• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.481-489
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• 2013

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between smoking and peridontal diseases in Korean adults based on the data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010. Methods : The study subjects were 5,605 adults aged 19 years or older whose information were community periodontal index (CPI) and smoking status. and statistical analyses were conducted by applying complex sample analysis technique. Results : In terms of the relationship between smoking and periodontal status, the risk of periodontitis was 1.63-fold higher in smoker group than in nonsmoker group, and 1.02-fold higher even after adjustment of gender, age, income levels, educational background, alcohol consumption, exercising, body mass index (BMI), oral examination, the frequency of tooth brushing, the use of oral hygiene devices, and perceived oral health. Chi square analysis also showed that the prevalence rate of periodontitis was higher in smoker group than in nonsmoker group. Conclusions : It is very important to provide oral health education by smoking cessation and prevent periodontal diseases through anti-smoking campaign.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.121-131
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of smoking on adult periodontitis after non-surgical periodontal therapy. The study population consisted of 40 patients with moderate to advanced periodontitis. Smokers(n=20) were defined as individuals smoking at least twenty cigarettes per day at the time of the initial examination. The non-smoking group(n=20) second and the fourth weeks after periodontal non-surgical therapy. The results were as follows; 1. Clinical indices including plaque index, gingival index, and pocket depth were decreased in both smoking and non-smoking group at the first, the second, and the fourth weeks. Especially, clinical indices of non-smokers were more significantly decreased than those of smokers. 2. Non-motile rods were increaseed and motile rods were reduced at the fourth week. spirochetes were reduced significantly in the non-smoking group at the fourth week. These results suggest that smoking play a minor role in adult periodontitis after non-surgical periodontal therapy.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.67-72
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• 2012

Purpose: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic multi-systemic disease that causes damage to the bone and connective tissues. This study was conducted in order to accurately measure the correlation between RA and periodontitis, and to obtain an unbiased estimate of the effect of RA on periodontal indices. Methods: In this historical cohort study, which was conducted from February to May 2011 in Hamadan city, Iran, 53 exposed people (with RA) were compared with 53 unexposed people (without RA) in terms of clinical periodontal indices (the outcomes of interest) including 1) plaque index (PI), 2) bleeding on probing (BOP), and 3) clinical attachment loss (CAL). Results: A sample of 106 volunteers were evaluated, 53 rheumatoid versus 53 non-rheumatoid subjects. There was a statistically significant correlation between RA and BOP (P<0.001) and between RA and CAL (P<0.001). However, there was no statistically significant correlation between RA and any of the periodontal indices. No correlation was seen between gender and any of the indices either. There was a strong positive correlation between age and all three periodontal indices (P<0.001). Conclusions: The present study indicated a potential effect of RA on periodontal indices. However, much more evidence based on a prospective cohort study is needed to support the cause and effect relationship between RA and periodontal indices.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.9 no.8
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• pp.71-76
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• 2018

The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between obesity and periodontal diseases in Korea adults. The date from the 2015 Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey were used, and 4,827 subjects over 19 years were included in the analysis. Periodontal disease was assessed using the Community Periodontal Index. Obesity was measured according to body mass index. Odd ratios (ORs) were estimated using binary logistic regression analysis model. The stratification variables were smoking and diabetes, and also adjusted for sex, age, and education level. The adjusting variables included sex, age, and education level. The ORs of obesity for periodontal disease were 0.78 (95% CI = 0.51-1.22) for the category of <18.5 of BMI and 1.29 (95% CI = 1.11-1.49) for the ${\geq}25$ BMI category (both compared to the 18.5 to 24.9 category). In a subgroup analysis, the OR of BMI among those who were both non-smoking and no diabetes was 1.20 (95% CI = 1.02-1.48) for those with BMI levels ${\geq}25$. This study implies that obesity intolerance may be an independent risk factor for periodontal diseases. Obesity should also be considered when managing periodontal disease to improve oral health.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.911-923
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• 2000

A comparative clinical study on the ordinary toothbrush($Buttler^{(R)}$, America) and the silicone toothbrush($Jefe^{(R)}$, Korea) was performed. The volunteers who took part in this study were students of Dental college of Yonsei University and patients attending Dental Hospital of Yonsei University. They were classified into two group, control and experimental group. Control group brushed with nylon toothbrush and experimental group did with silicone toothbrush under the researcher's guidances. Volunteers were examined on Plaque Index(PI), Gingival Index(GI), Probing Depth(PD), Bleeding on Probing(BP) and Recession(R) at base line, 1st. week, 2nd. week and 4th. week. According to the results, both group have the tendency of improvement in the degrees of GI, PI and the improvement degree of GI of both group has the significant differences from base line statistically, and there are not statistically significant differences between the silicone and nylon group in respect of PI, GI values. So based on the present study, it could be carefully ascertained that the silicone toothbrush has similar effect with nylon toothbrush in respect of PI and GI. If it is sure that the silicone toothbrush is seldom abrasive and possibly enough to massage the gingiva, this new brush is worth to be recommended by the dentists.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.975-989
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• 2005

Periodontal disease is caused by accumulation of bacterial plaque. For the reason, plaque control is essential to control and prevent periodontal disease. Among the plaque control methods, mechanical plaque removal, tooth brushing is common and reliable. But it depends on individual habituation and their manner. To catch up the gap of effectiveness, lots of oral hygiene appliances have been developing. Powered toothbrush is the most interesting field and is showing on the market with various motion type. This study was performed to compare clinical effects of plaque removal between powered toothbrush and manual toothbrush. The results were as follows : 1. Plaque index was decreased statistically after the brushing than before the brushing in every group.(p<0.05) 2. Comparing plaque index among the three groups before and after brushing, there were no statistically significant differences. 3. Interproximal plaque index was decreased statistically after the brushing than before the brushing in every group.(p<0.05) 4. Comparing interproximal plaque index among the three groups before and after brushing, there were no statistically significant differences.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.431-438
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• 2013

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to examine the periodontal health indexes of some college students and awareness of periodontal health by conducting a survey and complete blood count(CBC) to evaluate periodontal health status. Methods : The study subjects were 133 college students. After receiving informed consent, the health-related majoring students voluntarily participated in this study from May 1 to 30, 2012. Results : 1. In order to assess periodontal health indexes, total scores of all the 15 items were calculated and mean was 3.06 of 5 points. Mean of periodontal health was 3.48. 2. High hemoglobin and high hematocrit revealed high periodontal health indexes and high platelet resulted in low peridontal health indexes. 3. Red blood cell, hemoglobin, and hematocrit of the male, older, smoking, and high periodontal index students showed higher range of score in the meanwhile white blood cell and platelet was low range. The range of female students were not statistically significant. Conclusions : Periodontal health education program is very important to periodontal care and can motivate the oral health behavior change.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.1063-1071
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of the study is to investigate the quantitative detection of periodontal pathogens before and after scaling by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Methods: Participants were voluntarily recruited at D university, and saliva samples were extracted before and after scaling. Multiple real-time polymerase chain reactions were used to analyze characteristics and the amount of nine kinds of periodontal pathogens; Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Parvimonas micra, Campylobacter rectus, and Eikenella corrodens. Results: After scaling, most periodontal pathogens except Eikenella corrodens were significantly decreased in all subjects(p<0.05). In addition, the percentage of microorganisms associated with disease, the microorganism risk index of periodontitis and the prevalence of red complex, orange complex, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans was also significantly reduced after scaling(p<0.05). Conclusions: Scaling decreased in the amount of major periodontal pathogens and periodontitis prevalence rate.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.418-425
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• 2013

This study was investigated in order to provide basic data for prevention of periodontal disease and maintenance through proper lifestyle by finding the relevance of periodontal health with lifestyle habits. Data were collected from total of 326 subjects in their forties and fifties by using questionnaire and examination of periodontal health status. Results were analyzed by using IBM SPSS Statistics 19.0. The smoking status were statistically significant to gingival index (p<0.01), pocket depth (p<0.001), and clinical attachment loss (p<0.001). Smoking amount per day were statistically significant to gingival index (p<0.05), pocket depth (p<0.01), and clinical attachment loss (p<0.001). Duration of smoking were statistically significant to gingival index (p<0.05), pocket depth (p<0.01), and clinical attachment loss (p<0.001). Drinking cycle were statistically significant to gingival index (p<0.05), and clinical attachment loss (p<0.05). It is investigated that smoking (p<0.05) influence on clinical attachment loss. Dental care institute needs to make patients be aware of the fact that excessive smoking and drinking affect the periodontal health status for prevention of periodontal disease and maintenance of oral health. Therefore systematic educational programs to stop smoking and drinking should be prepared.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.81-94
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• 2011

Objectives : This study conducted to investigate oral care abilities in diabetic patients to find a good dental method which may efficiently control diabetes. Methods : The diabetic group consisted of 40 patients with type 2 diabetics, while the non-diabetes were 34 persons with no signs of diabetics, who had visited a Public Health Center and dental clinic of a general hospital in Gwangju city from Dec. 2008 to Sep. 2009. Periodontal disease, gingivitis, dental caries, tongue plaque and halitosis between diabetic group and non-diabetic group were examined and at the same time a questionnaire survey was conducted. The data were analyzed with chi-square, t-test, pearson correlation coefficients using the SPSS WIN 15.0 program. Results : The mean values of both the community periodontal index and the gingival index of diabetic group were 2.18 and 1.75, respectively, and those were higher than those (1.79 and 1.50) of non-diabetic group with no statistical significance. The mean saliva secretion of non-diabetics was 16.74 mL, which was higher than 13.90 mL of diabetic patients(p<0.05). The oral care ability(mean 3.10) acquired from plague index in diabetic group was worse than in non-diabetic(mean 2.33). Conclusions : The high blood sugar concentration in diabetic patients causes low saliva secretion and high saliva viscosity, with the results halitosis and periodontal disease take place. This study suggested that good oral care ability of diabetic patients was very helpful to prevent periodontal disease and halitosis. In addition to this, it may reduce complications of diabetic patients.