• BMB Reports
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.119-124
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• 2007

Adenoviral vectors are among the most promising vectors available for human gene therapy. However, the use of recombinant adenoviral vectors, including replicationcompetent adenovirus (RCA), raises a variety of safety concerns in relation to the development of new therapies based on gene therapy. To examine how organic compounds change in rat plasma following the injection of adenovirus, $\beta$-galactosidase expressing recombinant adenovirus (designated rAdLacZ) or RCA, we investigated the content of fatty acids (FAs), which are important biochemical indicators in pathological conditions. Pattern recognition analysis on the level of FAs in rat plasma is described for the visual discrimination of adenovirus infection groups from normal controls. Plasma FAs from four control rats (normal group), and from four rats with rAdLacZ infection and six rats with RCA infection (the two abnormal groups), were examined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in selected ion monitoring modes as their tert-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives. In total, 20 FAs were positively detected and quantified. The results of the Student's t-test on the normal mean of two abnormal groups, the levels of three FAs (p<0.05) from rAdLacZ group and eleven FAs (p<0.05) from RCA group were significantly different. When star symbol plotting was applied to the group mean values of 20 FAs after normalization to the corresponding normal mean values, the resulting eicosagonal star patterns of the two infected groups were distorted into similar shapes, but were distinguishable from each other. Thus, these approaches will be useful for screening and monitoring of diagnostic markers for the effects of infection following the use of adenoviral vectors in gene therapy.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.96-108
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• 1990

This study was conducted to assess the morbidity and medical facilities utilization patterns of high school students in urban and rural areas, and to contribute to establishment of school health policies. A questionnaire survey was carried out for 1,979 of one boy's and one girl's high school in Pusan and 1,315 of one boy's and one girl's high school in Kyungnam province from March 27 to April 8, 1989. The summarized result is as follows. The number of students who were sick or injured in one month period was 378.0 of 1,000 students. One sick or injured student experienced 1.2 events on the average and thus the incidence rate was 453.2 per 1,000 students for a month. The morbidity rate of the urban area (550.8) was higher than that of the rural area (306.5) while the rate for girl students (561.9) was higher than that of the boy students (328.3) (P<0.01). Especially, the girl students (740.7) in the urban area showed two times higher morbidity rate than that of the girl students in the rural area. Out of all morbidity respiratory disease for 67.6 percent in urban area and 68.5 percent in rural area and it was followed by gastrointestinal disease and nervous & sensory diseases. The morbid conditions took place at school in 37.5 percent, and at home in 59.8 percent. The absence rate due to morbidity was 4.4 percent out of all morbid students. In addition, 73.5 percent of all morbid student utilized medical treatment, of which the pharmacy accounted for 53.8 percent and 57.5 percent in the urban and rural areas, respectively. The second most common facility utilized was hospital OPD. While there was no student who utilized the school nursing room in the rural area, 1.5 percent of the sick students utilized the school nursing room in the urban area. The most important in selecting medical facility was the distance. By low medical expense was more frequent cited reason for selecting medical facility in rural area (13.6 percent) than in urban area (3.2 percent). Mild illness accounted for 70.3 percent of the reasons for no treatment and 21.8 percent was due to the conflict between school hour and clinic hour. The morbid students mostly suffered from mild respiratory and gastrointestinal disease, and its incidence was the highest rate in the school. Although there was relation between the worry of absence and no-treatment, the school nursing room utilization of students was very insufficient. Therefore, it is required to activate the operation of the high school nursing room by utilizing the specialized personnel.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.1113-1124
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop an e-Learning program about medication for nurses to enhance nurses' medication performance ability and to analyze learners' responses after studying with this program. Method: For the development of the e-Learning program, the NBISD(Network Based Instructional Systems Design) model, suggested by Jung(I999) was applied as a basic model and the instruction design theory of Gagne & Briggs(1979) and ARCS theory of Keller(I983) were applied. After the operation of this program for one month to 34 new nurses, learners' responses were analyzed. Result: Learners' knowledge of medication was greatly improved after this program. In addition learners' satisfaction with the overall education program, help in field applicability, ease of screen shift and exploration, and tutor activities were high and the contents were regarded suitable for e-Learning. Many things were advantageous such as easy accessibility, easy understandability with pictures and flash animation, practical cases and feedback from a tutor. Provision of a supplementary handout and improvement of a tight time schedule were pointed out as things to be improved. Conclusion: This e-Learning program can be used effectively for medication education for registered nurses, student nurses, and new nurses.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.103-122
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• 2003

Recently, many graduate schools related to Cosmetic & Beauty have established, and it is very advisable. However, the following the curriculum or the teaching staff has to be made up well for making a substantial graduate school, and it will contribute largely toward to Cosmetic & Beauty industry. If it is used like a tool for only increasing the quorum of student, it is not a help to Cosmetic & Beauty industry even though many Cosmetic & Beauty courses in the graduate schools are established. The government and the industrial circles have to give thought and support to develop a university. Then special workers who train in this part will be a help to grow Cosmetic & Beauty industry. Hereafter, Cosmetic & Beauty industry is a big field of industry after medical supplies in the fine chemistry industry when we take the scale of industry and the national competitiveness into consideration. And Cosmetic & Beauty industry is a competitive field of industry with a small investment contrary to medical supplies. However, there are few educational institutions for special workers through the college of pharmacy in Cosmetic & Beauty contrary to medical supplies. Also, there is no position for managing the growth of Cosmetic & Beauty industry in the government agencies. At this point of time, it is very desirable situation that the graduate school related to Cosmetic & Beauty is established lately, and we hope that it is an opportunity for the growth of Cosmetic & Beauty industry through the interests of the university, the government, the industrial circles, and so on.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.11-23
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• 2004

Although most children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome respond to corticosteroid therapy, many responders show steroid dependency and frequent relapse. In these children, one of the major problems is the serious side effects resulting from continuous steroid therapy. Thus, this study was conducted to assess the therapeutic efficacy and safety of six-month cyclosporine treatment with the low-dose deflazacort therapy in children with nephrotic syndrome. Thirty children with steroid dependence (SD), frequent relapse (FR) and steroid resistance (SR) were enrolled in this study. They were treated with 6-month oral cyclosporine $(Cypol-N^{(R)})$ plus the low-dose deflazacort $(Calcort^{(R)})$ therapy at Samsung Medical Center from September 2002. The dosage of cyclosporine was started at 5 mg/kg/day and was monthly adjusted to maintain clinical remission and/or a trough blood level, while deflazacort dosage was reduced gradually. Clinical evaluation and monitoring of cyclosporine toxicity were performed every $2\sim4$ weeks. Outcomes were compared to the latest sir-month period of steroid only therapy before cyclosporine treatment. Student's t-test and ANOVA were used for statistical analysis. Out of 28 children with SD and FR, 23 $(82.1\%)$ sustained remission, and 5 $(17.9\%)$ experienced 1 or 2 relapses during therapy. Out of 2 children with SR, 1 child sustained remission, and 1 child showed no response. The mean duration of remission and occurrence of relapse were significantly improved (p <.0001). In addition, the mean dosage of steroid was significantly reduced (p=.003). Although a number of adverse effects occurred in this study, they were not so serious as to necessitate discontinuation of the therapy. No nephrotoxicity was observed. Twenty out of the 28 children who had been in remission relapsed after withdrawal of cyclosporine. Fifteen of these children showed relapse within a month. These results demonstrated that the combination of cyclosporine with the low-dose deflazacort was efficient and safe in children with SD and FR during the six-month treatment. However, further studies are necessary in order to resolve the problem of high relapse rate after discontinuation of cyclosporine.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.255-263
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• 2017

Chemotherapy is associated with male infertility. Cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloro-platinum (II) (CDDP) as a chemotherapy medication used to treat a number of cancers has been reported to most likely induce testicular toxicity. Administration of antioxidants, such as pentoxifylline (PTX) may reduce some Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) of CDDP. Therefore, this study investigated the potentially protective effects of PTX on CDDP-induced testicular toxicity in adult male rats. For this purpose, 42 male rats were randomly divided into 7 groups. The rats were orally pretreated with PTX at the 3 doses of 75, 150, and 300 mg/kg once a day for 14 successive days. On the $14^{th}$ day of the study, they were intraperitoneally (IP) administered with a single dose of CDDP (7 mg/kg). Finally, the sperm/testis parameters, serum levels of reproductive hormones, including testosterone, Luteinizing Hormone (LH), and Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) as the pivotal endocrine factors controlling testicular functions, and histopathological changes of testis tissue were examined. Pretreatment with the two doses of 75 and 150 mg/kg PTX indicated significant increases in the sperm count and motility induced by CDDP administration. The right and significantly left testis weights were decreased following the treatment with 300 mg/kg of PTX plus CDDP. However, 75 mg/kg of PTX plus CDDP showed the best near-to-normal histopathological features. The results demonstrated that PTX alone enhanced some parameters, such as the sperm count, while reducing other parameters, including sperm fast motility and germ layer thickness. Furthermore, despite testosterone or LH levels, the mean serum FSH level was significantly augmented by the doses of 75 and 150 mg/kg. It was concluded that PTX administration cannot reduce CDDP-induced testicular toxicity even at high doses (e.g., 300 mg/kg), while it seemed to partially intensify CDDP toxicity effects at a dose of 75 mg/kg. Thus, further research is required in this regard.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.58 no.4
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• pp.262-267
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• 2014

Unused medication disposal is a burden due to the cost of disposing as well as the cost of the drugs. Investigating medication returns is expected to suggest areas of intervention to reduce unused medications. Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine types, quantity, costs, active pharmaceutical ingredients, and therapeutic category of the medications returned to community pharmacies. Method: From January 15, 2014 to February 28, 2014, the medications returned to the 17 community pharmacies in Gimhae, Jinju, and Incheon, Korea were examined. The pharmacists and student volunteers worked cooperatively to identify the medications and analyze drug cost of prescription pill medications returned to the pharmacies. Results: A total of 2,720 pills of prescription medication were analyzed and 91 active pharmaceutical ingredients were identified. According to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification, the most predominant group was A (alimentary tract and metabolism) with 33.3%, followed by N (nervous system) with 15.0%. With regard to the drug cost of groups, group A was the highest with 26.6%, followed by J01 (antibacterials for systemic use) with 20.2% and N (nervous system) with 18.3%. The total cost of the oral pill prescription medications was 468,477 won. Conclusion: The result from this study implies that unused drugs impose a significant cost to the health care system in Korea. In this study, medicines used to treat gastrointestinal conditions were returned most frequently with the highest drug cost. Further research in nationwide level is necessary to establish strategies to reduce the wastage of unused medicines.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.1569-1574
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• 2011

The presence of replication-competent adenovirus (RCA) subpopulations in adenoviral vector products raises a variety of safety issues for development of therapies based on gene therapy. To analyze the differing effects of adenoviral vector and RCA in vivo, we examined alterations in amino acids (AAs) using rat plasma following injection of ${\beta}$-galactosidase expressing recombinant adenovirus (designated rAdLacZ) or RCA. Plasma AAs were examined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total of 16 AAs were positively measured. In the rAdLacZ group compared to the control group, the level of aspartic acid was significantly increased (Student's t-test), while the level of glutamic acid was significantly reduced. Additionally, in the RCA group compared to the control group, the level of four AAs, valine, leucine, and isoleucine as branched-chain amino acids, and proline were significantly increased, whereas the levels of three AAs, glycine, threonine, and glutamic acid were significantly reduced. Altered plasma free AA metabolic patterns in rAdLacZ and RCA groups, compared with the control group, may explain the disturbance of AA metabolism related to viral infection.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.16
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• pp.7085-7088
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• 2015

Background: The high incidence of prostate cancer as the most common malignancy in males in many countries raises the question of developing reliable detection tests. The prostate specific antigen (PSA) test is the most widely used for screening for prostate cancer; however, its low specificity elevates the number of unnecessarily biopsies. Serum human kallikrein-2 (hK2) is considered as a promising marker, and especially its ratio to fPSA, for predicting the presence of malignancy to select the best choice referring to biopsy or surveillance. In this study, we investigated the role of hK2 and its combinations with other markers to discriminate prostate cancer from benign diseases in Syrian patients. Materials and Methods: In this prospective oriented cross-sectional cohort study, serum samples were collected from patients referred to many Hospitals in Damascus, Syria, between May 2011 and March 2012, and diagnosed with biopsy proven benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) or prostate cancer (PCa). Serum was analyzed for hK2, PSA and fPSA, and the ratios of fPSA/PSA and hK2/fPSA were calculated. Results: We found that mean hK2/fPSA ratios were significantly higher (P=0.01) in prostate cancer patients than in the BPH or control groups. Also the ratio hk2/fPSA gave the largest area under the curve (AUC:0.96) which was significantly larger than for fPSA/PSA (AUC:0.41) indicative of higher specificity. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that the ratio of hK2/fPSA might be superior to the use of fPSA/PSA alone. The hK2 could be shown to enhance the early detection of prostate cancer; especially the ratio hK2/fPSA improves specificity and hence may reduce the number of negative biopsies.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.152-161
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to conduct a task-based field experience program for medical care support departments in hospitals for 1st medical students, and then to analyze the their experiences and its meanings phenomenologically. We selected the following department in hospital; nursing, medical records, pharmacy, diagnosis laboratory, radiology, administration, customer consulting center, organ transplant center, palliative medical ward, and international medical center. The students visited the department and used various methods such as interviewing, observation, and experience to solve the given task. As a result, in the program satisfaction, students rated the highest as having many department in the hospital and understanding their role. The essential structure of the experience of medical care support department in the reflection journal written by the students was the recognition of reality, respect and collaboration, and self-reflection from experience recognition.