herbs.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.126-134
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• 2001

The phylogenetic tree displayed the presence of five groups in the Phellinus genus, which were distinguished based on their morphology. Most of the p. linteus appeared a cluster which was highly significant with the exception of P. linteus KACC 500122 and KACC 500411. They formed the sister taxa of P 1inteus where P. baumii, Phellinus sp. MPNU 7003, MPNU 7007, and MPNU 7010 had similar morphological characteristics. Also, P. nigricans IMSNU 32024 and P. pini var, carniformans IMSNU 32031 were grouped in the same cluster with P. igniarius KCTC 6227, KCTC 6228, and P. chrysoloma KCTC 6225 extracted from the Gen-Bank database. P. torulosus IMSNU 32028 and Phellinus sp. MPNU 7011 formed a closed group, however, these species had a distant taxa when compared with the other Phellinus species. The nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) including the 5.85 rDNA were determined from 24 strains of the Phellinus genus in order to analyze their phylogenetic relationship. These fungi were divided into two basic groups based on their ITS length, however, this grouping was different from that based on their morphological characteristics. Although various ITS sequences were ambiguously aligned, conserved sites were also identified. Accordingly, a neighbor-joining tree was constructed using the nucleotide sequence data of the conserved sites of the ITS regions and the 5.8S rDNA.

• 한국약용작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.325-325
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• 2008

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.41-41
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• 2016

Influenza viruses are RNA viruses that belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family, and those can be divided into three types; A, B, and C, which based on the differences of the inner nucleoproteins and genomic structures. All three genera differ in their genomic structure and nucleoprotein content, they are further classified into various serotypes based on the two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). These glycoproteins play crucial roles in viral infection and replication. Hemagglutinin mediates binding of virions to sialic acid receptors on the surfaces of target cells at the initial stage of infection. Neuraminidase cleaves the glycosidic bonds of sialic acids from the viral and cell surfaces to release the mature virions from infected cells, after viral replication. Because NA plays an important role in the viral life cycle, it is considered an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of influenza. The methanolic extracts of Phellinus baumii and Phellinus igniarius exhibited significant activity in the neuraminidase inhibition assay. Polyphenolic compounds were isolated from the methanolic extracts. The structures of these compounds were determined to be hispidin, hypholomine B, inoscavin A, davallialactone, phelligridin D, phelligridin E, and phelligridin G by spectroscopic methods. Compounds inhibited the H1N1 neuraminidase activity in a dose-dependent manner with $IC_{50}$ values of 50.9, 22.9, 20.0, 14.2, 8.8, 8.1 and $8.0{\mu}M$, respectively. Moreover, these compounds showed anti-influenza activity in the viral cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction assay using MDCK cells. These results suggests that the polyphenols from P. baumii and P. igniarius are promising candidates for prevention and therapeutic strategies against viral infection.

• Mycobiology
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.399-409
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• 2020

Many of the 𝛽-glucans are known to have antihypertensive activities, but, except for angiotensin-converting enzyme II inhibition, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Corin is an atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)-converting enzyme. Activated corin cleaves pro-ANP to ANP, which regulates water-sodium balance and lowers blood pressure. Here, we reported a novel antihypertensive mechanism of 𝛽-glucans, involved with corin and ANP in mice. We showed that multiple oral administrations of 𝛽-glucan induced the expression of corin and ANP, and also increased natriuresis in mice. Microarray analysis showed that corin gene expression was only upregulated in mice liver by multiple, not single, oral administrations of the 𝛽-glucan fraction of Phellinus baumii (BGF). Corin was induced in liver and kidney tissues by the 𝛽-glucans from zymosan and barley, as well as by BGF. In addition to P. baumii, 𝛽-glucans from two other mushrooms, Phellinus linteus and Ganoderma lucidum, also induced corin mRNA expression in mouse liver. ELISA immunoassays showed that ANP production was increased in liver tissue by all the 𝛽-glucans tested, but not in the heart and kidney. Urinary sodium excretion was significantly increased by treatment with 𝛽-glucans in the order of BGF, zymosan, and barley, both in 1% normal and 10% high-sodium diets. In conclusion, we found that the oral administration of 𝛽-glucans could induce corin expression, ANP production, and sodium excretion in mice. Our findings will be helpful for investigations of 𝛽-glucans in corin and ANP-related fields, including blood pressure, salt-water balance, and circulation.