• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.5 s.133
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• pp.66-75
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• 2005

Soybean-based adhesives have recently been reconsidered as alternatives to petroleum-based adhesives due to the uncertainty of availability of petrochemical products and the increased demand for wood adhesives. This study was conducted to investigate the adhesive properties of alkaline phenolic soy (APS) resin for hybrid poplar flakeboard. The APS resin was formulated by crosslinking an alkaline soy flour hydrolyzate with lab-prepared PF resin in the soy hydrolyzate to PF resin weight ratios of 70/30, 60/40, and 50/50. The APS resins were used to fabricate homogeneous hybrid poplar flakeboards with different resin solid levels (5%, 7%, and 9%), press temperatures (175 and $200^{\circ}C$), and press times of 8 and 10 minutes. The IB, wet MOR, and dimensional stability properties of board improved with increasing press time, press temperature, and PF level in APS resins. Increasing press time can be used to offset poor IB strength associated with a 9% resin solid level and the excessive moisture content in the mat. The following conditions were concluded to meet the requirements of the CSA standard for exterior-grade flakeboard: a 50% PF level, a 5% resin content, a $200^{\circ}C$ press temperature, and an 8 minute press time.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.129-138
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• 2008

Demand for alternatives to petroleum is increasing the production of biofuels from food crops such as corn, soybeans, sorghum and sugarcane, etc. At least for the next 5 years, ethanol demand will be increased greatly in the United States and in the world. Presently, most ethanol produced in the United States is corn (Zea mays) ethanol. As a result, especially in the Americas and Southeast Asia, agricultural land is diverted to biofuel production. Even though biofuel industry has many advantage including national security, economical, energetical and sustainable impacts, it is driving grain prices up and creating considerable concern about the potential negative impacts on a wide range of food products that depend on gain : chicken, pork, beef, and dairy products such as milk, cheese, yoghurt, cream and ice cream. Feedstock crops are crops such as switchgrass(Panicum virgatum, L.), corn stover and grasses that can be used in industrial processes such as fermentation into alcohol fuels. Feedstock is no compete with food. Furthermore it is friendly environmental bioenergy crops. In Korea, with increasing demand for fossil fuels the exploration of alternative sources of liquid fuel is inevitable. I suggest Korea need to research and to develop actively on feedstock for biofuel production through this review.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.223-228
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• 2012

The low-temperature pyrolysis of ABS, polyethylene (PE) and an ABS-polyethylene (ABS-PE) mixture was conducted in a batch reactor at $450^{\circ}C$. The conversion and the product yield were measured as a function of the reaction time with a variation of the mixture composition. The oil products formed during pyrolysis were classified into gas, gasoline, kerosene, gas oil and heavy oil according to the petroleum product quality standard of the Ministry of Knowledge Economy. The pyrolysis conversion increases with an increase in the content of PE. The yield of the pyrolytic products was ranked as heavy oil>gas>gasoline>gas oil>kerosene as the content of PE in the mixture increases.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.42-51
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• 2000

Antimicrobial activity and antioxidative activity of the organosoluble extractives from the leaves, bark and xylem of Quercus dentata were investigated. Antimicrobial activity was tested by paper disk method and bioautography methods, The most pronounced antimicrobial activities of leaves parts were ethyl acetate solubles fraction against the Klebsiella pneumoniae by the paper disk method. The strongest activities of bark parts were ethyl acetate solubles fraction against Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae. Ethanol extractives from xylem parts showed high activities against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. These antimicrobial activities of ethanol extractives from Quercus dentata were in order to xylem > bark > leaves. The strong inhibition zones of the ethanol extractives and its fractions of xylem showed Rf values in 0.41~0.63. In leaves extractives, the petroleum ether solubles showed lower antioxidative activity and ethyl acetate insolubles showed higher antioxidative activity of 70% compared with the $EC_{50}$ values of the control. Antioxidative activity of bark and xylem extractives showed higher approximately 2 times than the control except the petroleum ether solubles.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2016

The demand for energy in Thailand has been continually increasing as the economic and social country grows. Approximately 60% of Thailand's primary energy is imported, mostly petroleum products. In 2008 Thailand's total energy consumption was 80,971 ktoe and the net price of energy imported was up to 1,161 billion Baht which is equivalent to 12.8% of GDP at the current price. The energy consumption or energy demand has been growing at an annual compounded growth rate of 6.42% and the peak electric power demand and electricity consumption was recorded at 22,568 MW and 148,264 GWh and grew at a rate of 7.0% and 7.5% per annum during the period from 1989 to 2008. The gross agriculture production in 2008 was recorded at 135.4 Mt which represents agriculture residue for energy at 65.73 Mt, which is equivalent to energy potential of about 561.64 PJ or 13,292 ktoe an increase in average of 5.59% and 5.44% per year respectively. The agricultural residues can converted to 15,600 GWh/year or 1,780 MW of power capacity. So, if government sector plan to install small biomass gasification for electricity generation 200 kW for Community. The residue agricultural is available for 8,900 plants nationwide. The small biomass power generation for electricity generation not only to reduce the energy imports, it also makes the job and income for people in rural areas as well. This paper's aim is to report the energy situation in Thailand and has studied 5 main agricultural products with high residue energy potential namely sugarcane, paddy, oil palm, cassava, and maize appropriate for small electricity production. These agricultural products can be found planted in many rural areas throughout Thailand. Finally, discuss the situation, methods and policies which the government uses to promote small private power producers supplying electricity into the grid.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.393-401
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• 2018

Natural fibers derived from lignocellulosic materials are considered to be more environment-friendly than petroleum-based synthetic fibers. Several natural fibers, such as seedpod fibers, have a potential for development, including kapok and balsa fibers. The characteristics of both fibers were evaluated to determine their suitability for specific valuable applications. The purpose of this study was to analyze some important fundamental properties of kapok and balsa fibers, including their dimensions, morphology, chemical components, and wettability. The results showed that the average fiber lengths for kapok and balsa were 1.63 and 1.30 cm, respectively. Kapok and balsa fibers had thin cell walls and large lumens filled with air. The kapok fiber was composed of 38.09% ${\alpha}-cellulose$, 14.09% lignin, and 2.34% wax content, whereas the balsa fiber was composed 44.62% ${\alpha}-cellulose$, 16.60% lignin, and 2.29% wax content. The characteristics of kapok and balsa fibers were examined by X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry analyses. The contact angle of the distilled water on kapok and balsa fibers was more than $90^{\circ}$, indicating that both fibers are hydrophobic with low wettability properties because of to the presence of wax on the fiber surface.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.1617-1624
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• 2011

Caustic (NaOH) solution is used to remove $H_2S$ from hydrocarbon streams in petroleum refining industry, gradually being, so called, spent sulfidic caustic (SSC) which has high levels of $H_2S$ and alkalinity. Thus, SSC can be used as an electron donor and a buffering agent for autotrophic denitrification. As SSC, however, contains some non-biodegradable organics, air stripping was conducted to remove the non-biodegradable organics. As a result, over 93 % of the non-biodegradable organics was removed within 30 min of aeration. Then, $Na_2S_2O_3{\cdot}5H_2O$, methanol and organic matters, which are produced from a biodiesel production plant, were added to reform the air-stripped SSC and their products being referred to new sulfidic caustics (NSCs) I, II and III, respectively. Thereafter, to investigate the effect of these products on the removal of COD and TN, these products were injected to a biological nitrogen removal (BNR) process, resulting in additional 44 % TN removal without noticeable increase in the effluent COD level. Therefore, it can be said that the BNR process is a promising option to treat NSC as demonstrated in this study whose results can be useful for developing resource recovery technologies.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.122-129
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• 2009

Strategic planning is an essential function of senior management in any business firm. Planning involves the firm's behavior in an competitive market and adaptation of the company's resources towards the selected market strategy. This study presents a methodological procedure for strategic planning in global top-tier construction firms. This procedure consists of the following stages. First, analyzed growth of revenue in which weight of total construction firms' revenue shown in Global Top 225 Contractors(ENR). Second, analyzed specialty of construction products. The products are General Building, Power, Water Supply, Industrial/Petroleum Process, and Transportation. Third, analyzed business the portfolio plan. The business portfolio plan includes both local/overseas market and specification/diversification of construction products. It affects the subsequent choice of a benchmarking for development of each construction company. The choice of the benchmarking firm, among several available alternatives, should follow a careful analysis of the characteristics and benefits inherent in the implementation of each.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.138-145
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• 2005

Recently, the tightening of an available crude oil supplies has resulted in the development of intense consciousness for saving fuels. At the same time, some research programs have been launched to secure substitute energy sources for petroleum-derived fuels, and to reduce unhealthy products, such as CO, HC, NOx and smoke. To keep up with these trends in society, the regulation affecting diesel smoke may be greatly strengthened in a short time. In not too distant future, LPG and LNG are the most hopeful substitute fuels for automobile and truck uses. This paper discusses how to use such gaseous fuels in a diesel engine, and how much methods for introducing these fuels affect the engine performance.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.105-110
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• 1999

In our continuing search for new antineoplastic agents from natural products, one hundred and thirty-five herbal drugs were extracted with petroleum ether/ether (1:1), ethyl acetate and methyl alcohol, successively and their cytotoxicities were evaluated against A549 (human lung carcinoma) and SK-OV-3(human ovary adenocarcinoma) cell lines. Among them, fifteen kinds of ether extracts, eighteen kinds of ethyl acetate extracts and seven kinds of methanol extracts showed significant cytotoxic activities (above 70% inhibition) against A549 cell lines at a concentration of $40\;{\mu}g/ml,$ while ten kinds of ether extracts, thirteen kinds of ethyl acetate extracts and six kinds of methanol extracts demonstrated significant cytotoxic activities against SK-OV-3 cell lines at the above same concentration.