• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.263-268
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• 2017

The significance of maintaining the soil environment is gradually increasing owing to soil and underground water contamination by petroleum leak accidents. However, the purification of soil is an expensive and more time-consuming process than the purification of contaminated water and air. Moreover, determining the source and people responsible for soil pollution gets often embroiled in legal conflicts, further delaying the cleanup process of the contaminate site. Generally, TPH (total petroleum hydrocarbon) pattern analysis is used to determine the petroleum species and polluter responsible for soil contamination. However, this process has limited application for petroleum products with a similar TPH pattern. In this study, we analyze the TPH pattern and specific sectional ratio (${\sim}C_{10}$, $C_{10}-C_{12}$, $C_{12}-C_{36}$, and $C_{36}{\sim}$) of various domestic petroleum products to identify the petroleum product responsible for soil contamination. Also, we perform BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylene) quantitative analysis and determine B:T:E:X ratio using GC-MS. The results show that gasoline grade 1 and 2 have a similar TPH pattern but different BTEX values and ratios. This means that BTEX analysis can be used as a new method to purify soil pollution. This complementary TPH and BTEX method proposed in this study can be used to identify the petroleum species and polluters present in the contaminated soil.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.13-17
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• 2017

Over 30% of domestic soil contamination has occurred via petroleum products and complex oil. Moreover, contamination by complex oil is more intense than it is by a single petroleum product species. In this study, we analyzed sectional TPH (total petroleum hydrocarbon) pattern and sectional ratio of current domestically distributed petroleum products, such as kerosene, diesel, bunker C, and lubricant and complex oils, to determine pollution characteristics of the soil. In the TPH pattern, kerosene, which is a light distillate, had an early retention time, and lubricant oil, which is a heavy distillate, had a late retention time in the gas chromatogram. In addition, we obtained a complexly contaminated soil via diesel and lubricant oil from the Navy and inspected it for its ratio of complex oil species. The inspection results showed that this soil was contaminated with 85% diesel and 15% lubricant oil. The method developed in this study could be used to determine complex petroleum sources and ratios at sites with accidentally contaminated soil.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2001.04a
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• pp.85-88
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• 2001

Since mountainous area has access restrictions for field work, assessors need to establish a conceptual model of the contamination prior to the field investigation. In this study we established a conceptual model of the contamination based on site inspection and geological survey, followed by the field investigation for the petroleum spill site. In the conceptual model, we estimated that tile contamination should have spread by groundwater and topographical characteristics within the top soil layer. The spread of contamination through rock was not considered in the conceptual model due to impermeable characteristics of metasyenite. The contaminated environmental media of the petroleum spill site include soil and groundwater. According to the analysis result of the contamination, the volume of contaminated soil is estimated approximately 4, 150 cubic meters (7, 055 ton) with most contaminants existing along the groundwater flow within top soil layer.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.618-623
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• 2012

The significance of soil environment has been gradually increased because of petroleum leak accidents. Comparing with wastewater clean treatments and air pollutant controls, the soil purification requires a long-term process and it is very expensive. In this study, we analyzed the physicochemical properties of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) contaminated in soil. This could be applied to deciding the source of petroleum when a soil contamination accident occurs.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.546-550
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• 2016

Over 60~70% of the domestic soil contamination have occurred by petroleum products. B T E X including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene and total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) have to be inspected for the contaminated soil by petroleum products. An accurate contamination analysis is necessary to estimate the are of contaminated soil and also establish an appropriate purification scheme. In this study, we analyzed a sectional TPH pattern for current domestic distributed petroleum products. Also, the TPH content was analyzed by compensating the defect of current Korea standard analytic methods for soil where the analytic range is just for $C_8{\sim}C_{40}$. The light distillate petroleum products such as gasoline and solvent 1 showed the maximum of 85% difference in the TPH content between the standard analytic and improved methods.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 2019

Clean soil environment is of crucial importance to sustain lives of ecosystem and humans. With rapid industrialization, there has been a great increase of soil contamination by accidental releases of petroleum products. In general, soil remediation is an expensive and time-consuming process as compared to cleanup of water and air. Moreover, determining the source and responsible parties of soil pollution often turns into legal conflicts and that further delay the cleanup process of contaminated sites. In practice, total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) analysis has been employed to determine the petroleum species and to track down the responsible polluters. However, this approach often suffers from differentiating similar TPH species. In this study, we analyzed TPH chromatogram patterns of 24 domestic petroleum products in specific carbon ranges (${\sim}C_{10}$, $C_{10}-C_{12}$, $C_{12}-C_{36}$, and $C_{36}{\sim}$) and the fractional changes of THP ratio in the mixture products of gasoline, kerosene and diesel. The proposed TPH analysis method in this study could serve as a useful tool to better analyze the petroleum species in soils contaminated with complex oil mixtures, and ultimately be used to identify the polluters of soil.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.385-390
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• 2020

It rains heavily, such as long rain and typhoons, during a typical rainy season in Korea. In this season, several fuel contamination accidents by water and vehicular problems caused by water contaminated fuel occur. Many research groups have studied the effects of water contaminated fuel on vehicles and environment. However the characteristics of water contaminated fuel have not been studied. In this study, we prepared diesel samples with a constant ratio of water (0~30 volume %) using an emulsifier. Then, we analyzed these diesel samples for their representative fuel properties. In the analytical results, diesel with 30% water showed an increase in fuel properties such as density (823→883 kg/㎥), kinematic viscosity (2.601→6.345 ㎟/s), flash point (47→56℃), pour point (-22→2℃), CFPP (cold filter plugging point) (-17→20℃) and copper corrosion number (1a→2a). The low temperature characteristics, such as low pour point and CFPP, blocks the fuel filter in the cold season. In addition, water contaminated diesel decreases lubricity (190→410 ㎛) under high frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR) and derived cetane number (54.81→34.25). The low lubricity of fuel causes vehicle problem such as pump and injector damage owing to severe friction. In addition, the low cetane diesel fuel increases exhaust gases such as NOx and particulate matters (PM) owing to incomplete combustion. This study can be used to identify the problems caused by water contamination to vehicle and fuel facilities.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.33-37
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• 2012

Automotive wheel bearing grease helps to reduce stresses and prevent wear of wheel bearings. But it is easily contaminated by water and other contaminants. Previously, our research group reported the change of grease physical properties such as dropping point, work penetration and oxidation work stability, water washout characteristics, leakage tendency, oil separation, evaporation loss and rust protection by water contamination. In this paper, we analyzed the physical characteristics of grease such as lubricity, viscosity and total acid number to investigate the mechanism of thickener decomposition. In water contaminated grease, the total acid number and wear scar were increased, the viscosity was decreased due to the decomposition of lithium complex thickener.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2001.04a
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• pp.128-131
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• 2001

We evaluated natural attenuation of petroleum hydrocarbons in a shallow aquifer using a modeling study. The studied shallow aquifer was severely contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons, especially toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (i.e, TEX). The exact spill history was not known. Therefor we used a contaminant level in May 1999 (the first sampling date of our integrated study) as an initial contaminant concentration. we calibrated required transport parameters using the contamination levels obtained from groundwater analyses in September of 1999. For fate and transport of the petroleum contaminants, five case 2 with sorption and degradation. case 3 with sorption and degradation (half decay constant compared with case 2), case 4 with degradation but no sorption, and case 5 with sorption but no degradation. For sorption and degradation, a linear sorption isotherm and first order irreversible decay was assumed, respectively and no additional contamination source to groundwater is also assumed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2006.04a
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• pp.424-427
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• 2006

Soil contamination with petroleum oil around a military army was investigated. It showed that soils of a riverside highland, an entrance of the military army, and nearby roads were contaminated with total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) released from the military army to the depth of approximately 2 m. The measured concentrations were as high as 15,277 mg/kg. A wide range of soil in the riverside highland was contaminated by the movement of oil to the surface soil, which occurred with the vertical movement of groundwater table caused by the change of river water level and groundwater level. Spilled petroleum oil components were released into Wonju Stream by the increase of hydraulic conductivity and the groundwater flow.