• Journal of Photoscience
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.19-22
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• 2001

It was reported that Red ginseng contains specific ginsenoside-Rg$_2$,-Rg$_3$,-Rh$_1$and -Rh$_2$, which show various pharmacological effects. However, production of these specific ginsenosides from Red ginseng is not commercially applicable because of high cost of the raw material, roots. This work was carried out to examine the production of Red ginseng specific ginsenosides from Agrobacterium-transformed hairy roots. Hairy roots were induced from 3 year-old root segment of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) after infection with Agrobacterium rhizogenes A4. Among many lines of hairybroots, KGHR-8A was selected. Steam heat treatment of hairy roots was resulted in the changes of ginsenoside composition. Eleven ginsenosides were detected in heat-treated hairy roots but eight in freeze dried hairy roots. In heat treated hairy root, content of ginsenoside-Rb$_1$,Rb$_2$,Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, and Rg$_1$were decreased compared to those of freeze dried hairy roots. However, heat treatment strongly enhanced the amount of Red ginseng specific ginsenogides (ginsenoside-Rg$_2$,-Rg$_3$,-Rh$_1$and -Rh$_2$). Amounts of ginsenoside-Rg$_3$,-Rh$_1$and -Rh$_2$ in heat-treated hairy roots were 2.58, 3.62 and 1.08 mg/g dry wt, respectively, but these were detected as trace amount in hairy roots without heat treatment. Optimum condition of heat treatment for the production of Red ginseng specific ginsenoside was 2 h at 105$^{\circ}C$. This result represents that Red ginseng specific ginsenoside can be producted from hairy roots by steam heat treatment.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.153-167
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• 2023

Objective: Bipolar disorder displays a spectrum of manifestations, including manic, hypomanic, depressive, mixed, psychotic, and atypical episodes, contributing to its chronic nature and association with heightened suicide risk. Creating effective pharmacotherapy guidelines is crucial for managing bipolar disorder and reducing its prevalence. Treatment algorithms grounded in science have improved symptom management, but variations in recommended medications arise from research differences, healthcare policies, and cultural nuances globally. Methods: This study compares Korea's bipolar disorder treatment algorithm with guidelines from the UK, Australia, and an international association. The aim is to uncover disparities in key recommended medications and their underlying factors. Differences in CYP450 genotypes affecting drug metabolism contribute to distinct recommended medications. Variances also stem from diverse guideline development approaches-expert consensus versus metaanalysis results-forming the primary differences between Korea and other countries. Results: Discrepancies remain in international guidelines relying on meta-analyses due to timing and utilized studies. Drug approval speeds further impact medication selection. However, limited high-quality research results are the main cause of guideline variations, hampering consistent treatment conclusions. Conclusion: Korea's unique Delphi-based treatment algorithm stands out. To improve evidence-based recommendations, large-scale studies assessing bipolar disorder treatments for the Korean population are necessary. This foundation will ensure future recommendations are rooted in scientific evidence.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.619-626
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• 1994

The purpose of present study was to examine pharmacological effect of Artemisia Iwayomogi methanol extract(AIME) on biochemical parameters(activities of AST, ALT, LDH, and ALP, contents of total bilirubin, total protein, albumin and A/G ratio in serum and levels of hepatic microsomal lipid peroxide and glucose-6-phosphatase activities) against hepatic injury by carbon tetrachloride($CCl_4$) in rats. Increased AST, ALT and LDH activities by $CCl_4$ were decreased in AIMS treatment group at 48 or 72 hours. Together, increased ALP activity by $CCl_4$ almost returned toward normal value in AIME treatment group at 72 hours. Serum total bilirubin contents increased to 87, 79 and 31% compared with normal group by $CCl_4$ which were decreased to 64, 42 and 26% in AIME treatment group at 24, 48 and 72 hours, respectively. Decreased contents of total protein and albumin, and A/G ratio by $CCl_4$ were recovered in AIME treatment group. Hepatic microsomal lipid peroxide levels(nmol malonic dialdehyde/100mg protein) increased to 140, 95 and 78% compared with normal group by $CCl_4$ which were decreased to 107, 74 and 65% in AIME treatment group at 24, 48 and 72 hours, separately. Hepatic microsomal glucose-6-phosphatase activities decreased to 60, 50 and 53% compared with normal group by $CCl_4$ at 24, 48 and 72 hours, respectively, which were increased at 72 hours in AIME treatment group. In conclusion, AIME enhanced the amelioration process from $CCl_4$-induced lipid peroxidation, degeneration of liver cell, and impairment of protein and bilirubin metabolisms.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.285-289
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• 2005

In this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we assessed the efficacy and safety of beef tallow extract (BTE) including Cis-9-cetylmyristoleate in patients with arthritis. Between May and December 2003, we selected 80 patients (n=80) who showed/manifested arthritic symptoms and whose radiological findings were suggestive of arthritis, and randomly assigned them to placebo-controlled (n=40) and treatment group (n=40). The placebo (corn starch 350 mg) and BTE (208 mg) were orally administered to placebo-controlled and treatment group three times a day, respectively. We assessed the efficacy and safety based on the visual analogue scale (V AS) and modified knee society knee scores (MKSKS) at baseline and endpoint, respectively. To assess the safety, we monitored the adverse effects noted in liver, kidney, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal system for 3 weeks. Then, we performed not only a questionnaire study but also laboratory tests (e.g., liver function test, kidney function test, urinalysis, electrocardiography [EKG], complete blood cell counts [CBC] and chest X-ray). For statistical analysis, Student (-test and paired (-test were done using SPSS■ Version 11.0. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. The scores between V AS and MKSKS showed statistical significance (p < 0.05) with an improvement of $69.2\%$ (27/39) and $3.8\%$ (21/39) of treatment-group patients, respectively. Abnormal laboratory findings were noted in neither placebo-controlled nor treatment group. In conclusion, our results indicate that the administration of BTE was a safe and effective treatment regimen for patients with arthritis. In addition, the efficacy of BTE was more remarkable in alleviating the symptoms rather than improving the function.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.466-471
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• 2015

BACKGROUND: Currently, natural products have been shown to exhibit interesting biological and pharmacological activities and are used as chemotherapeutic agents. The purpose of this study, conducted on Wistar rats, was to evaluate the beneficial effects of Artemisia arborescens oil on oestroprogestative treatment induced damage on liver. MATERIALS/METHODS: A total of 36 Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups; a control group (n = 9), a group of rats who received oestroprogestative treatment by intraperitoneal injection (n = 9), a group pre-treated with Artemisia arborescens then injected with oestroprogestative treatment (n = 9), and a group pre-treated with Artemisia arborescens (n = 9). To minimize the handling stress, animals from each group were sacrificed rapidly by decapitation. Blood serum was obtained by centrifugation and the livers were removed, cleaned of fat, and stored at $-80^{\circ}C$ until use. RESULTS: In the current study, oestroprogestative poisoning resulted in oxidative stress, which was demonstrated by 1) a significant increase of lipid peroxidation level in hepatic tissue 2) increased levels of serum transaminases (aspartate amino transferase and serum alanine amino transferase), alkaline phosphatase, glycemia and triglycerides and a decrease in the level of cholesterol 3) alteration of hepatic architecture. Pre-administration of Artemisia arborescens oil was found to alleviate oestroprogestative treatment induced damage by lowering lipid peroxidation level and by increasing activity of catalase, superoxide-dismutase, and glutathione-peroxidase in liver and by reducing disruption of biochemical parameters. CONCLUSION: Therefore, the results obtained in this study confirmed that Artemisia essential oil protects against oestroprogestative administration induced hepatotoxicity by restoration of liver activities.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.93-103
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• 2021

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to report a case of a pregnant woman diagnosed with lumbar disc herniation that improved in lumbar pain and radiating leg pain through combined korean medical treatment including pharmacopuncture at lumbar facet joints in situations surgical and pharmacological treatment is limited due to pregnancy. Methods: A combination of treatment including pharmacopuncture at lumbar facet joints, acupuncture, cupping, and herbal medicine was provided for 1 month to a woman at 21 weeks pregnant who was diagnosed with lumbar disc herniation. Her progress was assessed with Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), EuroQol-5Dimension (EQ-5D) before and after treatment. Results: After the treatment, the pain decreased and the quality of life was enhanced. No adverse events were observed. Conclusions: The findings indicate that combined korean medical treatment including pharmacopuncture at lumbar facet joints can be safe and effective alternative to treat lumbar disc herniation during pregnancy.

• THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN ORIENTAL ONCOLOGY
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.47-60
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• 1999

Traditional oriental medicines have been used for treatment of various kinds of human cancers for long times and some of them proven to be effective clinically. However, the pharmacological actions and mechanisms related to cancer treatment are generally unknown. In an effort to clarify the action mechanisms of several oriental medicines used for cancer treatments, we planned this experimental procedures. We selected Cordyceps sinensis (冬蟲下草), Punellae Herba (夏枯草), Rehmanniae Radix (熟地黃), Paeoniae Radix (白芍藥), Oldenlandiae Herba (白花蛇舌草), Partulaceae Herba (馬齒? ), Scdopendra subspinipes mutilans (蜈蚣), Mylabris Phalerara (班蟄), Phellinus igniarius(桑黃), Ganodermae Lignum(靈芝) for evaluation, which have been used for patients of gastric cancers. The twenty grams of medicines were boiled in 100ml of water for 1 hour and filtered with $0.2\;{\mu}m$ pore-sized filter unit to remove insoluble particles. Initially we evaluated the effects oriental medicines on growth inhibition in stomach cancer cells. The gastric cancer cell line, AGS, was cultured in RPMI 1640 supplemented with l0% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum and treated with $10{\mu}l$ oriental medicines per 1ml of medium up to 48 hours. The specimens were subjected to MTT assay for evaluation of growth inhibition. We found mat Mylabris phalerata (班蟄) markedly suppressed the growth of cancer cells as shown in results. Next, we checked the effects of oriental medicines on cancer on cell cycles and apptosis. Mylabrls phalerata (班蟄) inhibited cell cycle progression of cancer cells a compared with control cells and cells treated with other medicines. In addition, Mylabri phalerata (班蟄) induced apoptosis in 30-40% of stomch cancer cells within 24 hours. Other oriental medicines used for this experiments did not show apoptosis-inducing effects on cancer cells. Finally, we determined the expression levels of genes associated with cell cycle and apoptosis. The expressions of Bcl-2 and bcl-XL were downregulated by the treatment of Mylabris phalerata (班蟄). However, the expression levels of genes related to cell cycles were not altered significantly. In conclusion, we found that Mylabris phalerata (班蟄) has in vivo gowth-inhibiting and apptosis-inducing effects on stomach cancer cells. However, we think that at least animal experiments are necessay for evduations.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.283-291
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• 2014

Patients with extreme anxiety who are unable to cope with dental treatment under non-pharmacological behavioral management method may require sedation, or other forms pharmacological behavioral management method. The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the effect of concomitant administration of 0.1 mg/kg intramuscular midazolam with or without sevoflurane insufflation sedation on sedation depth and cardiopulmonary function in pediatric patients. We analysed the records of anesthesia on patients who received dental treatment under deep sedation using sevoflurane insufflation from January 2013 to March 2014. Thirty-six children, aged 3 to 6 years, undergoing dental treatment were sedated using either sevoflurane insufflation alone (Group S, n = 18) or a combination of intramuscular injection of 0.1 mg/kg midazolam plus sevoflurane insufflation (Group SM, n = 18). Upon comparison, the average entropy value of group SM was lower than that of group S, but there were no statistically significant difference between the two groups (p > 0.05). The average heart rate and mean arterial pressure of group SM were higher than those of group S (p < 0.05). Concomitant intramuscular injection of 0.1 mg/kg midazolam with sevoflurane insufflation sedation is not sufficient to enhance the quality of sedation.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.704-716
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• 2020

Background: Ginsenoside Rh2 (GRh2) is a characterized component in red ginseng widely used in Korea and China. GRh2 exhibits a wide range of pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. However, its effects on Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection have not been clarified yet. Methods: The effect of GRh2 against T. gondii was assessed under in vitro and in vivo experiments. The BV2 cells were infected with tachyzoites of T. gondii RH strain, and the effects of GRh2 were evaluated by MTT assay, morphological observations, immunofluorescence staining, a trypan blue exclusion assay, reverse transcription PCR, and Western blot analyses. The in vivo experiment was conducted with BALB/c mice inoculated with lethal amounts of tachyzoites with or without GRh2 treatment. Results and conclusion: The GRh2 treatment significantly inhibited the proliferation of T. gondii under in vitro and in vivo studies. Furthermore, GRh2 blocked the activation of microglia and specifically decreased the release of inflammatory mediators in response to T. gondii infection through TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. In mice, GRh2 conferred modest protection from a lethal dose of T. gondii. After the treatment, the proliferation of tachyzoites in the peritoneal cavity of infected mice markedly decreased. Moreover, GRh2 also significantly decreased the T. gondii burden in mouse brain tissues. These findings indicate that GRh2 exhibits an antieT. gondii effect and inhibits the microglial activation through TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, providing the basic pharmacological basis for the development of new drugs to treat toxoplasmic encephalitis.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.29.1-29.6
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• 2018

Background: Dietary supplementation of zinc oxide (ZnO) to 2000 to 4000 mg/kg is known to be effective for the prevention and treatment of post-weaning diarrhea in the pig. Such a 'pharmacological' supplementation, however, can potentially result in environmental pollution of the heavy metal, because dietary ZnO is mostly excreted unabsorbed. Two experiments (Exp.) were performed in the present study to determine the effects of a lipid-coated ZnO supplement Shield Zn (SZ) compared with those of ZnO. Methods: In Exp. 1, a total of 240 21-day-old weanling pigs were fed a diet supplemented with 100 mg Zn/kg as ZnO (ZnO-100), ZnO-2500, SZ-100, or SZ-200 in 24 pens for 14 days on a farm with its post-weaning pigs exhibiting a low incidence of diarrhea. Exp. 2 was performed using 192 24-day-old piglets as in Exp. 1 on a different farm, which exhibited a high incidence of diarrhea. Results: In Exp. 1, fecal consistency (diarrhea) score (FCS) was less for the ZnO-2500 and SZ-200 groups than for the SZ-100 group (P < 0.05), with no difference between the SZ-100 and ZnO-100 groups. Both average daily gain (ADG) and gain:feed ratio were less for the SZ-200 group than for the ZnO-2500 group, with no difference between the ZnO-100 group and SZ-100 or SZ-200 group. The villus height (VH), crypt depth (CD), and VH:CD ratio of the intestinal mucosa were not influenced by the treatment. In Exp. 2, FCS was lowest for the ZnO-2500 group, with no difference among the other groups. However, neither the ADG nor gain:feed ratio was influenced by the treatment. Conclusion: Results suggest that physiological SZ supplementation has less beneficial effects than pharmacological ZnO for the alleviation of diarrhea irrespective of its severity and for promoting growth without influencing their integrity of the intestinal mucosal structures with little advantage over physiological ZnO in weanling pigs with a small pen size.