• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine whether periodontal pocket could be satisfactorily visualized by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and to suggest quantitative methods for measuring periodontal pocket depth. Methods: We acquired OCT images of periodontal pockets in a porcine model and determined the actual axial resolution for measuring the exact periodontal pocket depth using a calibration method. Quantitative measurements of periodontal pockets were performed by real axial resolution and compared with the results from manual periodontal probing. Results: The average periodontal pocket depth measured by OCT was $3.10{\pm}0.15mm$, $4.11{\pm}0.17mm$, $5.09{\pm}0.17mm$, and $6.05{\pm}0.21mm$ for each periodontal pocket model, respectively. These values were similar to those obtained by manual periodontal probing. Conclusions: OCT was able to visualize periodontal pockets and show attachment loss. By calculating the calibration factor to determine the accurate axial resolution, quantitative standards for measuring periodontal pocket depth can be established regardless of the position of periodontal pocket in the OCT image.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.22-29
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• 2017

Purpose : Preservation of the periodontal health of the treated patient requires supportive periodontal therapy for the elimination of periodontal disease. After Phase I therapy is completed, patients are placed on a schedule of periodic recall visits for maintenance care to prevent recurrence of the disease. The amount of tooth loss would be the most relevant criterion in an evaluation of the effect of periodontal treatment, but this would require studies with extremely long follow-up periods. Thus the most commonly used outcome criteria in clinical research have been clinical attachment level change, reduction of pocket depth and bleeding frequency. The purpose of this case study is to identify the effect of supportive periodontal therapy after periodontal flap surgery. Materials & Methods : Following routine hygienic phase of treatment, patients with chronic periodontitis received surgical periodontal treatment. Bleeding on probing, pocket depth and clinical attachment level were measured at baseline, pre-operation and 1 year follow up. All procedures were performed by one operator. Results : One year a total of 28 patients (58sites) to recheck remained, when conducted maintenance program after periodontal flap surgery was observed reduction of bleeding frequency, pocket depth and improvement of clinical attachment level. Conclusion : The results from this study indicate that supportive periodontal therapy after periodontal flap surgery is effective for reduction of bleeding frequency, pocket depth and gain of clinical attachment level.

• Journal of Korean Dental Hygiene Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.13-24
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• 2022

Background: This study was aimed at investigating the perception of the requirement of measuring the periodontal pocket depth of the dental hygiene students in the mock national board examination. Methods: SPSS 25.0 (IBM SPSS Statistics) was used to perform the independent t-test for the recognition level of dental hygiene students in the interdisciplinary practical national board examination. A p-value < 0.05 was set to indicate statistical significance. Results: Participants showed a high recognition level for the requirement of measuring the periodontal pocket depth without any difference among disciplines. When periodontal pocket depth measurement was included in the national board examination, the educational and clinical work of dental hygienists was expected to be unified, and the professionalism of dental hygienists was expected to be strengthened. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the feasibility of introducing periodontal pocket depth measurement in the practical national board examination for dental hygienists should be reviewed by a group of experts.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.523-531
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• 1998

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the pattern of progression of periodontitis and the change in the extent and severity of the periodontal condition in young adults. Fourteen subjects with periodontitis, 11 males and 3 females in the age range 22-26, participated in the study. Following a baseline examination, the subjects were monitored for gingival index, probing pocket depth, gingival recession, probing attachment level and radiogrphic crestal bone height for 24 months without therapy. Re-examination were performed after 12 and 24 months. Gingival index, probing pocket depth, gingival recession and probing attachment level were assesed at 6 locations per tooth, and crestal bone height was assessed by subtraction radiography. The results from the follow-up examination revealed that the subjects underwent minor changes with respect to a series of different clinical parameters. The mean values of gingival index was improved, however, the mean values of probing pocket depth, gingival recession, probing attchment level and crestal bone height showed no significant change between baseline and the re-examination after 1 and 2 years.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.239-253
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• 2021

Purpose: The single-flap approach (SFA) is a minimally invasive technique with limited mucoperiosteal flap elevation to gain access to the buccal/palatal aspects, thus limiting post-surgical complications. The purpose of the present study was to gain insights into the impact of the SFA over the double-flap approach (DFA) on periodontal flap treatment outcomes and patient compliance in terms of discomfort and time taken for surgical procedures. Methods: Twenty patients with persistent probing pocket depths of ≥5 mm were scheduled for the SFA (test site) and for the DFA (control site). All the clinical periodontal parameters were recorded at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. Radiographic bone level (cone-beam computed tomography) was evaluated at baseline and 6 months. Patients' postoperative pain perception and wound healing were also assessed. Results: The SFA showed a significant reduction in periodontal pocket depth, gain in clinical attachment level (CAL), and gain in bone level when compared with the DFA. The SFA substantially improved wound healing and induced less postoperative pain than the DFA. Conclusions: The SFA resulted in substantial improvement in the composite outcome measures, as shown by a reduction in pocket depth with minimal gingival recession, gain in CAL, early wound healing, less postoperative discomfort, and better patient-centered outcomes.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.225-231
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influential factors of stress and fatigue on peridontal indicators in patients with periodontal disease. Methods: A self-administrated questionnaire study was conducted during November 2012 to January 2013 with 140 periodontal patients. The Fatigue and Stress were evaluated with Multidimensional Fatigue Scale(MFS) and Psychosocial Well-bing Index(PWI). Periodontal health indicators were consisted with gingival index and pocket depth. Data were analyzed by descriptive analysis, t-test, ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis. Results: Overall stress and fatigue level of subjects were $22.61{\pm}5.62$ and $64.67{\pm}9.45$. Gingival index and periodontal pocket depth as periodontal health indicators were $1.26{\pm}0.3$ and $4.29{\pm}0.52$. The influential factors of gingival index and periodontal pocket depth were social function(subcategory of pwi) and depression(subcategory of pwi), respectively. Conclusions: Some subcategories of PWI were related with periodontal health indicators. So, consideration of stress related with depression and social function are needed to manage and prevent periodontal disease.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.442-453
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• 1993

In order to determine the relationship between probing pocket depth and trypsin-like activity in subgingival plaque, probing pocket depth and loss of attachment were measured by Michigan-O probe on mandibular incisors of 30 patients with adult periodontitis. And the trypsin-like activity of Treponema denticola, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Bacteroides forsythus was evaluated by the hydrolysis of N-Benzoyl-DL-Arginine-2-Naphthyla-mide (BANA) using PerioScan reagent cards(Oral-B Laboratories, Redwood City, CA). The obtained data were statistically analyzed by Microstat program. The results were as follows. 1. The number of teeth showing negative trypsin-like activity was more in shallow periodontal pocket groups, but the number of teeth showing positive trypsin-like activity was more in deep periodontal pocket groups. 2. There was a significant positive correlation between probing pocket depth and trypsin-like activity in subgingival plaque(y=0.413X - 0.955, r = 0.7024, p<0.001). 3. There was no consistent relationship between loss of attachment and trypsin-like activity in subgingival plaque(p>0.01).

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.300-314
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• 1993

Periodontal disease research has been focused on understanding the immunopathologic mechanisms which may operate in the development and maintenance of peiodontal inflammatory changes. Immunologic and inflammatory responses may relate to the etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal disease. In order to research immunopathology of periodontal disease, previous investigators have spent much time on the distribution of lymphocyte subpopulations and NK cells but they have spent less time on the changes of those cells to the periodontal disease severity. The purpose of study was performed to investigate the changes of the distribution of T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, T lymphocyte subsets, and Natural Killer cells in the gingival epithelium and connective tissue of the periodontal disease with the various clinical parameters including Gingival Index, Sulcular Bleeding Index, and pocket depth. Gingival tissues were obtained from 25 patients with different severity of periodontal disease. Serial cryostat sections displaying a cross section of gingiva were labelled with monoclonal antibody for pan T cells, T cytotoxic/suppressor cells, T helper/inducer cells, pan B cells, and NK cells were develped using an avidin-biotin-peroxidase system. Lymphocyte populations were enumerated in repeatable fields from gingival section. 1. T cells were more increased at grade 1 and 3 than at grade 0 of gingival index (p<0.05). Helper T cells and NK cells were significantly increased at grade 1, 2, 3 than at grade 0(p<0.05). 2. T cells were more decreased at grade 3 and 4 than at grade 1 of sulcular bleeding index (p<0.01, p<0.05). Especially, Natural Killer cells were significantly increased at grade 1, 2, 3, 4 than at grade 0 (p<0.05, p<0.001). 3. The ratios of helper T/suppressor T cells were more decreased at grade 4 than at grade 0 and at grade 4 than at grade 2 of sulcular bleeding index (p<0.05, p<0.05). 4. Helper T cells were significantly decreased at grade II and III than at grade I, however the Natural Killer cells showed a increasing tendency with the increase of the pocket depth, there were no significant differences between each grade of pocket depth. 5. The ratios of helper T/suppressor T cells were tended to be decreased with the increase of the pocket depth, there were no significant differences between each grades of pocket depth. There was a very weak change in the distribution of T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, T lymphocyte subsets, and Natural Killer cells in the gingival epithelium and connective tissue of the periodontal lesion with the various clinical parameters including gingial index, sulcular bleeding index, and pocket depth. But, the number of T lymphocytes and Natural Killer cells were significantly changed in gingival index and sulcular bleeding index.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.345-356
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• 2001

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of guided tissue regeneration(GTR) using resorbable polylactic/polyglycolic copolymer(PLA/PGA) membrane in mandibular class II furcation involvement and to compare it to the clinical efficacy of only flap operation. Both procedures were conducted in 5 patients with class II furcation involvements. After 6 months of follow up, the probing pocket depth, clincial attachment level, bone probing depth, and radiographic changes were compared, and the following results were obtained: 1. GTR using PLA/PGA demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in probing pocket depth and bone probing depth, and the control group demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in bone probing depth. 2. The comparison between the experimental and control group failed to demonstrate statistically significant difference in clinical improvement, but more reduction in probing pocket depth and bone probing depth were observed in the experimental group. The probing pocket depth and the bone probing depth were $2.2{\pm}1.6mm$ and $2.4{\pm}1.1mm$ respectively in the control group, while they were $2.4{\pm}1.3mm$ and $3.0{\pm}1.2mm$ respectively in the experimental group. 3. Radiographic change was not detectable for the both groups during the 6 months of follow up. 4. Sites with deeper probing pocket depth at baseline examination showed greater amount of clinical improvement in both groups. Other clinical factors didn't have any significant effect on the treatment results. It is concluded that though there are some limitations, PLA/PGA membrane is effective for the treatment of mandibular class II furcation involvement.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.376-389
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• 1994

A study was conducted to compare the effects of chlorhexidine mouthrinse and chlorhexidine acetate powder with periodontal pack during 4 weeks following periodontal surgery. Twelve patients were treated with Modified Widman flap procedures and devided into three groups of four patients each; control group, chlorhexidine mouthrinse group, chlorhexidine acetate powder group. Each group wasn't significant difference in clinical and microbiologic parameters at preoperation. Examination regarding plaque index, gingival index, pocket depth, change of gingival color postsurgically, pain index were performed by each methods and observed bacteria in gingiva by phase contrast microscope. Evaluations were made at 7, 14 and 28 days postsurgically. The results were as follows: l. In comparison of results revealed no significant differences in Plaque Index, Gingival Index, pocket depth and change of gingival color postsurgically. 2. The pocket depth of three experimental groups were significant reduced at 4 weeks. 3. Chlorhexidine mouthrinse group and chlorhexidine acetate powder group with periodontal pack were significant differences in pain index at 3, 4 days postsurgically. 4. Cocci and Non-motile rods were increased at 1, 2 weeks. But, motile rod and spirochete were increased at 4 weeks.