• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제53권5호
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• pp.629-633
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• 2010

Pertussis is a highly contagious respiratory tract disease caused by $Bordetella$ $pertussis$ infection. The clinical manifestation of this infection can be severe enough to cause death. Although pertussis has been supposed to be a vaccine-preventable disease ever since the widespread vaccination of children against pertussis was started, since the 1990s, cases of pertussis and related fatalities are on the rise, especially in countries with high vaccination coverage. In Korea, there have been no deaths due to pertussis since 1990, and the vaccination rate continues to be approximately 94%. However, the number of pertussis cases reported to the Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention has tended to increase in the 2000s, and in 2009, there was an obvious increase in the number of pertussis cases reported. This review aims to present the latest information about the pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of pertussis.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.230-235
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• 2005

For the acellular pertussis vaccine with a high immunogenicity, the concentration, composition and characteristics of acellular pertussis antigens are the crucial points to be considered. Nevertheless, it has not been proved yet whether or not the polymerization degree, one of the characteristics of formalin-detoxified acellular pertussis antigens, has an influence on vaccine potency. Thus, in the present study, the correlations among detoxification conditions of acellular pertussis bulks, their polymerization degrees and their immunogenicities were examined. In addition, the relative importance of pertussis toxoid in vaccine immunogenicity was also investigated. Results show that a lower lysine concentration during detoxification induces highly-polymerized antigens, the immunogenicity has a great dependency on the polymerization degree of antigens, and also pertussis toxoid has a relatively stronger influence on the immunogenicity than other antigens. Accordingly, in the aspect of the potency of detoxified acellular pertussis vaccine, it can be demonstrated that the polymerization of antigens and its degree are the major factors affecting the immunogenicity along with a relatively high content of pertussis toxoid

• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.109-113
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• 1985

It was well known that B. pertussis cells possess protective antigen, histamine sensitizing factor, heatstable and labile toxin, hemagglutinin, agglutinogen and the others. Previous reports involving above antigenic properties of B. pertussis have been carried out for several years. However, leucocyte promoting property was not yet investigated. In this report, the results of studies on the leucocytosis, particulary the lymphocytosis, produced in mice by injecting pertussis vaccine were presented. Especially leucocyte promoting property and histamine sensitizing property of B. pertussis vaccine treated at various temperatures were compared. The relationship between the leucocyte promoting property and histamine sensitizing property was investigated. Results were as follows. 1. Although leucocytosis was significantly rised in both 0.5ml injection and 0.1ml injection of pertussis vaccine than in control, at the higher dose (0.5ml injection) an elevation in white cell count was more significant. The leucocyte responce to pertussis vaccine was greater following 0.5 ml injection than following 0.1ml injection. 2. Lymphocytosis was significantly rised in both 0.5ml injection and 0.1ml injection of pertussis vaccine than in control. At higher dose (0.5ml injection), an elevation in lymphocyte count was more significant. 3. Order of elevation in differential leucocyte counts was lymphocyte, polymorphonuclear leucocyte and monocyte. 4. The leucocyte response to pertussis vaccine was 2 fold greater following intravenous injection than following subcutaneous injection. 5. Decrease leucocyte promoting activity and histamine sensitizing activity resulted from exposure to temperature above $56^{\circ}C$. Histamine sensitizing activity of pertussis vaccine treated at various temperatures paralleled leucocyte promoting activity.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.115-122
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• 1995

C5a 또는 PMA에 의하여 활성화된 호중구에서의 superoxide와 HOCl 생성에 나타내는 staurosporine, genistein과 pertussis toxin의 효과를 관찰하였다. C5a에 의한 superoxide과 $H_2O_2$의 생성은 staurosporine, genistein과 pertussis toxin에 의하여 억제되었다. PMA의 자극효과는 staurosporine에 의하여 억제되었으나 pertussis toxin에 의하여 영향을 받지 않았으며, 한편 이는 genistein에 의하여 더 촉진되었다. Staurosporine, genistein은 sodium fluoride에 의한 superoxide 생성을 억제 하였으나 pertussis toxin은 영향을 나타내지 않았다. PMA에 의한 $H_2O_2$의 생성은 staurosporine에 의하여 억제되었으나 pertussis toxin은 영향을 나타내지 않았다. Genistein은 PMA에 의한 $H_2O_2$의 생성에 자극효과를 나타내지 않았다. Staurosporine과 pertussis toxin은 C5a 또는 PMA에 의한 HOCl 생성을 억제하였으나, 이에 반하여 genistein은 자극하였다. C5a와 PMA에 의한 myeloperoxidase 유리는 genistein에 의하여 억제되었나, pertussis toxin의 효과는 나타나지 않았다. Staurosporine은 유리에 대한 PMA의 자극효과에 영향을 주지 않았다. Myeloperoxidase 활성은 genistein에 의하여 현저하게 증가되었으나 staurosporine과 pertussis toxin의 영향은 받지 않았다. 이상의 결과는 호중구의 respiratory burst가 protein kinase C와 protein tyrosine kinase에 의하여 조절된다고 제시한다. Protein kinase C의 직접적인 자극에 따른 superoxide 생성은 protein tyrosine kinase의 영향을 역으로 받을 것으로 추정된다. Genistein은 아마도 myeloperoxidase를 활성화하여 HOCl 생성을 촉진할 것으로 시사된다.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.114-120
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• 2014

목적: 본 연구에서는 6개월 미만의 영아를 대상으로 백일해의 기초적인 역학조사를 확인하고자 단일 기관에서 실시하였다. 방법: 2011년 10월부터 2013년 4월까지 분당 차병원에 내원한 진찰 당시 호흡기계 증상을 보여서 입원한 생후 6개월 미만의 영아들을 대상으로 비인두 흡입물로 B. pertussis PCR 또는 배양검사를 시행하였다. 또한 respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, metapneumo-virus, rhinovirus, parainfluenza virus, influenza A, B virus 포함한 호흡기 바이러스들에 대한 multiplex RT-PCR 검사를 시행 후 분석하였다. 결과: 대상 환아 수는 총 79례였으며 환아 연령 중앙값은 2개월이었고 대부분 진단은 급성 세기관지염(60%)이거나 폐렴(28%)이었다. B. pertussis 이 확인된 경우는 13례(16%)였으며 환아 연령 중앙값은 2개월이었다. B. pertussis 이 확인된 13례 중 7례(53%)에서 respiratory syncytial virus가, 1례(7%)에서 influenza A virus가 확인되었다. B. pertussis 이 확인된 13증례 중 DTaP 접종력 없는 증례는 6례(46%)이었고 DTaP 백신 1회 접종한 증례는 6례(46%)이었고 DTaP 백신 2회 접종한 증례는 1례(8%)이었다. 결론: 호흡기계 증상들을 보이는 입원한 생후 6개월 미만의 영아의 원인 병원체 중 B. pertussis 이 16%를 차지하였다. 6개월 미만의 영아들에 대한 향후 전국적인 다 기관이 포함된 역학적 감시 활동이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.583-589
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• 1999

Acellular pertussis vaccine has been used widely in Korea since 1984. However, because many of the former generations were not inoculated with pertussis vaccine, they may infect infants with pertussis. With this background, we investigated the prevalence of pertussis antibodies in all age groups. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to assess IgG antibodies to pertussis toxin (PT) and filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) and bacterial agglutination (BA) to assess antibodies to agglutinogen were compared on 842 serum samples which were donated from 11 hospitals in Seoul area. In comparison with age groups under 20 years, antibodies of adults against PT and FHA were maintained. But antibodies against agglutinogen showed no pattern in all age groups. Antibodies to PT were correlated with antibodies to FHA. There was no significant difference in antibody levels between male and female (p<0.05).

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.856-865
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• 2012

We describe the construction and immunobiological properties of a novel whooping cough vaccine candidate, in which the aroQ gene, encoding 3-dehydroquinase, was deleted by insertional inactivation using the kanamycin resistance gene cassette and allelic exchange using a Bordetella suicide vector. The aroQ B. pertussis mutant required supplementation of media to grow but failed to grow on an unsupplemented medium. The aroQ B. pertussis mutant was undetectable in the trachea and lungs of mice at days 6 and 12 post-infection, respectively. Antigen-specific antibody isotypes IgG1 and IgG2a, were produced, and cell-mediated immunity [CMI], using interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma as indirect indicators, was induced in mice vaccinated with the aroQ B. pertussis vaccine candidate, which were substantially enhanced upon second exposure to virulent B. pertussis. Interleukin-12 was also produced in the aroQ B. pertussis-vaccinated mice. On the other hand, neither IgG2a nor CMI-indicator cytokines were produced in DTaP-vaccinated mice, although the CMI-indicator cytokines became detectable post-challenge with virulent B. pertussis. Intranasal immunization with one dose of the aroQ B. pertussis mutant protected vaccinated mice against an intranasal challenge infection, with no pathogen being detected in the lungs of immunized mice by day 7 post-challenge. B. pertussis aroQ thus constitutes a safe, non-reverting, metabolite-deficient vaccine candidate that induces both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses with potential for use as a single-dose vaccine in adolescents and adults, in the first instance, with a view to disrupting the transmission cycle of whooping cough to infants and the community.

• Journal of Korean Medical Science
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• 제33권50호
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• pp.321.1-321.7
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• 2018

Background: Pertussis is highly contagious respiratory disease. Healthcare workers (HCWs) can be an important mediator of the disease. A seroprevalence of pertussis was investigated in HCWs to determine the immune status against pertussis and to detect the unidentified pertussis. Methods: This study was conducted for HCWs at a hospital located in Korea in 2011. After obtaining written informed consent for HCWs voluntarily participating in the study, 10 mL of blood was collected from each subject. Demographic and medical data were collected using questionnaire. Data on the underlying disease and vaccination history were reviewed again through medical records. The presence of anti-pertussis toxin (anti-PT) immunoglobulin G (IgG), and immunoglobulin A (IgA) was detected by quantitative analysis using a commercially available ELISA kit (EUROIMMUN, $L{\ddot{u}}beck$, Germany). Results: A total of 412 HCW participated in the study. Among them, 14 were excluded due to the inadequate sample amount or medical history not secured. Of the 398 HCWs analyzed, 16.6% (66/398) were men and the mean age was $33.82{\pm}9.10years$ (range, 21-67). The mean anti-PT IgG titer was $8.32{\pm}20.40IU/mL$ (range, 0.4-287.5 IU/mL). The overall seroprevalence (rate of anti-PT IgG antibody [Ab] titer > 5 IU/mL) was 33.7%. Three (0.8%) HCWs had the Ab level > 100 IU/mL indicated acute infection. There was no statistically significant difference in the seroprevalence and mean titer of anti-PT IgG Ab according to age group, type of occupation, patient-facing position, or working in the pediatric department. Conclusion: The seroprevalence of pertussis of the HCWs of a university hospital in Korea was low, and there were some unrecognized acute infections. Therefore, booster immunization of pertussis to HCWs should be actively considered.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.603-608
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• 2002

목 적 : 최근 연간 10여건으로 감소추세로 보고되고 있는 백일해의 유행실태와 임상양상을 분석함으로써 백일해에 대한 역학적 자료와 임상적 진단의 지침 마련에 도움이 되고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방 법 : 2000년 3월부터 2001년 3월까지 본원에 입원한 환아 중 1주일 이상의 심한 백일해양 기침 증상을 보인 환아 49명을 대상으로 비인두 가검물을 채취하여 PCR과 배양검사를 실시하였다. 결 과 : 49명의 검사 의뢰 환아 중 10명이 PCR 양성이었고 이중 4명이 배양검사 양성이었다. 이환 환아는 모두 봄철인 3-5월과 가을철인 9-11월에 발생하였고, 나이별로는 10명 모두 6개월 미만이였고 이중 8명이 DTaP 미접종 환아이었다. 결 론 : 본 연구에서 백일해로 진단된 환아들은 대부분 지역의원에서 질병 초기에 세기관지염, 폐렴 및 기관지염으로 진단되어 치료를 받다가 전원 되었다. 그러므로 특히 DTaP 접종을 받지 않은 영아에서 특징적인 '흡' 소리가 없더라도 심한 기침이 있는 경우 관심을 가지고 백일해 진단을 위한 검사를 시행한다면 보다 많은 수의 백일해 환자가 진단될 가능성이 있다고 사료된다.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.115-122
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• 2013

Reemerging infectious diseases are infections that had decreased in incidence in the global population and were brought under control through effective health care policy such as vaccination, but more recently, began to resurge as a health problem due to many reasons. Measles, rubella, mumps and pertussis are the examples. Immunization with MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) and pertussis vaccine has contributed to marked decrease in measles, mumps, rubella and pertussis incidence worldwide. In Korea, measles and rubella almost disappeared after the introduction of 2 doses of MMR immunization schedule. Recently, these infections have been reemerging in many countries with low vaccination rates and can be introduced again in Korea. However mumps and pertussis outbreaks are reported among fully vaccinated populations. Declining vaccine effectiveness, an increased awareness and surveillance of the disease or improved laboratory diagnostic tools had been suggested as possible causes. For the clinicians, it is difficult to diagnose these reemerging infectious diseases partly because of few experience of typical cases of measles and rubella or partly because of modification of clinical symptoms and signs of infectious diseases in immunized population. In this article, the diagnosis of measles, mumps, rubella and pertussis will be reviewed in the aspects of clinical characteristics, serologic methods, virus isolation, and polymerase chain reaction.