• 농약과학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.66-73
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• 2003

농약사용과 관련하여 농산물의 안전성 확보 및 환경영향 감소를 위한 농약사용 지표 개발에 활용하고자 고추, 딸기, 수박, 오이, 참외, 토마토 등을 대상으로 재배면적별 30지역 200농가를 선정하여 국내과 채류 재배 환경 중 농약의 사용량을 조사 분석하였다. 과채류 재배시 용도별 농약 사용량은 살균제 > 살충제 > 제초제 순으로 많았으며, 살균제의 사용이 약 $70\sim80%$를 차지하였다. 살균제의 주요 사용농약은 mancozeb, thiophanate-methyl, propineb 이었으며, 살충제는 imidacloprid, milbemectin, methomyl 등이 많이 사용되었다. 농약제형별 농약사용량은 수화제, 유제 중심으로 사용하는 경향을 나타냈다. 한편 단위면적당 농약 사용량은 고추 노지재배 (13.2 a.i.kg/ha), 오이 노지재배 (12.4 a.i.kg/ha), 참외 노지재배 (11.2 a.i.kg/ha) 등에서 많은 농약을 사용하였으나, 수박 시설하우스재배 (1.2 a.i.kg/ha), 참외 시설하우스재배 (2.2 a.i.kg/ha), 딸기 노지재배 (2.8 a.i.kg/ha) 등에서는 매우 작은 양의 농약을 사용하였다. 따라서 농약사용에 대한 조사 및 분석을 지속적으로 수행하여 농약에 대한 위해성을 경감하고, 농업환경의 보존을 반영시키는 정책개발이 수반되어야 할 것이다.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.35-39
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• 2000

국내 농업환경 중 농약지표 설정을 위해 16개 지대 29지역 100농가를 대상으로 수도 재배용 농약 실제 사용량을 조사 분석하였다. 또한 농약별 실제 사용량에 따른 잔류 경향을 알아보고자, 조사농가에서 재배된 벼의 현미 및 볏짚 중 농약잔류량을 분석하였다. 수도재배시 용도별 농약 실제 사용량은 살충제 43%, 제초제 29%, 살균제 27%를 나타냈으며, 살충제 중 주요 사용농약은 carbofuran, BPMC, cartap 등이었다. 제초제는 혼합제인 molinate+pyrazosulfuran-ethyl과 butachlor, 살균제의 경우 IBP와 혼합제 isoprothiolan+tricyclazole이 우선적으로 사용되었다. 제형별 농약사용량은 입제농약 위주의 사용경향을 나타냈으며 GR>DP>WP>EC>FG>SP 순이었다. 수도재배 단위면적당(a.i./ha) 농약사용량은 7.13 kg이었으며, 전국 총 사용량을 추산한 결과 8,387 M/T로 추정되었다. 용도별 농약 실제 사용량과 출하량과의 일치도는 살충제 84.3%, 제초제 77.8%, 살균제 94.7%로 나타났고 총 실물량 일치도는 97%이었다. 농약 실제 사용량에 따른 농약잔류성은 살균, 살충제로서 사용 빈도가 높은 농약인 BPMC와 IBP가 $57.7{\sim}94.9%$의 높은 검출빈도를 나타냈으며, 이들 농약의 잔류수준은 허용기준 미만이었다.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.40-44
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• 2001

농약사용과 관련하여 환경영향 감소를 위한 농약사용 지표 개발에 활용하고자 사과, 배 등 6종 과수를 대상으로 재배면적별 22지역 70농가를 선정하여 국내 과수재배 환경 중 농약의 사용량을 조사 분석하였다. 과수재배시 용도별 농약 사용경향은 살균제>살충제>제초제 순이었으며 사과의 경우 전체 사용량 중 살균제가 72%로서 해충방제가 우선인 벼재배와는 달리 병해방제 위주의 농약사용을 나타냈다. 살균제 중주요 사용농약은 Mancozeb, Propineb, Thiophanate-methyl이었으며 살충제의 경우 Propagite, Omethoate가 우선적으로 사용되었다. 제형별 농약사용량은 수화제 농약 위주의 사용경향을 나타냈으며 WP>EC>SL>SC>SP>WG 순이었다. 과수별 단위면적당(a.i./ha) 농약사용량은 감귤 48.6 kg, 사과 27.1 kg, 배 18.6 kg, 감 17.5 kg, 복숭아 11.3 kg, 포도 9.2 kg으로서, 이를 미국의 농약사용량과 비교한 결과 사과는 한국의 사용량이 더 많은 살포용량 경향을 나타냈으나 감귤, 배, 복숭아의 경우 미국의 농약사용량이 더 많았다. 농약 사용량의 조사분석은 농약위해성 경감을 위한 단위면적당 농약 사용량을 감소시키는 것이 그 목적이므로, 향후 전반적인 농업환경을 반영시킨 전체 작물별 농약 사용량 조사와 함께 작물별 농약 사용량을 경감시킬 수 있는 요인분석이 요망된다.

• Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
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• 제34권
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• pp.42.1-42.11
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• 2022

Background: Occupational pesticide exposure is a potential risk for respiratory health effects. Most clinical studies on pesticide exposure were related to acute exposure, and only a few studies on chronic exposure have been conducted. This study investigated the chronic respiratory health status and the chronic effects of occupational pesticide exposures of farmers in Gyeonggi-do. Methods: Surveys and pulmonary function tests were conducted on 1,697 farmers in 16 regions of Gyeonggi-do. The structured questionnaire included demographic characteristics, medical history, recent respiratory symptoms and diseases, and work-related conditions, and was conducted through one-on-one interviews. The prevalence of respiratory diseases was compared by the odds ratios (ORs) at 95% confidence intervals (CIs) estimated by logistic regression analysis. Additional multivariate logistic regression analysis was also conducted. Results: Pesticide work groups showed significant association with an obstructive pattern in the lung function test (unadjusted OR, 2.38; 95% CI, 1.17-5.52). Selected work-related variables of pesticide exposure were 'start age,' 'cumulative duration,' 'mixing pesticides,' and 'protection(goggle).' The obstructive pattern of lung function test showed significant associations with mixing pesticides (OR, 2.30; 95% CI,1.07-5.46), and protection (goggle) use (OR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.12-0.79). Conclusions: Mixing two or more pesticides showed a significant association. Wearing goggles can be seen as an indicator of awareness of the protective equipment and proper wearing of protective equipment, and loss of pulmonary function can be prevented when appropriate protection is worn.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.545-553
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• 2012

In Asia, including Japan and Korea, rice paddies occupy the largest cultivated area in agricultural land. Rice paddies provide the habitats for many organisms including endemic species, sustaining high biodiversity. Insect natural enemies inhabiting rice paddies have an important function for rice production as agents of 'ecosystem services' because they play a major role in suppressing rice pests. The diversity and abundance of natural enemies can be a good index reflecting the 'healthiness' of agro-ecosystem services in rice paddies. The present study investigates whether insect natural enemies could be good biological indicators for general arthropod biodiversity and agricultural practice. First, the concept of ideal bio-indicators was summarized. The strategy to explore and select such bio-indicators was then proposed. Lastly, field survey was made to evaluate the abundance and biodiversity of natural enemies in Japanese rice paddies where chemical inputs, i.e., insecticide use, were different. The results showed that reduction of chemical inputs led to an increase in species richness or diversity of natural enemies including parasitoids and predators. Then, the data were analyzed to examine suitable indicator species to assess environmental soundness of agricultural practice and biodiversity in rice paddies. The density of several species of natural enemies did respond both to pesticide use and to general arthropod biodiversity. The analyses thus have indicated that natural enemies can be suitable as bio-indicators. Usefulness of indicator species in rice paddies is discussed in the context of ecologically sound agriculture.

• 한국환경독성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경독성학회 2003년도 추계국제학술대회
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• pp.91-93
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• 2003

It has been estimated that the equivalent of approximately $US 50 billion has been spent on research on the behavior and fate of pesticides in the environment since Rachel Carson published “Silent Spring” in 1962. Much of the resulting knowledge has been summarized explicitly in computer algorithms in a variety of empirical, deterministic, and probabilistic simulation models. These models describe and predict the transport, degradation and resultant concentrations of pesticides in various compartments of the environment during and after application. In many cases the known errors of model predictions are large. For this reason they are typically designed to be “conservative”, i.e., err on the side of over-prediction of concentrations in order to err on the side of safety. These predictions are then compared with toxicity data, from tests of the pesticide on a series of standard representative biota, including terrestrial and aquatic indicator species and higher animals (e.g., wildlife and humans). The models' predictions are good enough in some cases to provide screening of those compounds which are very unlikely to do harm, and to indicate those compounds which must be investigated further. If further investigation is indicated a more detailed (and therefore more complicated) model may be employed to give a better estimate, or field experiments may be required. A model may be used to explore “what if” questions leading to possible alternative pesticide usage patterns which give lower potential environmental concentrations and allowable exposures. We are currently at a maturing stage in this research where the knowledge base of pesticide behavior in the environmental is growing more slowly than in the past. However, innovative uses are being made of the explosion in available computer technology to use models to take ever more advantage of the knowledge we have. In this presentation, current developments in the state of the art as practiced in North America and Europe will be presented. Specifically, we will look at the efforts of the ‘Focus’ consortium in the European Union, and the ‘EMWG’ consortium in North America. These groups have been innovative in developing a process and mechanisms for discussion amongst academic, agriculture, industry and regulatory scientists, for consensus adoption of research advances into risk management methodology.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.183-192
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• 2002

Concentrations of $\alpha$- and ${\gamma}$-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) were measured in ambient air samples at a two week intervals between July 1999 and February 2000 at Ansung, Kyonggi province. Their concentration levels averaged at 78 ($\alpha$-HCH) and 18 pg/m$^3$(${\gamma}$-HCH). Although the use of HCHs was ceased in South Korea since 1979, their residues are still present in air even after nearly 20 years. Given the composition of the two main HCH pesticide formulation (technical HCH antral lindane), the $\alpha$/${\gamma}$-HCH ratio in air is a useful indicator on the regional scale. The moderately low $\alpha$/${\gamma}$-HCH ration in this study indicates previous usage of both technical HCH and lindane. The relationship of temperature with gas-phase partial pressures was also examined using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. Slopes generated by linear regression analysis between partial pressure (In P) and 1/T were considerably steep thor HCHs. It is thus suggested that their concentrations are controlled by re-volatilization processes from surfaces in the local surroundings of the sampling site.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제55권6호
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• pp.617-632
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• 2022

In recent years, environmental pollution and determining the main factors causing this pollution have become an important issue. This study investigates the relationship between the agricultural sector and environmental pollution in Azerbaijan for 1992-2018. The dependent variable in the study is the agricultural greenhouse gas emissions (CO₂ equivalent). Eight variables were selected as explanatory variables: four agricultural inputs and four agricultural macro indicators. Unit root tests, ARDL boundary test, FMOLS, DOLS and CCR long-term estimators, Granger causality analysis, and variance decomposition analyses were used to investigate the effect of these variables on agricultural emissions. The results show that chemical fertilizer consumption, livestock number, and pesticide use positively and statistically significantly affect agricultural emissions from agricultural input variables. In contrast, agricultural energy consumption has a negative and significant effect. From agricultural macro indicator variables, it was found that the crop and animal production index had a positive and significant effect on agricultural emissions. According to the Granger causality test results, it was concluded that there are a causality relationship from chemical fertilizer consumption, livestock number, crop and livestock production index variables towards agricultural emissions. Considering all the results obtained, it is seen that the variables that have the most effect on the increase in agricultural emissions in Azerbaijan are the number of livestock, the consumption of chemical fertilizers, and the use of pesticides, respectively. The results from the research will contribute to the information on agricultural greenhouse gas emissions and will play an enlightening role for policymakers and the general public.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.45-50
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• 2001

최근 씨감자 채종지에서 PVX, PVY 감염증상과 유사한 비(非)바이러스성 모자이크증상(Non virus-induced mosaic symptom, NVMS)이 매년 $5{\sim}20%$ 정도 발생하고 있어서 씨감자포장검사원과 농민간에 많은 마찰이 발생하고 있는 실정이다. 본 실험에서는 NVMS의 원인을 구명하고자 의심주와 건전주의 재배적, 병리적, 화학적 분석을 실시하였고, NVMS를 일으키는 원인중의 하나로 생각되는 감자밭 제초제에 대한 약해증상 유기실험을 포장과 실내에서 실시하였다. 이상모자이크 증상주가 심겨진 근권토양의 이화학적 특성 (pH, EC) 및 토양 내 각종 성분(유기물 $P_2O_5$, K, Ca, Mg. $NO_3$) 함량을 분석하여 이상모자이크 발생률과의 상관분석을 실시한 결과 어떠한 상관성도 보이지 않았다. 또한 바이러스항혈청(PVY, PVX)을 이용한 ELISA 검정과 투과(透過)전자현미경(TEM) 검경에서도 어떠한 바이러스 입자도 검출되지 않았다. 지표식물인 Nicotiana tabacum과 N. sylvestrus를 이용한 접종에서도 PVX와 PVY 감염증상이 보이지 않았다. 감자밭용 제초제 처리 결과 Pendimethalin.linuron EC+paraquat SL 처리구에서는 61.1%의 NVMS 발생률을 보였으며, Pendimethalin EC+paraquat SL 처리구에서는 47.2%, Oxadiazon pendimethalin EC+paraquat SL 처리구에서는 19.4%의 발생률을 보였다. 따라서 Pendimethalin 성분이 함유된 제초제 처리가 감자의 NVMS 발생 원인으로 판명되었다. 수량에서는 처리간 유의성을 보이지 않았으나, 다만 Dicamba 처리구에서 무처리 대비 23%의 수량감소가 있었다. 또한 전년도 제초제 처리한 괴경을 파종하여 후대검정한 결과 어떠한 이상모자이크 증상도 관찰되지 않았다.