• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.374-392
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• 2023

Objective: Assess and evaluate the different indicators of oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) among patients treated with clear aligners (CAs) versus those treated with conventional fixed orthodontics (FAs). Methods: An electronic search was performed on the database is Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase databases. Randomized and non-randomized control trials, cross-sectional, prospective cohort and retrospective trials were included. Quality was assessed with risk of bias tool and risk of bias in non-randomised studies. Meta-analyses were performed with random effects models, estimating the standardized and non-standardized mean differences, odds ratio and risk ratio as the measure of effect. The effect on time was determined using a meta-regression model. Results: Thirty one articles were included in the qualitative synthesis and 17 in the meta-analysis. CAs had a significantly lower negative impact on QoL, with an "important" effect size, while the influence of time was not significant. Periodontal indicators plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), and bleeding on probing show significantly better values in patients treated with CAs, with moderate to large effect sizes. PI and GI have a significant tendency to improve over time. In microbiological indicators, CAs present a lower biofilm mass without differences in the percentage of patients with high counts of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacilli bacteria. The risk of white spot lesion onset is ten times lower in carriers of CAs. Conclusions: Patients wearing CAs show better periodontal indicators, less risk of white spot development, less biofilm mass and a better QoL than patients with FAs.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.158-168
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• 2014

Purpose: The present study was conducted to evaluate the impact of scaling and root planing (SRP) on the C-reactive protein (CRP) levels of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum in chronic periodontitis patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM-CP) or without type 2 diabetes mellitus (NDM-CP). Methods: Forty-eight human participants were divided into two groups: an experimental (T2DM-CP) group (group I, n=24) comprising chronic periodontitis patients with random blood sugar ${\geq}200mg/dL$ and type 2 diabetes mellitus, and control (NDM-CP) group (group II, n=24) of those with chronic periodontitis and random blood sugar <200 without T2DM for the study. All subjects underwent nonsurgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) including complete SRP and subgingival debridement. Periodontal health parameters, plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), GCF volume (GCF vol), GCF-CRP, random blood glucose (RBS), glycated hemoglobin, and systemic inflammatory markers, serum CRP, total leukocyte count (TLC), neutrophil count (Neutr) and lymphocyte count (Lymph), were evaluated at baseline, 1 month, and 3 months after SRP. Results: NSPT resulted in statistically significant improvement in periodontal health parameters (PI, GI, PPD, CAL, GCF vol), CRP levels in serum as well as GCF of both groups I and II. The mean improvement in periodontal health parameters (PI, GI, PPD, CAL, GCF vol), CRP levels in serum and GCF was greater in group I than group II after NSPT. There was nonsignificant increase in GCF-CRP, TLC, Lymph, and RBS, and a significant increase in Neutr and Serum CRP in group II at 1 month. The Serum CRP level of 20 out of 24 group II patients had also increased at 1 month. Conclusions: The CRP levels in both GCF and serum were higher in T2DM-CP patients than in NDM-CP patients. Although there was a significant improvement in both the groups, greater improvement was observed in both GCF and serum samples of T2DM-CP patients.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.469-476
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• 2012

The purpose of this study to grasp the effects of the stress coping method on the periodontal disease in order to provide raw data for the studies on the development of the training for effective stress copying method resulting in improvement in prevention, occurrence, and progression of periodontal disease. Data were collected from total of 326 subjects in their forties and fifties, during the period from March to October 2011. Using questionnaire and examination of periodontal health, and were analyzed using frequency, t-test, multivariate analysis of variance, multiple regression by SPSS ver. 19.0 (IBM Co., USA). The higher emotion-focused stress coping ($\beta$=0.341), the higher the gingival index, the higher the emotion-focused stress coping ($\beta$=0.239) the deeper the pocket depth, the higher the emotion-focused stress coping ($\beta$=0.158) the higher clinical attachment loss, showed statistically significant positive association. This study suggests that the dental clinic institute needs to implement education program including stress management and coping method improvement in order to prevent periodontal disease and make the occurrence and progression to be managed by professionals.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.132-139
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between perceived periodontal status and sexual function among adult men. Three hundred thirty adult male participated in this study living at Changwon and Jinju. All the participants surveyed the socio-demographic characteristics, perceived periodontal status, stress, and international index of erectile function (IIEF) using self-administrated questionnaire. The univariate and multivariate analyze were adapted to access the crude and adjusted associations using PASW Statistics 18.0. In univariate analysis, there were significant differences between perceived periodontal status and IIEF and most of socio-demographic characteristics (p<0.05), but no significant differences between stress and all of socio-demographic characteristics (p>0.05). The sexual function was negatively correlated with perceived periodontal status (r=-0.228, p<0.001) and stress (r=-0.257, p<0.001), respectively. In multivariate analysis, perceived periodontal status was significantly associated with sexual function (b=-0.889, p=0.030) after adjusting for socio-demographic characteristics and stress. Therefore, it is found that perceived periodontal status negatively influenced on sexual function in adult men.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.487-494
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• 2017

There is little evidence on the effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) on prevalence of periodontal disease. The aims of this study were to explore the trends of prevalence of periodontal disease and types of exposure to smoke, including ETS according to the survey year, identify factors affecting periodontal disease, and compare the effect size of periodontal disease between active smokers and secondhand smokers. Data on 11,643 individuals were obtained from the fourth and fifth Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys. Information on exposure to ETS at home and work was self-reported. Severity of periodontal disease was evaluated using the community periodontal index. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to model periodontal disease using types of smoking and the survey year. Overall, the prevalence of periodontal disease was 26.0% (n=3,029) and about 9% of the study population were secondhand smokers. The prevalence of periodontal disease among smokers was significantly increased according to smoking types by year. Active smokers showed a statistically significant adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for having periodontal disease except in the year 2007, whereas secondhand smokers had significant associations only in 2010 (aOR, 1.68; 95% confidence interval, 1.05 to 2.70) compared to non-smokers. For secondhand smokers, the statistical relationship of predicting periodontal disease was weaker than that of active smokers. However, ETS should separately be considered as an important risk factor for periodontal disease. This study suggested the need for further investigation of the impact of ETS on prevalence of periodontal disease using in-depth research designs and objective measurements for assessing periodontal disease and ETS.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.33-38
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to observe and quantify the expression of interleukin-4 (IL-4), interferon-$\gamma$ (IFN-$\gamma$), and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) in the gingival tissue of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and healthy adults with chronic periodontitis. Methods: Twelve patients with type 2 DM and chronic periodontitis (Group 3), twelve patients with chronic periodontitis (Group 2), and twelve healthy individuals (Group 1) were included in the study. Clinical criteria of gingival (sulcus bleeding index value, probing depths) and radiographic evidences of bone resorption were divided into three groups. The concentrations of cytokines were determined by a western blot analysis and compared using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test. Results: The expression levels of IFN-$\gamma$ and TIMP-2 showed an increasing tendency in Groups 2 and 3 when compared to Group 1. On the other hand, the expression of IL-4 was highest in Group 1. Conclusions: The findings suggest that IFN-$\gamma$ and TIMP-2 may be involved in the periodontal inflammation associated with type 2 DM. IL-4 may be involved in the retrogression of the periodontal inflammation associated with type 2 DM.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2014

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the oral hygiene status before and after the dental hygiene care performance to patients by the dental hygienists. Methods : Subjects were 55 adults visiting to dental clinics in Chungnam. The patients agreed to undergo a dental hygiene care performance. A skilled dental hygienist provided dental hygiene care performance including periodontal status, halitosis and oral hygiene status. Results : The periodontal pocket depth was compared before and after the performance. The depth dropped from 4.02 mm to 2.81 mm, and the value of halitosis dropped from 45.78 bbv to 35.76 bbv. The O'Leary index of the patients dropped form 49.37 to 32.84, and all the differences were statistically significant. Conclusions : Proper use of oral hygiene supplies and regular dental checkup can prevent periodontal diseases. This study will provide the useful information of the effective application of dental hygiene care performance.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.657-668
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• 2008

Purpose: In this study, we compared low-power $CO_2$ laser treatment to ultrasonic scaling, which is generally approved as a power-driven mechanical instrumentation, and evaluated both of these treatments regarding their clinical effectiveness and change in the volume of in GCF. Material and methods: 20 patients who had gingivitis were selected. all of patients has no systemic problems. Randomly selected, one quadrant received ultrasonic scaling only, another quadrant received ultrasonic scaling and $CO_2$ laser irradiation, the other quadrant received $CO_2$ laser irradiation only. Clinical parameters measured at baseline, 1 weeks, 2weeks, 4weeks and 8weeks. Result: Pocket probing depth and clinical attachment level were not changed during study period. Gingival index of all group were improved after treatment. At 1 weeks after treatment, Gingival index of ultrasonic scaling group was only significantly different compared to control group. At 2 weeks after treatment, gingival index of all experimental group were significantly different compared to control group. At 4 and 8 weeks after treatment, gingival index of all group were increased, but experimental group were lower than control group. Sulcus bleeding index was similar to the results of gingival index. At 1 weeks after treatment, all experimental group were significantly different compared to control group and it maintained during study. At 2 weeks after treatment, sulcus bleeding index of all group were lowest during study. Gingival crevicular fluid were measured with $Periotron^{(R)}$ 8000($Oraflow^{(R)}$, Inc. USA). At baseline, all group were showed moderately severe condition. At 1 week after treatment, laser treatment only group was reduced quantity of gingival crevicular fluid mostly, and all group were reduced quantity of gingival crevicular fluid. At 2 weeks after treatment, all group were health state. At 4 and 8 weeks after treatment, all group were showed recurrent of inflammation, and control group was the most significantly increased. Conclusion: This study showed that the effects of $CO_2$ laser treatment were similar to conventional ultrasonic scaling and this result remained longer than plaque control only. These results suggest possibility of $CO_2$ laser treatment for altered periodontal therapy.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.577-594
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• 1999

The major cause of periodontal disease is microorganism in the dental plaque. Gingival sulcular fluid, which is exudate released from the tissue near crevicular epithelium is related with inflammation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the argon laser efficiency between the clinical index and onset of collagenase of gingival sulcular fluid. Material divided 16 patients into 4 groups. The first control was without treatmemt. The second was with just treatment of argon laser, The third was treated by scaling and root planning and the fourth was treated with both scailing and root planning and argon laser. The level of periocheck test, the index of bleeding, and the depth of periodontal pocket were evaluated from for 128 teeth of 64 anterior teeth and 64 posterior teeth. The results were as follows ; 1. In the score of periocheck test, root planing group(group 3) was significantly reduced more than the group without treatment(group 1) and the argon laser treatment(group 2) for results of 3 days and 7 days. But root planing plus argon laser treatment(group 4) in the 7days after experiment, was significantly reduced than no treatment(group 1) and root planing treatment(group 3)(P<0.05), in the 3 days after experiment, was significantly reduced than root planing(group3)(P<0.05). The score of periocheck test to the root planning group(group 3) were significantly reduced between days1, day3 and day7(P<0.05). Root planning plus argon laser group(group 4) were significantly reduced to 1 or 7days and 3 or 7days(P<0.05). The argon laser group(group 2) didn't show any changes. 2. In the case of sulcus bleeding index, the root planning group(group 3) and root planning plus argon laser group(group 4) were reduced more than without treatment group(group 1)(P<0.05) and sulcus bleeding index in the root planning group(group 3) were reduced more than the argon laser group(group 2)(P<0.05). 3. There wasn't any changes of pocket depth between the control and the experiment group as with experiment periods also.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.371-387
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• 1999

The present study was performed to assess and compare the clinical and microbiological effects following local application of 2% minocycline gel or 0.1% chlorhexidine subgingival irrigation to augment scaling and root planing in patients with moderate to advanced chronic adult periodontitis. 32 healthy patients with moderate to advanced chronic adult periodontitis were enrolled in the study. In each patient, the quadrants that had 2 or more teeth with $5{\sim}8mm$ probing pocket depth and radiographic evidence of alveolar bone loss were selected and divided into test side and control side according to the split-mouth design. All patients received standardized oral hygiene instructions at the beginning of the study and all remaining teeth received scaling and root planing until 0 week. The 2% minocycline gel was applied to periodontal pocket at 0, 1, 2, 3 week in the test side. The 0.1% chlorhexidine solution and the normal saline were irrigated subgingivally for about 30 seconds in the positive control side and negative control side respectively. The clinical and microbiological analysis carried out at 0, 4, 8, and 12 weeks . The results of this study were as follows; 1. In saline irrigation group, there was no adjunctive effects in probing pocket depth reduction, sulcular bleeding index and no significant changes in relative proportions of subgingival bacteria. 2. The chlorhexidine irrigation as an adjunct to scaling and root planing results in reduction in the plaque index and sulcular bleeding index, but there was not statistically significant. The relative proportion of spirochetes was significantly reduced, but the proportion of motile rods was no significant reduction. 3. The minocycline gel delivered subgingivally as an adjunct to scaling and root planing provide significant benefit in reducing probing depths and sulcular bleeding index compared to saline and chlorhexidine irrigation groups. 4. The relative proportions of spirochetes and motile rods were significantly reduced and the proportions of cocci and non-motile bacteria were correspondingly increased in the minocycline gel group. In conclusion, minocycline gel delivered subgingivally as an adjunct to scaling and root planing induces clinical and microbial responses more favorable for periodontal health than saline and chlorhexidine subgingival irrigation.