• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.451-459
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• 2015

Raw-red bean (RR) should be boiled in hot water, and only boiled-red bean (BR) has been used in the food industry. In the course of development of functional food using red- bean (Phaseolus radiatus L), hot- water extracts (HWEs) of RR and BR were prepared, respectively and their components and various biological activities were compared. The extraction yield at $100^{\circ}C$ of RR (16.2%) was higher than that of BR (14.8%), and contents of total polyphenols, total flavonoids and reducing sugars of HWE of RR were 2.5-fold, 2.1-fold and 1.5-fold higher than those of HWE of BR. In anti-oxidation activity assay, scavenging activities against DPPH anion and ABTS cation as well as reducing power of RR was higher than those of BR. The results suggest that the anti-oxidant compounds in red bean might be heat-liable or discarded during boiling in hot-water as a cooking drip. Unexpectedly, nitrite scavenging activity was stronger in HWE of BR than RR. In anti-microbial activity assay, HWE of RR ($500{\mu}g/disc$) showed growth inhibition activity against gram-positive bacteria, whereas HWE of BR did not show any activity against any tested bacteria and fungi. Assay of in-vitro anti-diabetes and anti-thrombosis activities, which were previously reported in ethanol extract of red-bean, revealed that HWEs of RR and BR did not show significant activities against ${\alpha}$-amylase, ${\alpha}$-glucosidase, thrombin, prothrombin, or blood coagulation factors. Our results suggest that the anti-oxidation, anti-diabetes and anti-thrombosis activities of HWEs of RR and BR were lower than those of ethanol extracts of red bean, and bioactive substances in RR were destroyed during boiling or discarded after boiling. Further research on suitable boiling and re-use of cooking drip of red bean is necessary.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.162-169
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• 2014

In the course of study for the development of functional food using red beans (azuki beans, Phaseolus radiatus L.), the ethanol extracts from raw-red bean (RRB) and boiled-red bean (BRB) were prepared, and the components and various biological activities of both were compared. It was observed that the extraction yield, and the total polyphenol content, of the BRB were 1.2 times higher than that of the RRB. However, the contents of total flavonoid, total sugar and reducing sugar in the BRB were 30, 27.9 and 30.8% respectively when compared with those of RRB. In relation to antioxidative activity, both RRB and BRB exhibited moderate DPPH anion, ABTS cation, and nitrite scavenging activities and reducing power, though in all cases RRB demonstrated stronger activities than BRB. The extracts of RRB and BRB did not reveal any antimicrobial activities. In a ${\alpha}$-amylase inhibitory activity assay, RRB was higher than BRB, while BRB showed higher ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity than RRB. A strong and particular activity was observed in an anti-thrombosis activity assay of RRB. The extract of RRB demonstrated strong inhibitions against prothrombin and blood coagulation factors, with moderate thrombin inhibition. However, the extract of BRB did not exhibit any significant anti-thrombosis activity. Our results indicate that RRB has different, but useful biological activities, and loss or elimination of the biologically active substances in RRB occurs during the production of BRB. Therefore, to develop more functional foods from red beans, a study of suitable boiling, heating and drying processes is essential, and the efficient re-use of boiled waste water from the boiling process is necessary. These results could be applied to the further development of functional red bean beverages and sweat red bean pastes.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.135-139
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• 2005

This study was carried out to find the allelopathic effect of volatile materials released from Eupatorium rugosum. The GC method was employed for analysis of volatile materials from E. rugosum and 49 chemical substances were identified such as $\beta$-caryophyllene, $\alpha$-terpinenol, chamazulene, bornyl acetate, $\alpha$-pinene, etc. including unidentified three chemicals. Germination test in Phaseolus radiatus was done to find the inhibition effect of volatile materials using some chemicals which were proved to be important component or much amounts ones in E. rugosum. It was strongly inhibited by linalool and terpinen-4-ol. Seedling elongation and radicle growth of that were proportionally inhibited by the concentration of the essential oil, especially $\alpha$-pinene and bornyl acetate. Biomass of receptor plant was slightly decreased more than 58 ${\mu}l$ of the extract in case of $\alpha$-pinene, while it was decreased more than 19 ${\mu}l$ of that in bornyl acetate but it was shown non-significant. From the above results, it was found that volatile materials from E. rugosum showed a allelopathic effect and also $\alpha$-pinene, bornyl acetate, linalool and terpinen-4-ol used in bioassay were some of major allelochemicals in germination inhibition and especially linalool and terpinen-4-ol are prominent effect on growth inhibition of other plant.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.445-452
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• 1994

Effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on ethylene production in mungbean (Phaseolus radiatus L.) hypocotyl and leaf segments were studied. Ethylene production in mungbean hypocotyl segments was decreased in proportion to MeJA concentrations and $450\;\mu\textrm{M}$ of MeJA showed 50% inhibitory effect. This inhibitory effect appeared after 3 h of incubation period and continued for 24 h. Inhibition of ethylene production by MeJA was due to the decrease in 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) oxidase activity. However, MeJA treatment had no effect on ACC content and ACC synthase activity. MeJA also inhibited auxin-induced ethylene production in hypocotyls. To investigate the mechanisms of the inhibitory effect of MeJA on the auxin-induced ethylene production, ACC synthase and ACC oxidase activity were examined after MeJA treatment. MeJA decreased the ACC content and ACC synthase activity as weD as ACC oxidase activity in the auxin-treated tissue. These results suggest that the inhibition of MeJA on auxin-induced ethylene production is not due to the direct inhibitory effect of MeJA on the ACC synthase, but to the inhibition of the ability of IAA to promote the synthesis of ACC synthase. In contrast, ethylene production from the detached mungbean leaves was stimulated by MeJA. The rate of ethylene production increased approximately 65% over the control after 12 h of incubation period by $4.5\;\mu\textrm{M}$ MeJA. When MeJA was applied to detached leaves along with IAA, the effect of MeJA appeared to be additive. In an effort to elucidate mechanisms of MeJA action on auxin-induced ethylene production in the leaf tissue, enzyme activities of ACC synthase and ACC oxidase were examined. MeJA stimulated ACC oxidase activity but did not affect ACC synthase activity in leaf tissue. Together, these results suggest that MeJA plays different roles in the ethylene production in the different mungbean tissues.issues.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.459-466
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate the nutritional characteristics of selected soybeans grown in Korea to isolate concentrated proteins. Examination of the general characteristics revealed that the pH and apparent density of Phaseolus radiatus L. protein and concentrated Vigna angularis protein were significantly higher than those of other concentrated soy proteins. The water absorption capacity was high for concentrated Pisum sativum L. protein, whereas the oil absorption capacity was high for concentrated Glycine max (L.) Merr. protein. The emulsifying activity and emulsifying stability were higher and significantly higher, respectively, for enriched P. radiatus protein. Considering the functional characteristics of concentrated soy protein, its application as a food material in the meat product industry in Korea may be of potential value.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.21-27
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• 1998

Methanol extracts from 25 leguminous seeds were tested for their fungicidal activities toward six phytopathogenic fungi, using whole plant test in a greenhouse. The efficacy varied with both the plant pathogen and legume species used. At 5 mg/pot, potent fungicidal activities were produced from extracts of Cassia obtusifolia, Glycine max var. solitae, G. max var. yagkong, G. max var. hooktae, Phaseolus multiflorus, P. radiatus var. aurea, and Vigna sinensis against Botrytis cinerea, Puccinia recondita, and Erysiphe graminis. These seed extracts were highly effective against three B. cinerea strains resistant to carbendazim, procymidone, and diethofencarb. All leguminous seed extracts revealed weak or no fungicidal effect against Rhizoctonia solani, Pyricularia grisea, and Phytophthora infestans. As a naturally occurring fungicide, leguminous seed-derived materials described could be useful as new fungicidal products against various plant diseases induced by phytopathogenic fungi.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.164-171
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• 1988

The composition of lipid class and fatty acid of free lipids(FL) and bound lipids(BL at low temperature and BL at high temperature) from Mungbean (Phaseolus radiatus, L) was investigated with the chromatographic procedures. The contents of neutral lipid (NL), glycol lipids(GL) and phospholipids(PL) in FL were 89.1%, 7.1%, and 3.7%, on the other hand those of BL were $49{\sim}56%,\;28{\sim}29%\;and\;15{\sim}21%$, respectively. The major components of NL fraction were triglycerides, 1,2-diglycerides and esterified sterol in the lipids of FL and BL. Esteryl steryl glycosides and monogalactosyl diglycerides were observed as major GL components of FI and BL. Of the PL in FL and BL, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, diphosphatidyl glycerides and phosphatidyl choline were the major components. The predominent fatty acids of NL, GL and PL were linoleic, palmitic and linolenic acids. There are a little difference between the compositions of BL at low and high temperature extraction.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.21-21
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• 1995

The effects of plant hormones (NAA, $GA_3$ and BA) and light qualities (white, red, green and blue light) on the changes of reducing sugar contents and invertase isozyme activities in leaves of maize (Zea mars L.) and mung bean (Phseolw radiatus L.) seedlings were investigated. NAA accelerated the increase of reducing sugar contents and invertase isozyme activities, on the contrary, $GA_3$ had little effect in the accumulation of reducing sugar and in the increase of enzyme activities from the leaves of maize and mung bean seedlings. On the other hand, BA accelerated an increase in the activities of the invertase isozyme from the leaves of mung bean seedlings whereas it had little effect in the increase of the enzyme activities from those of maize seedlings. The accumulation of reducing sugar in leaves of both seedlings was promoted by red light irradiation compared to white light irradiation, while the activities of the enzyme were little affected by various light Qualities. In the simultaneous applications of plant hormone and light quality, NAA with white light was very effective in the increase of reducing sugar contents and the enzyme activities from the leaves of mung bean seedlings, whereas NAA application with blue light showed a prominent enhancement in the reducing sugar contents and the enzyme activities from those of maize seedlings. These results suggest that plant hormone, particularly NAA, may be a more important factor than various light Qualities in the stimulation of invertase activity.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.323-333
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• 1995

The effects of plant hormones (NAA, $GA_3$ and BA) and light qualities (white, red, green and blue light) on the changes of reducing sugar contents and invertase isozyme activities in leaves of maize (Zea mars L.) and mung bean (Phseolw radiatus L.) seedlings were investigated. NAA accelerated the increase of reducing sugar contents and invertase isozyme activities, on the contrary, $GA_3$ had little effect in the accumulation of reducing sugar and in the increase of enzyme activities from the leaves of maize and mung bean seedlings. On the other hand, BA accelerated an increase in the activities of the invertase isozyme from the leaves of mung bean seedlings whereas it had little effect in the increase of the enzyme activities from those of maize seedlings. The accumulation of reducing sugar in leaves of both seedlings was promoted by red light irradiation compared to white light irradiation, while the activities of the enzyme were little affected by various light Qualities. In the simultaneous applications of plant hormone and light quality, NAA with white light was very effective in the increase of reducing sugar contents and the enzyme activities from the leaves of mung bean seedlings, whereas NAA application with blue light showed a prominent enhancement in the reducing sugar contents and the enzyme activities from those of maize seedlings. These results suggest that plant hormone, particularly NAA, may be a more important factor than various light Qualities in the stimulation of invertase activity.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.122-126
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• 1998

This experiment was conducted to verify the responses of major crop species to saline stress.To determine the saline tolerance of crop species, sevral crop species were cultivated under sand-culture system using Hoagland's nutrient solution whit 200mM NaCl. The crop species showing saline tolerance were cotton(Gossypium indicum), maize(Zea mays), barely(Hordeum vulgare), and wheat(Triticum aestivum) but perilla (Perilla frutescens) and leguminous crops, mung bean(Phaseolus radiatus), azuki bean(Phaseolus angularis) and soy bean(Glycin max) showed very por tolerance. One the typical symptom was the darkening of leaf color due to increase of chlorophyll concentration.Among of the plant families, Fabaceae was the most susceptible but crop species belonging to Poaceae were more proper for cultivating on reclaimed tidal land in the course of desalinazation. It was suggrsted that the crop species belonging to Fabaceae, a sensitive family to soil salinity, must be cultivated when the soil salinity decreased below 10ds/m. To know the critical salinity level for crop growth,salinity of saline soil collected from reclaimed tidal land was adjusted from 10.0ds/m tp41.7ds/m with tap water. It was suggested that the ECs of the soil in which the plant height of each crop spicies was reduced to 50% of control plant were 22.6 and 21.7 ds/m in rice, barley, corn, mung bean, and soy bean,respectively.