• 건축역사연구
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.31-49
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• 2009

Periodically, the Japanese Castle was created in the domestic of Japan and then 2 Invasions into Chosun was started. The Japanese Castle in the domestic of Japan was repaired several times by the building boom of castle before & after 2 invasions and so the initially-built type of castles was changed. Accordingly, there are much difficulties to understand the original shape of Japanese Castle. Through the Japanese Castle within Korea called as the fossil of Japanese Castle, I would like to examine & consider its building period and characteristics. The terminology called as [Two Side Stone's Wall] is that of castle which is not acknowledged in the Japanese Academic Circles. However, it means the two-fold wall of Japanese Castle which was widely applied to the fortification way in the Age of Japan Edo. The terminology of [Sori] says the stonework curve in the corner of Japanese Castle which is indicated best in the Japanese Castle. It calls the curve as like the fan frame. [Curb Stone's Wall] says the type of castle wall constructed with over 1 face in wall body of Japanese Castle. (1) About classifying the construction period of Japanese Castle, the curb stone's wall and the castle having no two side stone's wall must consider the building period as that of Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592. If there was [Sori], the two-side stone's wall was used and the place which supported the documentary data, in particular, the place having the record of contraction is considered to be confirmed as the castle constructed in the period of Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1597. (2) The two-side-type stone's wall shown in the Modern Japanese Stone Castle is difficultly considered to be generated from the Japanese Castle at the period of Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592 and in 1597. (3) The beautiful [Sori] shown in the Modern Japanese Stone Castle was started from the Japanese Castle of Korea at the period of Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1597. It is difficultly considered which its indication was firstly generated by the Chaesung-Folded Segment Structure.

• 복식
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• 제60권9호
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• pp.58-76
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• 2010

In this study, the shapes of po worn by military officers who served During the period of Japanese Invasion of Korea(1592-1598) were investigated. Findings of the study can be summarized as follows. Various types of po that military officers usually wore during the period of Japanese Invasion of Korea includes jikryeong, dapho, dopo, cheolik, aekjureum, jangeui, jungchimak and bangryeongpo. Out of these types, cheolik and jungchimak were most often used by the officers. Po that were usually worn by military officers during the period of Japanese Invasion of Korea as above mentioned is characterized as no difference in length between the front and back of the costume, kalgit and a pair of coat strings which are directly attached to po. The sleeves of the costume are bean chaff-shaped in some cases and just narrowly shaped in other cases. Similarly, the outer seop of po was either double-layered or single-layered. For jikryeong and dapho, mu is usually type of outside wrinkle. For dopo, its rear kit has the inner hem whose right and left edges are usually distant, respectively by 6~16cm, from the back center of the costume. Cheolik and aekjureum usually have either fine or broad pleats. For jangeui and jungchimak, mu is usually trapezoid in shape. Among various types of po which were usually worn by military officers during the period of Japanese Invasion of Korea, most representative are jikryeong from the tombs of Bae Cheon jo, dapho from Shin Yeo Gwan, dopo from general Bak and Bae Cheon Jo, cheolik from Nam Yoo and Cho Gyeong, aekjureum from Shin Yeo Gwan, jangeui from Kim Ham, jungchimak from Bae Cheon jo and bangryeongpo from Cho Gyeong.

• 복식
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• 제61권3호
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• pp.20-35
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to investigate war helmets that were worn by high navy officers during the period of Japanese Invasion of Korea(1592~1598). War helmets worn during the War are classified into three types depending on whether they have a visor or 'cheom' and tongues or 'drim'. The war helmets of circumferential type has neither cheom nor drim. Those of cheom type has cheom, but not drim. And those of drim type has both drim and cheom or jeonbi. The war helmets of cheom type consist of a gamtu which is made of steel and looks like a reversed bowl and cheom that surrounds the entire circumference of gamtu. The war helmets of drim type are reclassified into two types in accordance with the shape of the gamtu and whether they have ganju. Of the two types, one type looks like a reversed bowl and has decorations on the top without ganju. The other type looks like a bottle neck and has ganju on the top, decorations above ganju. War helmets were in transition during the period of Japanese Invasion of Korea. Both the war helmets of cheom and drim types were worn during the War. At that time, the officers also wore war helmets having no ganju and looking like a reversed bowl and those having ganju and looking like a bottle neck. During the period, most war helmets were made of steel, but in the 18th and 19th centuries, most of them were made of leather.

• 복식
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• 제63권7호
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• pp.94-108
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• 2013

This study is about the armors that high navy officers of Joseon wore during the period of Japanese invasion of Korea(1592~1598). The kinds of armors that these officers wore during this period are Sueungap, cheolgap, pigap, jigap and myeongap. Sueungap, cheolgap, pigap are all described in literatures, which were released in that period and the early Joseon period. According to publications that were released during that period, Yuyeopgap was a type of an iron armor. Armors that are recorded in only literatures published in the early Joseon period include swaejagap, gyeongbeongap, dujeonggap, hwangdongdujeonggap and dudumigap. Myeongap is found only in publications that were made in the above war time. The styles of armors are largely classified into chalgap and dujeonggap. The chalgap-styled armors used gapchal as their main component. Dujeonggap-styled armors used fabrics and dujeong. The names and the manufacturing methods of the gapchal did not changed since its creation in the early Joseon period until the above wartime. But, their shapes were considerably changed between the two times. This is clearly shown in armors that were found in the moat of the Dongrae-eup fortress. Dujeonggap-styled armors that were used during the period of the Japan-Korea war were a successor to those of dujeonggap-styled armors of the early Joseon period. But the former armors were different from the latter in that they had no gapchal inside. They are well represented by Jeong Chung Sin's armor.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2006

The numerous changes made during the Japanese colonial rule became the basis of the current housing in Korea. Therefore, in order to understand the modern Korean housing, it is essential to understand what the Korean traditional life styles admitted or changed, and how the foreign culture of that time influenced the Korean housing under the Japanese colonial rule. Content analysis through literature review was utilized for the study, and specific sources were research papers, books, magazines, newspapers, and novels. The period during the Japanese invasion was the most active era of modernization in the Korean history. For the housing culture, especially, it can be considered as the most significant period that accepted new housing cultures that replaced the old traditional housing. The Japanese and the Western styles of housing were introduced, new materials and collective production methods were used, and the symbol of the current urban housing in Korea, multi-family dwelling, was constructed. In conclusion, the Koreans did not directly use the Japanese and western housing culture, which were constructed during the Japanese colonial period. They were adapted and altered into Korean style, and eventually, produced various eclectic housing styles.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.43-54
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• 2013

Compared to Early Chosun Dynasty, the spatial structure of most local Eupseongs of Korea had a standardized change with the expansion and spread of the Rye-hak(禮學:a study of confucius Rite). Meanwhile in the process of rebuilding Eupseongs there was a tendency of relocation of the local government offices(官衙) and its attached facilities in terms of functions and use. Although it was PyeongSanseong Miryang Eupseong had an unreasonable spatial structure locating Gaeksa(客舍; accommodation house for visitors) in the middle of the local government office complex, and Dongheon(東軒;main office building) in the east of it before the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592. However with the reorganization of spatial Structure of local Eupseongs after the Japanese invasion Gaeksa was moved to the foot of Adongsan where commanded a fine view of river. Dongheon was moved to the center of Eupseong for the effective management of its auxiliary organizations. It was because road system and administrative efficiency had a serious effect on deciding the location of the local government office and its attached facilities. After the Japanese invasion Hyangchoeng(鄕廳), having been out of Eupseong, also was moved to the independent location within Eupseong separate from Dongheon and Gaeksa. It seemed to take into account the autonomy of Hyangchoeng. Dongheon, Gaeksa, and Hyangchoeng which are the crucial facilities of Milyang Eupseong were arranged at each angular point of big triangle. In order to enhance the administative efficiency, the attached administrative facilities were arranged surrounding Dongheon and Hyangchoeng. The spatial structure of Milyang Eupseong in the late Choseon dynasty was of great difference from that of uniformly organized system of early Choseon Period. It was because the development of administrative function, the pursuit of efficiency, and commercial progress had a great impact on the change of urban space.

• 대한건축학회논문집:계획계
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• 제34권11호
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• pp.135-144
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• 2018

During the Late Joseon dynasty, abandoned mountain fortresses were urgently repaired for the operation of foothold mountain fortresses in Gyeongsang-do, during the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592 and immediately after the Qing Invasion of Korea in 1636. Immediately after the Qing Invasion of Korea, an external fortress wall was built and added to each of Cheonsaeng Fortress and Geumo Fortress to establish a system of protecting locals inside a fortress at important locations for border defense against Japan in the Yeongnam region. Cheonseng Fortress, however, did not have sufficient geographical and protection conditions as a mountain fortress for protecting people inside it; thus, Gasan Fortress was newly built to replace Cheonsaeng Fortress. Geumo and Gasan Fortresses were used in border defense against Japan during the period from King Injo's reign to the end of Joseon Dynasty, because the fortresses served the purpose of defending Nakdonggang River and middle roads located at important roads along the border in the Yeongnam region and because it was possible to quickly repair and use their existing fortress walls and internal facilities, such as middle fortress walls and ponds, that were constructed for long-term protection of locals inside the fortress. In addition, it was found, in this study, that a continuous discussion on how to supplement fortresses led to the reinforcement and improvement of fortress facilities and fortification technology through the application of major strengths of Chinese (Ming) and Japanese fortress systems.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.795-803
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• 2005

This paper discusses the late nineteenth-century Korean intellectuals' understanding of Japanese customs on the basis of Ki-Su Kim(金綺秀)'s records. Ki-Su Kim was conservative on his inspection and observation trip to Japan Even though he was loyal to Chinese philosophy, he expressed his great interest when he was reluctant to see the Western technology flowered in Japan because it is not mentioned in Confucianism(朱子學). However, he, like mordern scholars in the later period of the Chosun dynasty, took an objective view of the military matters, such as the military training of soldiers, weapons, and others. On the one hand, he appreciated the western garment in that it, fitting the human body perfectly, makes people comfortable. In the later period of the Chosun dynasty, the Koreans had a sense of their superiority to the Japanese and held them in contempt, which had been rooted in the Japanese invasion of Chosun in the year of Imjin(AD 1592). Even around AD 1870, the Koreans regarded the Japanese as a barbarian or a savage, even though the Japanese had attempted to modernize their country with the introduction of the Western civilization since the renovation of Meizi(明治).

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.355-365
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• 2010

본 연구는 항구도시 칭다오가 20세기 전반에 근대도시로 형성되는 과정에 관한 연구이다. 칭다오의 근대도시화 과정은 동아시아 항구도시의 공통점을 보여주며 강대국 등 정치적 지배 세력에 의해 4개 시기로 구분된다. 첫 번째 독일 점령기 동안에는 칭다오의 구도심 영역이 집중적으로 형성되었다. 두 번째 일본 1차 점령기 동안 칭다오의 도심 영역은 북쪽과 동쪽으로 확장되어 기존 도심의 북쪽으로 금융 및 업무시설이 형성되었고 그 북쪽에서 대항에 이르는 지역에는 공업지역이 넓게 형성되었다. 세 번째 북양군벌 및 국민당 통치기 동안 칭다오는 국제적인 상업과 금융, 휴양도시로서 급격하게 확장되었다. 네 번째 일본 2차 점령기 동안 건축 활동은 활발하지 못했으며 이 기간 동안 일본은 중국 대륙 침략의 관문으로서 칭다오를 활용하고자 했다.

• 동양고전연구
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• 제70호
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• pp.257-301
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• 2018

이 연구의 목적은 임진왜란 시기 합천지역의 의병활동과 합천지역의 전투를 조명하는 것이다. 이에 대한 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 정인홍은 합천, 김면은 고령에서 의병 창의를 하게 되었다. 정인홍은 지피지기의 리더십을, 김면은 조화의 리더십을 발휘하여 의병을 이끌고 일본군에 대항하였다. 둘째, 정인홍 의병군의 전투는 1차 무계전투, 사원동 복병전투, 초계 마진전투, 안언전투, 3차 성주성전투이다. 김면 의병군의 전투는 연강전투, 개산포전투, 2차 무계전투, 우척현전투, 지례전투, 사랑암전투이다. 정인홍 김면이 연합하여 싸운 전투는 1차 성주성전투, 2차 성주성전투이었다. 정유재란시기 정인홍은 경상우도의 군량을 책임지는 조도사의 역할을 수행하였다. 아울러 합천지역은 일본군이 전라도로 들어가는 진입로이자 수송로였다. 셋째, 명군의 참전과 역할은 일본군을 조선에서 몰아내고 요동을 방어하는 이이제이의 전술과 함께 일본군을 대항하는 견제 장치의 한방편이었다. 1593년(선조 26) 1월 이여송의 평양성 전투 승전 이후, 명군은 적극적인 전투보다는 강화협상을 통한 실리를 추구하였다. 실제적으로 진주성전투가 벌어졌을 때, 명군의 유정 부대는 1593년 6월 말에 사천병의 단병무예를 가지고 입성하였으나, 경략 송응창과 제독 이여송의 명령을 기다려야 한다는 이유로 참여하지 않았다. 넷째, 임진왜란 시기 조선은 일본군의 침략과 명군의 군량미 원조 등 전국토가 폐허로 참담한 피해를 입었지만, 각 지역의 의병과 관군이 협력하여 일본군을 물리쳤다. 경상우도 합천지역의 사례를 통해 파악할 수 있었다. 특히 조선은 전쟁기간 중에 일본과의 강화와 전투의 두 가지 측면에서 전권을 행사하였던 명군의 압력에 굴복하지 않고, 주체성을 내세워 일본군과 끝까지 싸우겠다는 항전의지를 보임으로써 민족적 자신감과 긍지를 잃지 않았다. 이러한 정신문화는 향보와 근왕의식에서 비롯되었으며, 외세의 침략으로부터 나라를 지키고자 했던 지역공동체의 하나 된 마음과 정신이 승화된 민족의 저항정신이었다.